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To achieve the objective of high torque, a high utilization rate of PMs, and flexible flux regulation capability of the permanent magnet (PM) machine, an axial–radial flux type permanent magnet (ARFTPM) machine was studied in this paper. The working principle of the ARFTPM machine is analyzed by illustrating the flux paths. Then, the influence of stator slot number on the flux regulation capability and torque is studied. A full comparison of the main parameters and electromagnetic performances of the ARFTPM machine with different stator slot numbers is presented, including winding coefficient, back electromotive force (EMF), cogging torque, average torque, and torque-angle characteristics. The optimal stator slot number was obtained. Finally, the 12-slot/10-pole prototype machine is manufactured and tested to validate the simulation data and theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a flux–torque regulation hybrid excitation machine (FTRHEM) with axial–radial dual air gaps, which can increase torque and regulate magnetic flux by changing the exciting current, is studied. Dual air gaps have a huge impact on the magnetic flux and additional torque. The effect of the air gap reluctances on the magnetic flux of the machine is obtained by establishing equivalent magnetic network models, which show that the dual air gaps are the key component in the axial–radial magnetic circuit. This study examines the flux regulation ability and the enhanced torque performance of an FTRHEM with dual air gaps. The mechanism by which the dual air gaps affect the machine's magnetic field is clarified, and the constraints and relationships between the dual air gaps are explained, offering a theoretical foundation for future machine optimization. As the axial air gap decreases from 0.95 mm to 0.35 mm, the flux regulation capability improves from 15.44% to 26.51%, while the additional torque increases by 40.77%. Ultimately, prototypes are manufactured for experimental testing to validate the viability of the structure and the accuracy of the FEA for the FTRHEM featuring an axial–radial magnetic circuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate calculation of the flux and the magnetic field distribution of fractional slot concentrated winding permanent magnet synchronous motor (FSCW PMSM) is the basis for motor performance analysis, and rapid calculation is key. In this paper, to solve the problem of difficult modeling and accuracy guarantee of the flux linkage differential method, a method is proposed to calculate the flux and the no-load back EMF by the slotless subdomain model. By introducing the leakage flux calculation link, the calculation accuracy is improved, the analytical method results are compared with the finite element method results, and the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified. On this basis, the nonlinear variations of the magnetic field and the no-load back EMF with rotor permeability are determined, and the influence mechanism of rotor length and rotor permeability on the main magnetic circuit is revealed. Finally, an experiment of the prototype is carried out, and the correctness and accuracy of the analytical method and the finite element method is verified by comparing with the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problem of insufficient torque for flux weakening in permanent magnet machines, a novel flux–torque regulation hybrid excitation machine with axial–radial magnetic circuit (FTRHEM) is proposed. To solve the problem that the cogging torque of the proposed machine is caused by multiple factors and the coupling relationship is complicated, an analytical expression for the cogging torque is derived first. Then, the influence of the axial excitation device on the cogging torque is determined. The influence mechanism of the relative position between the axial excitation device and stator on the cogging torque is revealed. A dislocation method is proposed to reduce the cogging torque, and its effectiveness is verified by finite element analysis (FEA). Furthermore, the reduction of the cogging torque in FTRHEM with different pole–slot combinations by this method is comprised and analyzed, which demonstrates the feasibility of the method. Finally, the FEA results are combined with experiments to verify the accuracy of simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bearingless motor with dual-winding embedded in the stator can not only produce electromagnetic torque and can also produce suspension force to support the rotor suspension, and the design of the dual-winding will directly affect the torque and suspension performance of the motor. It is a complex problem of multi-objective optimization, multi-performance coupling, and multi-parameter collaborative optimization, which is great significance to improve the comprehensive performance of the motor. Firstly, in order to solve the problem of slot space ratio and turns design of dual-winding under the restriction of stator slot space and thermal loading, the calculation formulas of the electromagnetic torque and the suspension force are derived. The influence of dual-winding design on electromagnetic loading, thermal loading, torque and suspension performance are analyzed. The linear variation of electromagnetic torque with the slot space ratio of torque winding is obtained, and the influence of the dual-winding magnetic motive force on suspension force is clarified. Secondly, in order to obtain the dual-winding design scheme with the optimal torque and suspension performance, the performance parameters of the motor are calculated by finite element method and the influence of the slot space ratios of the torque winding on the torque and suspension performance is analyzed. Based on the coupling analysis of the electromagnetic torque and the suspension force in the case of different thermal loading distributions of dual-winding, the dual-winding optimal design of the bearingless motors is given. Finally, the suspension force of a prototype is tested by experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major reasons that cause the damage of damper bars in the leeward side are found in this paper. It provides a route for the structure optimization design of a hydro generator. Firstly, capacity of a 24 MW bulb tubular turbine generator is taken as an example in this paper. The transient electromagnetic field model is established, and the correctness of the model is verified by the comparison of experimental results and simulation data. Secondly, when the generator is operated at rated condition, the eddy current density distributions of damper bars are studied. And the asymmetric phenomenon of the eddy current density on damper bars is discovered. The change laws of the eddy currents in damper bars are determined through further analysis. Thirdly, through the study of eddy current distributions under different conditions, it is confirmed that the stator slots and armature reaction are the main factors to affect the asymmetric distribution of the eddy current in damper bars. Finally, the studies of the magnetic density distribution and theoretical analysis revealed the asymmetric distribution mechanism of eddy current density.

In order to compare the performance difference of the permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) with different rotor structure, two kinds of rotor magnetic circuit structure with surface-mounted radial excitation and tangential excitation are designed respectively. By comparing and analyzing the results, the difference of the motor performance was determined. Firstly, based on the finite element method (FEM), the motor electromagnetic field performance was studied, and the magnetic field distribution of the different magnetic circuit structure was obtained. The influence mechanism of the different magnetic circuit structure on the air gap flux density was obtained by using the Fourier theory. Secondly, the cogging torque, output torque and overload capacity of the PMSM with different rotor structure were studied. The effect mechanism of the different rotor structure on the motor output property difference was obtained. The motor prototype with two kinds of rotor structure was manufactured, and the experimental study was carried out. By comparing the experimental data and simulation data, the correctness of the research is verified. This paper lays a foundation for the research on the performance of the PMSM with different magnetic circuit structure.

At present, the drivers with different control methods are used in most of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM). A current outputted by a driver contains a large number of harmonics that will cause the PMSM torque ripple, winding heating and rotor temperature rise too large and so on. In this paper, in order to determine the influence of the current harmonics on the motor performance, different harmonic currents were injected into the motor armature. Firstly, in order to study the influence of the current harmonic on the motor magnetic field, a novel decoupling method of the motor magnetic field was proposed. On this basis, the difference of harmonic content in an air gap magnetic field was studied, and the influence of a harmonic current on the air gap flux density was obtained. Secondly, by comparing the fluctuation of the motor torque in the fundamental and different harmonic currents, the influence of harmonic on a motor torque ripple was determined. Then, the influence of different current harmonics on the eddy current loss of the motor was compared and analyzed, and the influence of the drive harmonic on the eddy current loss was obtained. Finally, by using a finite element method (FEM), the motor temperature distribution with different harmonics was obtained.

Manganese dioxide (MnO2) has been extensively investigated as an electrode material for supercapacitors because of its high theoretical capacitance, great abundance, and low toxicity. To obtain satisfactory capacitance performance, in recent years, many efforts have been dedicated to the fabrication of MnO2 nanoparticles that offer a larger specific surface area and an escalated chemical activity. Beyond them, the ideal dispersibility of nanoparticles in a liquid medium is also of vital importance when processing those powdery materials into slurry ones for some particular uses, such as editable and ink‐printing supercapacitor devices. In this study, the as‐synthesized ultrafine MnO2 nanoparticles having excellent dispersibility in water can be prepared via a facile one‐step hydrothermal route, with a uniform size in diameter of 200 nm exhibiting a large specific surface area of ~389.7 m2 g−1, and a high specific capacitance of 135.7 F g−1 at 5 mV s−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]