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Grassland is the second largest terrestrial ecosystem in China and provides a large variety of ecosystem services to human beings. However, its economic value and the associated realization mechanisms still require in-depth research. Compiling the current literature and using meta-analysis, this study systematically evaluates the economic value of grassland ecosystem services and its temporal and spatial variation in China and worldwide. Moreover, rigorous empirical analysis are conducted on the economic value of three typical ecosystem services. The results show that the economic value of global grassland ecosystem services equals to 21.9 trillion USD (constant price in 2020), equivalent to 16.4% of global GDP in 2020. The economic value of grassland ecosystem services in China is as high as 6.22 trillion CNY (equivalent to 6.13% of GDP or 80% of agricultural GDP of China in 2020), mostly provided in Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Qinghai. Among them, 84% comes from ecological regulation services. These economic values also increase as the economy develops. The empirical analysis of typical ecosystem services show that the potentialeconomic value of grassland eco-products, eco-tourism, and wind-break and sand-fixation are higher than those reported in he current literature. However, realizing these economic values provided by grassland ecosystem faces many challenges. Furthermore, this study provides policy implications on the development strategies, key engineering projects, and policy measures to improve and realize the economic value of grassland ecosystem services in China.

Information and communication technology (ICT) plays an important role in rural livelihoods and household well‐being. Therefore, this study examines the impact of ICT adoption on farmers' decisions to access credit and the joint effects of ICT adoption and access to credit on household income using 2016 China Labour‐force Dynamics Survey data. Both recursive bivariate probit model and a selectivity‐corrected ordinary least square regression model are employed for the analysis. The results show that ICT adoption increases the probability of access to credit by 12.8% in rural China and empowers rural women and farm households in relatively less‐developed regions to access credit. ICT adoption and access to credit affect household income differently. ICT adoption significantly increases household income, while access to credit significantly reduces it, primarily because farmers do not use the acquired credit to invest in income‐generating farm and off‐farm business activities. ICT adoption has the largest positive impact on household income at the highest 90th quantile. Our findings suggest that improving rural ICT infrastructure to enhance farmers' ICT adoption and developing ICT‐based financial products to enable households to access sufficient funds can improve rural household welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]