Search

Transition metal oxides, especially cobalt oxides and hydroxides, are of great interest as precious metal free electrode materials for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in electrochemical and photoelectrochemical water splitting. Here, we present detailed studies of the potential‐ and pH‐dependent structure and structural stability of Co3O4 and CoOOH in neutral to alkaline electrolytes (pH 7 to 13), using operando surface X‐ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and electrochemical measurements. The experiments cover the pre‐OER and OER range and were performed on epitaxial Co3O4(111) and CoOOH(001) films electrodeposited on Au(111) single crystal electrodes. The CoOOH films were structurally perfectly stable under all experimental conditions, whereas Co3O4 films exhibit at all pH values reversible potential‐dependent structural transformations of a sub‐nanometer thick skin layer region at the oxide surface, as reported previously for pH 13 (F. Reikowski et al., ACS Catal. 2019, 9, 3811). The intrinsic OER activity at 1.65 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode decreases strongly with decreasing pH, indicating a reaction order of 0.2 with respect to [OH−]. While the Co3O4 spinel is stable at pH 13, intermittent exposure to electrolytes with pH≤10 results in dissolution as well as gradual degradation of its OER activity in subsequent measurements at pH 13. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co oxides and oxyhydroxides have been studied extensively in the past as promising electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in neutral to alkaline media. Earlier studies showed the formation of an ultrathin CoO x (OH) y skin layer on Co 3 O 4 at potentials above 1.15 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), but the precise influence of this skin layer on the OER reactivity is still under debate. We present here a systematic study of epitaxial spinel-type Co 3 O 4 films with defined (111) orientation, prepared on different substrates by electrodeposition or physical vapor deposition. The OER overpotential of these samples may vary up to 120 mV, corresponding to two orders of magnitude differences in current density, which cannot be accounted for by differences in the electrochemically active surface area. We demonstrate by a careful analysis of operando surface X-ray diffraction measurements that these differences are clearly correlated with the average thickness of the skin layer. The OER reactivity increases with the amount of formed skin layer, indicating that the entire three-dimensional skin layer is an OER-active interphase. Furthermore, a scaling relationship between the reaction centers in the skin layer and the OER activity is established. It suggests that two lattice sites are involved in the OER mechanism., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

We studied the adsorption behavior of ZrO 2 nanoparticles on a muscovite (001) surface in the presence of cations from the alkali series (Li + , Na + , K + , Rb + , and Cs + ). The results of X-ray reflectivity, i.e., specular crystal truncation rod and resonant anomalous X-ray reflectivity in combination with AFM images, show that the sorption of ZrO 2 nanoparticles is significantly affected by the binding mode of alkali ions on the muscovite (001) surface. From solutions containing alkali ions binding as outer sphere surface complexes (i.e., Li + and Na + ), higher uptake of Zr 4+ is observed corresponding to the binding of larger nanoparticles, which relatively easily replace the loosely bound alkali ions. However, Zr 4+ uptake in solutions containing alkali ions binding as inner sphere surface complexes (i.e., K + , Rb + , and Cs + ) is significantly lower, and smaller nanoparticles are found at the interface. In addition, the uptake of Zr 4+ in the presence of inner sphere bound cations displays a strong linear relationship with the hydration energy of the coexisting alkali ion. The linear trend can be interpreted as competitive adsorption between ZrO 2 nanoparticles and inner sphere bound alkali cations, which are replaced on the surface and undergo rehydration after release to the solution. The rehydration of alkali ions gives rise to a large energy gain, which dominates the reaction energy of the competitive adsorption process. The competitive adsorption mechanism of ZrO 2 nanoparticles and alkali ions is discussed comprehensively to highlight the potential relationship between the hydration effect of alkali ions and the effect of charge density of the nanoparticles.