68 results on '"Qirui Zhong"'
Search Results
2. Air Quality in a Changing World
- Author
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Qirui Zhong and Huizhong Shen
- Subjects
n/a ,Science - Abstract
Air pollution is one of the most concerning environmental threats to human health [...]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Impacts of air pollutants from rural Chinese households under the rapid residential energy transition
- Author
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Guofeng Shen, Muye Ru, Wei Du, Xi Zhu, Qirui Zhong, Yilin Chen, Huizhong Shen, Xiao Yun, Wenjun Meng, Junfeng Liu, Hefa Cheng, Jianying Hu, Dabo Guan, and Shu Tao
- Subjects
Science - Abstract
Residential solid fuel use constitutes a large amount of air pollution but has been gradually replaced by other cleaner energy during the past three decades. Here the authors investigated the contribution of rural residential sector to ambient PM2.5 pollution and the resulting climate forcing and health impacts, and find that the remaining large quantities of solid fuels used in rural households are still a major contributor to ambient air pollution despite of decrease in its pollutant emissions and relative contribution to PM2.5 due to the clean energy transition.
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- 2019
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- View/download PDF
4. Inhalation exposure to size-segregated fine particles and particulate PAHs for the population burning biomass fuels in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau area
- Author
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Ye Huang, Jinze Wang, Nan Fu, Shanshan Zhang, Wei Du, YuanChen Chen, Zhenglu Wang, Meng Qi, Wei Wang, Qirui Zhong, Yonghong Duan, Guofeng Shen, and Shu Tao
- Subjects
Personal exposure ,Particulate matter ,PAHs ,Biomass use ,Size distribution ,Environmental pollution ,TD172-193.5 ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Indoor biomass burning produces large amounts of small particles and hazardous contaminants leading to severe air pollution and potentially high health risks associated with inhalation exposure. Personal samplers provide more accurate estimates of inhalation exposure. In this study, inhalation exposure to size-segregated particles and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for the biomass user was studied by deploying personal samplers. The study found that daily PM2.5 inhalation exposure level was as high as 121 ± 96 μg/m3, and over 84% was finer PM1.0. For PAHs, the exposure level was 113 ± 188 ng/m3, with over 77% in PM1.0. High molecular weight PAHs with larger toxic potentials enriched in smaller particles resulting in much high risks associated with PAHs inhalation exposure. Indoor exposure contributed to ~80% of the total inhalation exposure as a result of high indoor air pollution and longer residence spent indoor. The highest exposure risk was found for the male smoker who conducted cooking activities at home.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. The long-term relationship between emissions and economic growth for SO2, CO2, and BC
- Author
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Muye Ru, Drew T Shindell, Karl M Seltzer, Shu Tao, and Qirui Zhong
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emission ,trajectory ,economic growth ,environmental Kuznets curve ,black carbon ,integrated assessment models ,Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,TD1-1066 ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 ,Science ,Physics ,QC1-999 - Abstract
Simplified assumptions regarding the relationship between per capita income and emissions are oftentimes utilized to generate future emission scenarios in integrated assessment models (IAMs). One such relationship is an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), where emissions first increase, then decline with income growth. However, current knowledge about this relationship lacks the specificity needed for each sector and pollutant pairing, which is important for future emission scenarios. To fill this knowledge gap, we analyze the historical relationship between per capita income and emissions of SO _2 , CO _2 , and black carbon (BC) utilizing widely-used global, country-level emission inventories for the following four sectors: power, industry, residential, and transportation. Based on a modeling setup using long-term growth rates, emissions of SO _2 from the power and industrial sectors, as well as CO _2 from the industrial and the residential sectors, largely follow an EKC pattern. Income-emission trajectories for SO _2 and CO _2 from other sectors, and those for BC from all sectors, do not show an EKC, however. Results across different global inventories were variable, indicating that uncertainties within historical emission trajectories persist. Nonetheless, these results demonstrate that long-term income-emission trajectories of air pollutants are both sector and pollutant specific. Future reference trajectories of SO _2 and BC from three IAMs show earlier estimates of turnover incomes and faster rates of emission declines when compared to historical data. Users of future emission scenarios derived using EKC assumptions should consider the underlying uncertainties in such projections in light of this historical analysis.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Satellite-Based Evaluation of AeroCom Model Bias in Biomass Burning Regions
- Author
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Qirui Zhong, Nick Schutgens, Guido van der Werf, Twan van Noije, Kostas Tsigaridis, Susanne E. Bauer, Tero Mielonen, Alf Kirkevåg, Øyvind Seland, Harri Kokkola, Ramiro Checa-Garcia, David Neubauer, Zak Kipling, Hitoshi Matsui, Paul Ginoux, Toshihiko Takemura, Philippe Le Sager, Samuel Rémy, Huisheng Bian, Mian Chin, Kai Zhang, Jialei Zhu, Svetlana G. Tsyro, Gabriele Curci, Anna Protonotariou, Ben Johnson, Joyce E. Penner, Nicolas Bellouin, Ragnhild B. Skeie, and Gunnar Myhre
- Subjects
Meteorology And Climatology - Abstract
Global models are widely used to simulate biomass burning aerosol (BBA). Exhaustive evaluations on model representation of aerosol distributions and properties are fundamental to assess health and climate impacts of BBA. Here we conducted a comprehensive comparison of Aerosol Comparisons between Observations and Models (AeroCom) project model simulations with satellite observations. A total of 59 runs by 18 models from three AeroCom Phase-III experiments (i.e., biomass burning emissions, CTRL16, and CTRL19) and 14 satellite products of aerosols were used in the study. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 550 nm was investigated during the fire season over three key fire regions reflecting different fire dynamics (i.e., deforestation-dominated Amazon, Southern Hemisphere Africa where savannas are the key source of emissions, and boreal forest burning in boreal North America). The 14 satellite products were first evaluated against AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) observations, with large uncertainties found. But these uncertainties had small impacts on the model evaluation that was dominated by modeling bias. Through a comparison with Polarization and Directionality of the Earth’s Reflectances measurements with the Generalized Retrieval of Aerosol and Surface Properties algorithm (POLDER-GRASP), we found that the modeled AOD values were biased by −93 % to 152 %, with most models showing significant underestimations even for the state-of-the-art aerosol modeling techniques (i.e., CTRL19). By scaling up BBA emissions, the negative biases in modeled AOD were significantly mitigated, although it yielded only negligible improvements in the correlation between models and observations, and the spatial and temporal variations in AOD biases did not change much. For models in CTRL16 and CTRL19, the large diversity in modeled AOD was in almost equal measures caused by diversity in emissions, lifetime, and the mass extinction coefficient (MEC). We found that in the AeroCom ensemble, BBA lifetime correlated significantly with particle deposition (as expected) and in turn correlated strongly with precipitation. Additional analysis based on Cloud-Aerosol LIdar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) aerosol profiles suggested that the altitude of the aerosol layer in the current models was generally too low, which also contributed to the bias in modeled lifetime. Modeled MECs exhibited significant correlations with the Ångström exponent (AE, an indicator of particle size). Comparisons with the POLDER-GRASP-observed AE suggested that the models tended to overestimate the AE (underestimated particle size), indicating a possible underestimation of MECs in models. The hygroscopic growth in most models generally agreed with observations and might not explain the overall underestimation of modeled AOD. Our results imply that current global models contain biases in important aerosol processes for BBA (e.g., emissions, removal, and optical properties) that remain to be addressed in future research.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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7. Monocular Distance Estimated Based on PTZ Camera.
- Author
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Qirui Zhong, Xiaogang Cheng, Yuxin Song, and Han Wang
- Abstract
This paper introduces an intelligent computational approach for extracting salient objects fromimages and estimating their distance information with PTZ (Pan-Tilt-Zoom) cameras. PTZ cameras have found wide applications in numerous public places, serving various purposes such as public securitymanagement, natural disastermonitoring, and crisis alarms, particularly with the rapid development of Artificial Intelligence and global infrastructural projects. In this paper, we combine Gauss optical principles with the PTZ camera's capabilities of horizontal and pitch rotation, as well as optical zoom, to estimate the distance of the object.We present a novel monocular object distance estimation model based on the Focal Length-Target Pixel Size (FLTPS) relationship, achieving an accuracy rate of over 95% for objects within a 5 km range. The salient object extraction is achieved through a simplified convolution kernel and the utilization of the object's RGB features, which offer significantly faster computing speeds compared to Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Additionally, we introduce the dark channel before the fog removal algorithm, resulting in a 20 dB increase in image definition, which significantly benefits distance estimation. Our system offers the advantages of stability and low device load, making it an asset for public security affairs and providing a reference point for future developments in surveillance hardware. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Technical Note: Monitoring discharge of mountain streams by retrieving image features with deep learning
- Author
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Chenqi Fang, Genyu Yuan, Ziying Zheng, Qirui Zhong, and Kai Duan
- Abstract
Traditional discharge monitoring usually relies on measuring flow velocity and cross-section area with various velocimeters or remote-sensing approaches. However, the topography of mountain streams in remote sites largely hinders the applicability of velocity-area methods. We here present a method to continuously monitor mountain stream discharge using a low-cost commercial camera and deep learning algorithm. A procedure of automated image categorization and discharge classification was developed to extract information on flow patterns and volumes from high-frequency red–green–blue (RGB) images with deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The method was tested at a small, steep, natural stream reach in southern China. Reference discharge data was acquired from a V-shaped weir and ultrasonic flowmeter installed a few meters downstream of the camera system. Results show that the discharge-relevant stream features implicitly embedded in RGB information can be effectively recognized and retrieved by CNN to achieve satisfactory accuracy in discharge measurement. Coupling CNN and traditional machine learning models (e.g., support vector machine and random forest) can potentially synthesize individual models’ diverse merits and improve generalization performance. Besides, proper image pre-processing and categorization are critical for enhancing the robustness and applicability of the method under environmental disturbances (e.g., weather and vegetation on river banks). Our study highlights the usefulness of deep learning in analyzing complex flow images and tracking flow changes over time, which provides a reliable and flexible alternative apparatus for continuous discharge monitoring of rocky mountain streams.
- Published
- 2023
9. Aerosol emissions estimation with POLDER
- Author
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Athanasios Tsikerdekis, Otto P. Hasekamp, Nick A. J. Schutgens, and Qirui Zhong
- Abstract
We apply a Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Smoother (LETKS) in combination with the global aerosol climate model ECHAM-HAM to estimate aerosol emissions from POLDER-3/PARASOL observations for the year 2006. We assimilate Aerosol Optical Depth at 550 mnm (AOD550), Ångström Exponent for 550 nm and 865 nm (AE550-865) and Single Scattering Albedo at 550 nm (SSA550) in order to improve modeled aerosol mass, size and absorption simultaneously. The new global aerosol emissions increase to 1419 Tg·yr-1 (+28 %) for dust, 1850 Tg·yr-1 (+75 %) for sea salt, 215 Tg·yr-1 (+143 %) for organic aerosol and 13.3 Tg·yr-1 (+75 %) for black carbon, while the sulfur dioxide emissions increase to 198 Tg·yr-1 (+42 %) and total deposition of sulfates to 293 Tg·yr-1 (+39 %). Organic and black carbon emissions are much higher than their prior values from bottom up inventories with a stronger increase in biomass burning sources (+193 % and +90 %) than in anthropogenic sources (115 % and 70 %). The evaluation of the experiments with POLDER (assimilated) and AERONET as well as MODIS Dark Target (independent) observations shows a clear improvement compared to the ECHAM-HAM control run. Specifically based on AERONET the global mean error of AOD550 improves from -0.094 to -0.006 while AAOD550 improves from -0.009 to -0.004 after the assimilation. A smaller improvement is observed also in AE550-865 mean absolute error (from 0.428 to 0.393), with a considerably higher improvement over isolated island sites over the ocean. The new dust emissions are closer to the ensemble median of AEROCOM I, AEROCOM III and CMIP5 as well as some of the previous assimilation studies. The new sea salt emissions get closer to the reported emissions from previous studies. Indications of a missing fraction of coarse dust and sea salt particles are discussed. The biomass burning changes (based on POLDER) can be used as alternative biomass burning scaling factors for the GFAS inventory distinctively estimated for organic carbon (2.93) and black carbon (1.90), instead of the recommended scaling of 3.4 (Kaiser et al. 2012). The estimated emissions are highly sensitive to the relative humidity due to aerosol water uptake, especially in the case of the sulfates. We found that ECHAM-HAM, like most of the GCMs that participated in AEROCOM and CMIP6, overestimated the relative humidity compared to ERA-5 and as a result the water uptake by aerosols, assuming the kappa values are not underestimated. If we use the ERA-5 relative humidity, sulfate emissions must be further increased, as modeled sulfate AOD is lowered. Specifically, over East Asia, the lower AOD can be attributed to the underestimated precipitation and the lack of simulated nitrates in the model.
- Published
- 2023
10. Supplementary material to 'Aerosol emissions estimation with POLDER'
- Author
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Athanasios Tsikerdekis, Otto P. Hasekamp, Nick A. J. Schutgens, and Qirui Zhong
- Published
- 2023
11. Data for the manuscript: Aerosol emissions estimation with POLDER
- Author
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Tsikerdekis, Athanasios, Hasekamp, Otto P., Schutgens, Nick A. J., and Qirui Zhong
- Subjects
aerosol, emission, data assimilation, climate, remote sensing - Abstract
Data for the manuscript: "Aerosol emissions estimation with POLDER" atAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics. Thefiles include the yearly ensemble mean of all experiments (CTL_ECHAM, DAS_ECHAM, CTL_ERA5, DAS_ERA5, RES_LOW) for most variables produced by the model. In addition the Aerosol Optical Depth at 550nm (AOD550) and at 865nm (AOD865) along with the Absorption Aerosol Optical Depth at 550nm (ABS550) are provided in 3-hourly temporal resolution for all experiments and for POLDER.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Urban residential energy switching in China between 1980 and 2014 prevents 2.2 million premature deaths
- Author
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Junfeng Liu, Wenjun Meng, Jianmin Ma, Haoran Xu, Xuejun Wang, Huizhong Shen, Hefa Cheng, Qirui Zhong, Yilin Chen, Shu Tao, Guofeng Shen, Yu'ang Ren, Bengang Li, Xiao Yun, Wenxiao Zhang, and Xinyuan Yu
- Subjects
business.industry ,Mortality rate ,Air pollution ,Context (language use) ,Particulates ,medicine.disease_cause ,Solid fuel ,Indoor air quality ,Environmental protection ,Urbanization ,Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous) ,medicine ,Environmental science ,Coal ,business ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
Summary Exposure to air pollution by burning solid fuels (such as coal) for residential cooking and heating in China has caused significant health impacts in the past. The government has implemented measures to replace coal with relatively clean energy sources (e.g., natural gas). However, the scale and scope of health benefits associated with such energy switching in an urban context, when considering both ambient and indoor air quality, remain unclear. Here we used an atmospheric chemical transport model showing that relatively clean energy use increased from 2% to 71% from 1980 to 2014, and although annual premature deaths attributed to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) from urban residential sources increased from 136,000 (87,000–194,000) to 202,000 (117,000–302,000) during the same period, this was primarily due to population growth, urbanization, aging, and background mortality rate changes. In the absence of energy switching, there would have been 2.2 million additional premature deaths. The results provide solid evidence on health benefits of energy switching, suggesting further switching to cleaner energy for expanded health-climate co-benefits.
- Published
- 2021
13. Air Quality in a Changing World
- Author
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Huizhong Shen, Qirui Zhong, and Earth and Climate
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science - Abstract
Air pollution is one of the most concerning environmental threats to human health [...]
- Published
- 2022
14. Contributions of biomass burning to global and regional SO2 emissions
- Author
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Zhihan Luo, Wenxiao Zhang, Haoran Xu, Guofeng Shen, Hefa Cheng, Dongqiang Zhu, Yu'ang Ren, Xiao Yun, Bengang Li, Yilin Chen, Wenjun Meng, Xinyuan Yu, Shu Tao, Huizhong Shen, Qirui Zhong, and Earth and Climate
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,South asia ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,business.industry ,Fossil fuel ,Biomass ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Hazardous air pollutants ,Residential sector ,Spatial difference ,Sulfur dioxide (SO) ,Absolute amount ,Environmental protection ,SDG 13 - Climate Action ,Environmental science ,Coal ,Temporal trend ,business ,Biomass burning ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Harmful SO2 largely originates from coal and oil combustions, but in some areas the biomass burning contribution could not be ignored. Here, we evaluated SO2 emissions from biomass burning (BB-SO2) with largely focusing on regional difference and temporal trends in the relative contributions of biomass burning from different sectors. Globally, the biomass burning emitted 4.26 (3.20–6.20) Tg SO2 in 2014, contributing 4.0% of the total SO2 emissions stemming from anthropogenic sources and natural open fires. But in some African and South Asian countries, biomass burning was a major source of SO2 with the contribution as high as 80–90%. Regarding sector contributions of biomass SO2, open fires contributed nearly half, followed by the residential sector (~29%) on the global scale, however, substantially different profiles were revealed across countries. Residential sector is the largest anthropogenic BB-SO2 source in the developing countries, while in the developed countries, industry and energy production were the two main anthropogenic BB-SO2sources. From 1960 to 2014, biomass SO2 emission, either the absolute amount or the relative contribution to the total, increased in the U.S. and Europe, and the contributions were over 20% in some countries. The biomass burning SO2 emission showed an increasing trend in India and a unimodal change in China, while a decreasing trend in the relative contributions were revealed in these two largest developing countries, which were 2.7% and 0.8%, respectively in 2014. With unignorable biomass burning contribution to SO2, as well as other hazardous air pollutants, in some regions, it is suggested that in assessing climate and health impacts of promoted biomass utilization when phasing out of fossil fuels, multiple components should be co-evaluated.
- Published
- 2021
15. Reply on RC1
- Author
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Qirui Zhong
- Published
- 2022
16. Global Emissions of Hydrogen Chloride and Particulate Chloride from Continental Sources
- Author
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Bingqing Zhang, Huizhong Shen, Xiao Yun, Qirui Zhong, Barron H. Henderson, Xuan Wang, Liuhua Shi, Sachin S. Gunthe, Lewis Gregory Huey, Shu Tao, Armistead G. Russell, Pengfei Liu, and Earth and Climate
- Subjects
Aerosols ,Air Pollutants ,chloride ,air pollution ,emission inventory ,atmospheric aerosols ,General Chemistry ,tropospheric chemistry ,Coal ,Chlorides ,Environmental Chemistry ,Humans ,Particulate Matter ,Biomass ,Hydrochloric Acid ,SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Gaseous and particulate chlorine species play an important role in modulating tropospheric oxidation capacity, aerosol water uptake, visibility degradation, and human health. The lack of recent global continental chlorine emissions has hindered modeling studies of the role of chlorine in the atmosphere. Here, we develop a comprehensive global emission inventory of gaseous HCl and particulate Cl-(pCl), including 35 sources categorized in six source sectors based on published up-to-date activity data and emission factors. These emissions are gridded at a spatial resolution of 0.1° × 0.1° for the years 1960 to 2014. The estimated emissions of HCl and pCl in 2014 are 2354 (1661-3201) and 2321 (930-3264) Gg Cl a-1, respectively. Emissions of HCl are mostly from open waste burning (38%), open biomass burning (19%), energy (19%), and residential (13%) sectors, and the major sources classified by fuel type are combustion of waste (43%), biomass (32%), and coal (25%). Emissions of pCl are mostly from biofuel (29%) and open biomass burning processes (44%). The sectoral and spatial distributions of HCl and pCl emissions are very heterogeneous along the study period, and the temporal trends are mainly driven by the changes in emission factors, energy intensity, economy, and population.
- Published
- 2022
17. Supplementary material to 'Satellite-based evaluation of AeroCom model bias in biomass burning regions'
- Author
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Qirui Zhong, Nick Schutgens, Guido van der Werf, Twan van Noije, Kostas Tsigaridis, Susanne E. Bauer, Tero Mielonen, Alf Kirkevåg, Øyvind Seland, Harri Kokkola, Ramiro Checa-Garcia, David Neubauer, Zak Kipling, Hitoshi Matsui, Paul Ginoux, Toshihiko Takemura, Philippe Le Sager, Samuel Rémy, Huisheng Bian, Mian Chin, Kai Zhang, Jialei Zhu, Svetlana G. Tsyro, Gabriele Curci, Anna Protonotariou, Ben Johnson, Joyce E. Penner, Nicolas Bellouin, Ragnhild B. Skeie, and Gunnar Myhre
- Published
- 2022
18. Aerosol emissions estimation with POLDER.
- Author
-
Tsikerdekis, Athanasios, Hasekamp, Otto P., Schutgens, Nick A. J., and Qirui Zhong
- Abstract
We apply a Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Smoother (LETKS) in combination with the global aerosol climate model ECHAM-HAM to estimate aerosol emissions from POLDER-3/PARASOL observations for the year 2006. We assimilate Aerosol Optical Depth at 550mnm (AOD
550 ), Ångström Exponent for 550nm and 865nm (AE550-865 ) and Single Scattering Albedo at 550nm (SSA550 ) in order to improve modeled aerosol mass, size and absorption simultaneously. The new global aerosol emissions increase to 1419 Tg·yr-1 (+28%) for dust, 1850 Tg·yr-1 (+75%) for sea salt, 215 Tg·yr-1 (+143%) for organic aerosol and 13.3 Tg·yr-1 (+75%) for black carbon, while the sulfur dioxide emissions increase to 198 Tg·yr-1 (+42%) and total deposition of sulfates to 293 Tg·yr-1 (+39%). Organic and black carbon emissions are much higher than their prior values from bottom up inventories with a stronger increase in biomass burning sources (+193% and +90%) than in anthropogenic sources (115% and 70%). The evaluation of the experiments with POLDER (assimilated) and AERONET as well as MODIS Dark Target (independent) observations shows a clear improvement compared to the ECHAM-HAM control run. Specifically based on AERONET the global mean error of AOD550 improves from -0.094 to - 0.006 while AAOD550 improves from -0.009 to -0.004 after the assimilation. A smaller improvement is observed also in AE550-865 mean absolute error (from 0.428 to 0.393), with a considerably higher improvement over isolated island sites over the ocean. The new dust emissions are closer to the ensemble median of AEROCOM I, AEROCOM III and CMIP5 as well as some of the previous assimilation studies. The new sea salt emissions get closer to the reported emissions from previous studies. Indications of a missing fraction of coarse dust and sea salt particles are discussed. The biomass burning changes (based on POLDER) can be used as alternative biomass burning scaling factors for the GFAS inventory distinctively estimated for organic carbon (2.93) and black carbon (1.90), instead of the recommended scaling of 3.4 (Kaiser et al. 2012). The estimated emissions are highly sensitive to the relative humidity due to aerosol water uptake, especially in the case of the sulfates. We found that ECHAM-HAM, like most of the GCMs that participated in AEROCOM and CMIP6, overestimated the relative humidity compared to ERA-5 and as a result the water uptake by aerosols, assuming the kappa values are not underestimated. If we use the ERA-5 relative humidity, sulfate emissions must be further increased, as modeled sulfate AOD is lowered. Specifically, over East Asia, the lower AOD can be attributed to the underestimated precipitation and the lack of simulated nitrates in the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Differentiated-Rate Clean Heating Strategy with Superior Environmental and Health Benefits in Northern China
- Author
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Jianmin Ma, Dongqiang Zhu, Hefa Cheng, Wenxiao Zhang, Xiao Yun, Junfeng Liu, Wenjun Meng, Xilong Wang, Guofeng Shen, Huizhong Shen, Qirui Zhong, Yu'ang Ren, Haoran Xu, Xinyuan Yu, Yilin Chen, and Shu Tao
- Subjects
Air pollution ,General Chemistry ,010501 environmental sciences ,Health benefits ,Per capita income ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,Age and gender ,Premature death ,Urbanization ,medicine ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,Penetration rate ,Socioeconomics ,China ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Residential heating using solid fuels contributes significantly to air pollution and has subsequent health impacts in China. To mitigate emissions, a clean heating campaign (CHC-1) covering 28 municipalities has been implemented. Although only a single penetration rate was initially planned by CHC-1 for all municipalities, outcomes in the different municipalities varied considerably. Recently, a second phase (CHC-2) has been launched for the remaining 128 municipalities in northern China with once again a fixed penetration rate set. Here, we quantified factors that affected the penetration rates of CHC-1, developed an intervention scheme with differentiated targets for CHC-2, and compared the environmental and health benefits of the fixed- and differentiated-rate strategies. We found that the penetration rates of CHC-1 depended on per capita income, terrain slope, and population density and that such relationships could be quantified using a piecewise regression model. This model was applied to develop a differentiated-rate strategy for CHC-2. It clearly evidenced that a differentiated scheme would be more environmentally beneficial. Although the same number of rural households can achieve clean heating under both intervention scenarios, the proposed differentiated strategy can prevent 30 000 (23 000-34 000) premature deaths associated with residential heating annually compared to the 26 000 (21 000-31 000) premature deaths prevented under the fixed-rate scheme. Differences among gender and age groups and the effects of urbanization and aging are also discussed.
- Published
- 2020
20. Global Sulfur Dioxide Emissions and the Driving Forces
- Author
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Qirui Zhong, Yilin Chen, Shu Tao, Wei Li, Jing Meng, Yu'ang Ren, Guofeng Shen, Wei Du, Xiao Yun, Jianmin Ma, Haoran Xu, and Huizhong Shen
- Subjects
Counterfactual thinking ,Air Pollutants ,China ,Natural resource economics ,Air pollution ,Developing country ,General Chemistry ,010501 environmental sciences ,medicine.disease_cause ,complex mixtures ,01 natural sciences ,respiratory tract diseases ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Control measure ,Software deployment ,Air Pollution ,Environmental monitoring ,medicine ,Sulfur Dioxide ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,Sulfur dioxide ,Environmental Monitoring ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
The presence of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the air is a global concern because of its severe environmental and public health impacts. Recent evidence from satellite observations shows rapid changes in the spatial distribution of global SO2 emissions, but such features are generally missing in global emission inventories that use a bottom-up method due to the lack of up-to-date information, especially in developing countries. Here, we rely on the latest data available on emission activities, control measures, and emission factors to estimate global SO2 emissions for the period 1960-2014 on a 0.1° × 0.1° spatial resolution. We design two counterfactual scenarios to isolate the contributions of emission activity growth and control measure deployment on historical SO2 emission changes. We find that activity growth has been the major factor driving global SO2 emission changes overall, but control measure deployment is playing an increasingly important role. With effective control measures deployed in developed countries, the predominant emission contributor has shifted from developed countries in the early 1960s (61%) to developing countries at present (83%). Developing countries show divergency in mitigation strategies and thus in SO2 emission trends. Stringent controls in China are driving the recent decline in global emissions. A further reduction in SO2 emissions would come from a large number of developing nations that currently lack effective SO2 emission controls.
- Published
- 2020
21. Effects of International Fuel Trade on Global Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
- Author
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Qirui Zhong, Jianmin Ma, Yilin Chen, Shu Tao, Huizhong Shen, Haoran Xu, Yu'ang Ren, Xiao Yun, and Guofeng Shen
- Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Ecology ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Fossil fuel combustion ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,Globalization ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Environmental protection ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Sulfur dioxide ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
Fossil fuel combustion is the dominant source of global sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions. With rapid globalization, the expansion of international fuel trade may have profound impacts on SO2 emission...
- Published
- 2019
22. Direct and Inverse Reduced-Form Models for Reciprocal Calculation of BC Emissions and Atmospheric Concentrations
- Author
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Wenxiao Zhang, Qirui Zhong, Hefa Cheng, Xinyuan Yu, Xiao Yun, Jianmin Ma, Bengang Li, Shu Tao, Huizhong Shen, Guofeng Shen, Wenjun Meng, Junfeng Liu, and Haoran Xu
- Subjects
Air Pollutants ,Scale (ratio) ,Inverse ,General Chemistry ,Grid cell ,Wind ,Atmospheric sciences ,Linear relationship ,Prevailing winds ,Meteorology ,Soot ,Linear regression ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,Relative humidity ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Atmospheric black carbon (BC) concentrations are governed by both emissions and meteorological conditions. Distinguishing these effects enables quantification of the effectiveness of emission mitigation actions by excluding meteorological effects. Here, we develop reduced-form models in both direct (RFDMs) and inverse (RFIMs) modes to estimate ambient BC concentrations. The models were developed based on outputs from multiyear simulations under three conditional scenarios with realistic or fixed emissions and meteorological conditions. We established a set of probabilistic functions (PFs) to quantify the meteorological influences. A significant two-way linear relationship between multiyear annual emissions and mean ambient BC concentrations was revealed at the grid cell scale. The correlation between them was more significant at grid cells with high emission densities. The concentrations and emissions at a given grid cell are also significantly correlated with emissions and concentrations of the surrounding areas, respectively, although to a lesser extent. These dependences are anisotropic depending on the prevailing winds and source regions. The meteorologically induced variation at the monthly scale was significantly higher than that at the annual scale. Of the major meteorological parameters, wind vectors, temperature, and relative humidity were found to most significantly affect variation in ambient BC concentrations.
- Published
- 2021
23. Submicrometer PM1.0 Exposure from Household Burning of Solid Fuels
- Author
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Zhe Sun, Qirui Zhong, Zhihan Luo, Xinyue Li, Weijian Liu, Hefa Cheng, Guofeng Shen, Xiao Yun, Ying Zhu, Wei Du, Youwei Qiu, Yuanchen Chen, and Shu Tao
- Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Ecology ,Waste management ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Air pollution ,010501 environmental sciences ,Particulates ,Solid fuel ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,Premature death ,Environmental Risk Factor ,medicine ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
Exposure to household air pollution from solid fuel use is a leading environmental risk factor causing millions of premature deaths, mostly in developing countries. Health hazards in particulate ma...
- Published
- 2019
24. PM2.5-Associated Health Impacts of Beehive Coke Oven Ban in China
- Author
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Huizhong Shen, Qirui Zhong, Xiao Yun, Jianmin Ma, Xuejun Wang, Guofeng Shen, Yang Xu, Shu Tao, Yi Wan, Jianying Hu, Chongguo Tian, and Junfeng Liu
- Subjects
Beehive ,Pollutant ,Coke oven ,Air pollution ,General Chemistry ,Coke ,010501 environmental sciences ,Particulates ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,Air pollutants ,Environmental protection ,medicine ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,China ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Historically, beehive coke ovens (BCOs) were extensively operated in China and emitted large quantities of pollutants, including primary PM2.5 and secondary PM2.5 precursors, and other climate forc...
- Published
- 2019
25. The Slowdown in Global Air-Pollutant Emission Growth and Driving Factors
- Author
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Junfeng Liu, Kan Yi, Dabo Guan, D' Maris Coffman, Jing Meng, Wenjun Meng, Shu Tao, Qirui Zhong, Zhifu Mi, Xuejun Wang, Tianbo Huang, Haozhe Yang, and Zhu Liu
- Subjects
Pollutant ,Pollution ,Driving factors ,Consumption (economics) ,Natural resource economics ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Emission intensity ,Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Production (economics) ,Environmental science ,East Asia ,Coal ,business ,General Environmental Science ,media_common - Abstract
Summary Fine-particulate-matter pollution (PM2.5) is linked to millions of deaths annually. Consumption in one region can cause production and PM2.5 emissions in another, but the socioeconomic drivers of transboundary PM2.5 emissions are not fully understood. Here, we quantify the driving factors of primary-particle and oxidized-precursor emissions from 2004 to 2011 at global and regional scales. The results indicate that the growth rate of global PM2.5 emissions slowed from 2004 to 2011, mainly due to improvements in energy intensities and production efficiency. Improvements in the emission intensity of coal represent the main factor offsetting SO2 and NOx emissions, whereas emission controls implemented for industrial processes have largely contributed to reducing primary PM2.5 emissions. The net emissions embodied in East Asia's exports to developed countries declined, while that to developing countries increased rapidly. The analysis creates opportunities to involve both producers and consumers in co-mitigation of various pollutants.
- Published
- 2019
26. Global Fire Forecasts Using Both Large‐Scale Climate Indices and Local Meteorological Parameters
- Author
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Qirui Zhong, Han Chen, Mehmet T. Odman, Gertrude K. Pavur, Yufei Zou, Yanyan Zhang, Bengang Li, Xilong Wang, Shaojie Zhuo, Yilin Chen, Yuanchen Chen, Huizhong Shen, Armistead G. Russell, Ye Huang, Junfeng Liu, Shu Tao, Nan Lin, Wenxin Liu, and Shu Su
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Global and Planetary Change ,Scale (ratio) ,Climatology ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,Climate change ,General Environmental Science - Published
- 2019
27. Impacts of air pollutants from rural Chinese households under the rapid residential energy transition
- Author
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Yilin Chen, Shu Tao, Guofeng Shen, Hefa Cheng, Xi Zhu, Muye Ru, Xiao Yun, Dabo Guan, Wei Du, Jianying Hu, Huizhong Shen, Qirui Zhong, Junfeng Liu, and Wenjun Meng
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Energy-Generating Resources ,Science ,Air pollution ,General Physics and Astronomy ,02 engineering and technology ,Energy access ,Rural Health ,medicine.disease_cause ,Combustion ,Energy and society ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Article ,Environmental impact ,03 medical and health sciences ,Environmental protection ,Air Pollution ,medicine ,Atmospheric science ,Humans ,lcsh:Science ,Air quality index ,Developing world ,Air Pollutants ,Family Characteristics ,Multidisciplinary ,General Chemistry ,Energy consumption ,Radiative forcing ,Particulates ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Solid fuel ,030104 developmental biology ,Air Pollution, Indoor ,Housing ,Environmental science ,Particulate Matter ,lcsh:Q ,Rural area ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
Rural residential energy consumption in China is experiencing a rapid transition towards clean energy, nevertheless, solid fuel combustion remains an important emission source. Here we quantitatively evaluate the contribution of rural residential emissions to PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) and the impacts on health and climate. The clean energy transitions result in remarkable reductions in the contributions to ambient PM2.5, avoiding 130,000 (90,000–160,000) premature deaths associated with PM2.5 exposure. The climate forcing associated with this sector declines from 0.057 ± 0.016 W/m2 in 1992 to 0.031 ± 0.008 W/m2 in 2012. Despite this, the large remaining quantities of solid fuels still contributed 14 ± 10 μg/m3 to population-weighted PM2.5 in 2012, which comprises 21 ± 14% of the overall population-weighted PM2.5 from all sources. Rural residential emissions affect not only rural but urban air quality, and the impacts are highly seasonal and location dependent., Residential solid fuel use constitutes a large amount of air pollution but has been gradually replaced by other cleaner energy during the past three decades. Here the authors investigated the contribution of rural residential sector to ambient PM2.5 pollution and the resulting climate forcing and health impacts, and find that the remaining large quantities of solid fuels used in rural households are still a major contributor to ambient air pollution despite of decrease in its pollutant emissions and relative contribution to PM2.5 due to the clean energy transition.
- Published
- 2019
28. AEROCOM/AEROSAT: an intercomparison of AAOD & SSA in model and satellite data
- Author
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Qirui Zhong and Nick Schutgens
- Subjects
Climatology ,Satellite data ,Environmental science - Abstract
Absorbing aerosol has the capacity to warm the climate, but the amount of warming is highly uncertain. AAOD (Absorptive Aeorosl Optical Depth) is an optical measure of the abundance of this absorbing aerosol, comprising mineral dust, black and brown carbon and can be retrieved from satellite measurements providing an almost global view on absorbing aerosol.In this study we evaluate AEROCOM models with satellite observations of AAOD and SSA (Single Scattering Albedo) and interpret the discrepancies. Over source regions, diversity in model AAOD is mostly due to emissions even though models employ different assumptions regarding the imaginary refractive index. On the one hand this suggests emissions to be a major error source, on the other hand it suggests that the AEROCOM ensemble as a whole may have a bias with regards to MAC (Mass Absorption Coefficient). We show that in the models AAOD scales almost linearly with emissions (either black carbon or dust) and this allows the use of observations as a constraint. In contrast, model diversity in AOD is shown to depend in almost equal measure on emissions, lifetimes and MECs (Mass Extinction Coefficient). We also analyse mineral dust and black carbon lifetimes by considering the contrast in AAOD over source regions and over outflow regions, and again provide observations constraints.While the older Phase II models generally underestimate AAOD, Phase III models tend to straddle the observations, with some models over-estimating and other models underestimating AAOD. Emissions seem to be the driving factor in this difference. The amount of diversity is larger in the Phase III than Phase II models.This study was conducted using four satellite datasets of AAOD and SSA. These datasets were extensively evaluated with AERONET. Dearth of observations prevents global assesment of the satellite retrievals. However, we show that model evaluation is relatively independent of the chosen dataset, even though we identify significant biases between the datasets.
- Published
- 2021
29. Evaluation and interpretation of modeling bias for biomass burning aerosols in AeroCom models
- Author
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Nick Schutgens, Guido R. van der Werf, and Qirui Zhong
- Subjects
Environmental science ,Atmospheric sciences ,Biomass burning ,Interpretation (model theory) - Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) injects aerosols into the atmosphere and can thereby affect the earth climate and human health. Yet the modeling of BB aerosols exhibits significant bias. Here we present a comprehensive evaluation of AeroCom model simulations with satellite observations to understand such uncertainties. A total of 59 model runs using 17 models from three AeroCcom Phase III experiments (i.e., Biomass Burning emissions, CTRL2016, and CTRL2019 experiment) and 14 satellite products are involved. AOD (aerosol optical depth) at 550 nm wavelength during the fire season over three typical fire regions (Amazon, South Hemisphere Africa, and Boreal North America, or AMAZ, SHAF, and BONA) is the focus of our study, although we also consider AE and SSA from POLDER.The 14 satellite products are shown to have quite substantial differences from AERONET observation. But we show that such differences have little impact on the model evaluation which is mainly affected by modeling bias. Through the comparison with POLDER observation, we found the modeled AOD are biased by -93% ~ 174% with most models showing significant underestimations even for the most recent modeling experiment (i.e., CTRL19). SHAF is among the three regions with the strongest underestimation in general. By scaling up the input emissions, such negative bias would be significantly reduced, which, however, has little impact on the day-to-day correlation between models and observations.On top of the satellite-based model evaluation, we interpret the model diversity from the aspect of aerosol emissions, lifetime, and MEC (mass extinction coefficient), which are further linked with specific parameters in models. These three parameters cause similar levels of AOD diversity, which is quite different from the modeled aerosols during non-fire season when the contribution of lifetime is predominant. During the fire season, diversity caused by lifetime is strongly affected by local deposition; as a matter of fact, models tend to do quite poorly in simulating precipitation strength. Modeled MECs show significant correlations with aerosol wet-growth (which is known to be challenging to models) and AE (Angstrom Exponent) for some involved models. Comparisons with POLDER observed AE suggests some models tend to underestimate AE and thus MEC, which might be responsible for the overall AOD underestimation in certain models. Additionally, we show that model AOD biases correlate with satellite observed formaldehyde columns, suggesting SOA formation may be insufficiently captured by models.
- Published
- 2021
30. Emissions of particulate PAHs from solid fuel combustion in indoor cookstoves
- Author
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Kang Mao, Ye Huang, Qirui Zhong, Wei Wang, Shaojie Zhuo, Zhenglu Wang, Yuanchen Chen, Jinze Wang, Shu Tao, Guofeng Shen, and Wei Du
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Wood gas generator ,business.industry ,Air pollution ,Biomass ,010501 environmental sciences ,Particulates ,Combustion ,medicine.disease_cause ,Solid fuel ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,Stove ,Environmental chemistry ,medicine ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,Coal ,business ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Residential solid fuel combustion is a major emission source of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in most developing countries, including China; however, accurate estimates of PAH emissions are often challenged by limited real-world emission factors (EFs) under field conditions, which can hardly be repeated in laboratory-controlled tests. In this study, a series of field measurements was conducted to determine the emissions of 28 PAHs from different fuel-stove combinations. A total of 14 fuel-stove combinations were studied. The total EFs of 28 PAHs (EFPAH28), on the basis of fuel mass, ranged from 20.7 to 535 mg/kg, with relatively lower EFs for coal than for biomass. Biomass burning in gasifier stoves had lower PAH EFs and fewer toxic PAH species than biomass burning in traditional brick stoves. Fuel type was a significant factor affecting PAH emissions, while stove difference had a relatively smaller influence. Much higher EFs were found from these field tests than from the idealized laboratory tests, which indicated significant underestimation in inventories based on the laboratory-based EFs. Biomass and coal had different profiles, with larger intra-fuel variations in coal than those in biomass. Highly variable values of some, though not all, commonly used isomer ratios indicated substantial biases in source apportionment relying on single or simple ratios without correction, and the MCE was found to be significantly corrected with some ratios.
- Published
- 2020
31. Energy and air pollution benefits of household fuel policies in northern China
- Author
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Huizhong Shen, Yilin Chen, Wenjun Meng, Shu Tao, and Qirui Zhong
- Subjects
Environmental protection ,Air pollution ,medicine ,Environmental science ,China ,medicine.disease_cause ,Energy (signal processing) - Abstract
In addition to many recent actions taken to reduce emissions from energy production, industry, and transportation, a new campaign substituting residential solid fuels with electricity or natural gas has been launched in Beijing, Tianjin, and other 26 municipalities in northern China, aiming at solving severe ambient air pollution in the region. Quantitative analysis shows that the campaign can accelerate residential energy transition significantly, and if the planned target can be achieved, more than 60% of households are projected to remove solid fuels by 2021, compared with less than 20% without the campaign. Emissions of major air pollutants will be reduced substantially. With 60% substitution realized, emission of primary PM2.5 and contribution to ambient PM2.5 concentration in 2021 are projected to be 30% and 41% of those without the campaign. With 60% substitution, average indoor PM2.5 concentrations in living rooms in winter are projected to be reduced from 209 (190-230) μg/m3 to 125 (99-150) μg/m3. The population-weighted PM2.5 concentrations can be reduced from 140 μg/m3 in 2014 to 78 μg/m3 or 61 μg/m3 in 2021 given that 60% or 100% substitution can be accomplished. Although the original focus of the campaign was to address ambient air quality, exposure reduction comes more from improved indoor air quality because approximately 90% of daily exposure of the population is attributable to indoor air pollution. Women benefit more than men.
- Published
- 2020
32. Residential solid fuel emissions contribute significantly to air pollution and associated health impacts in China
- Author
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Yilin Chen, Xuejun Wang, Yi Wan, Wei Du, Xilong Wang, Shu Tao, Qirui Zhong, Yu'ang Ren, Jianying Hu, Guofeng Shen, Xiao Yun, Junfeng Liu, Huizhong Shen, Hefa Cheng, Wenjun Meng, Jianmin Ma, Bengang Li, and Haoran Xu
- Subjects
Consumption (economics) ,Atmospheric Science ,Multidisciplinary ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,business.industry ,Environmental Studies ,Air pollution ,SciAdv r-articles ,010501 environmental sciences ,Solid fuel ,medicine.disease_cause ,complex mixtures ,01 natural sciences ,Premature death ,Environmental protection ,medicine ,Environmental science ,Coal ,Biomass fuels ,Total energy ,China ,business ,Research Articles ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Research Article - Abstract
Residential contributions are substantially magnified from energy use, emissions, air pollution, to health impacts., Residential contribution to air pollution–associated health impacts is critical, but inadequately addressed because of data gaps. Here, we fully model the effects of residential energy use on emissions, outdoor and indoor PM2.5 concentrations, exposure, and premature deaths using updated energy data. We show that the residential sector contributed only 7.5% of total energy consumption but contributed 27% of primary PM2.5 emissions; 23 and 71% of the outdoor and indoor PM2.5 concentrations, respectively; 68% of PM2.5 exposure; and 67% of PM2.5-induced premature deaths in 2014 in China, with a progressive order of magnitude increase from sources to receptors. Biomass fuels and coal provided similar contributions to health impacts. These findings are particularly true for rural populations, which contribute more to emissions and face higher premature death risks than urban populations. The impacts of both residential and nonresidential emissions are interconnected, and efforts are necessary to simultaneously mitigate both emission types.
- Published
- 2020
33. Wintertime air pollution and health risk assessment of inhalation exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rural China
- Author
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Shu Tao, Shaojie Zhuo, Yuanchen Chen, Guofeng Shen, Wei Du, Xi Zhu, Qirui Zhong, Weijian Liu, and Ye Huang
- Subjects
Inhalation exposure ,Atmospheric Science ,education.field_of_study ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Health risk assessment ,Population ,Air pollution ,010501 environmental sciences ,Particulates ,medicine.disease_cause ,Solid fuel ,01 natural sciences ,Indoor air quality ,Environmental chemistry ,medicine ,Environmental science ,education ,Risk assessment ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
Household air pollution is one important environmental risk to human health in China, however, rural air pollution is often underappreciated and field measurements are limited compared to studies in urban area. The present study investigated indoor and outdoor polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and population inhalation exposure from two rural counties in Shanxi and Guizhou provinces, respectively. The indoor levels were higher than the corresponding outdoor concentration in both sites, which was mainly affected by the indoor fuel combustion emissions. A majority of particulate PAHs was found in submicron PM1.0. Fuel types had significant impacts on the total PAHs mass concentration but also composition profiles. In homes using electricity, the PAHs concentration was lower than those burning solid fuels, and there were relatively more fractions of low molecular weight PAHs with 2–3 rings, while for those burning solid fuels, higher fractions of high molecular weight PAHs with 5–6 rings may pose larger adverse health impacts. Although the daily inhalation exposure level for the population using electricity was much lower than those using solid fuels, the estimated Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk still exceeded the deemed safe risk of 10−6. Inhalation exposure amounts measured by using portable carried samplers were compared to the estimation based on area concentration. The substantial discrepancy between them confirmed a preferable use of portable carried samplers in exposure evaluation and health risk assessment.
- Published
- 2018
34. Quantifying the rural residential energy transition in China from 1992 to 2012 through a representative national survey
- Author
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Yong Xu, Shu Su, Yihua Chen, Shaojie Zhuo, Muye Ru, Dan Zhu, Wenjun Meng, Xi Zhu, Wenxin Liu, Xilong Wang, Qirui Zhong, Bengang Li, Shu Tao, Junfeng Liu, Guofeng Shen, Xuelian Pan, Wei Du, Tianbo Huang, Hefa Cheng, Nan Lin, Huizhong Shen, and Xiao Yun
- Subjects
Consumption (economics) ,Crop residue ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,020209 energy ,Air pollution ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Climate change ,Socioeconomic development ,02 engineering and technology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Agricultural economics ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Fuel Technology ,Agriculture ,Greenhouse gas ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,medicine ,Environmental science ,China ,business - Abstract
Rural household energy use for cooking and heating is an important source of air pollutants in China, as it affects both human health and climate change. However, the magnitude of rural household energy use, especially during the recent rapid socioeconomic transition period, has not been well quantified. Here, we present first-hand nationwide data from a 34,489-household energy-mix survey and a 1,670-household fuel-weighing campaign. We found that the consumption of wood and crop residues in rural China decreased by 63% and 51%, respectively, from 1992 to 2012, and these decreases were much greater than the 15% and 8%, respectively, reported by the International Energy Agency and Food and Agriculture Organization. The rapid residential energy transition over these two decades was primarily driven by the rapid socioeconomic development. One important implication of this transition is the significant reduction in the emissions of major air pollutants, especially incomplete combustion products leading to significant impacts on health and climate. Use of wood and crop residue for cooking and heating in rural China is a significant source of carbon emissions and air pollution. Using a survey of more than 34,000 households, researchers show that between 1992 and 2012 usage of these fuels decreased by much more than previous estimates, due primarily to rising incomes.
- Published
- 2018
35. Impacts of rural worker migration on ambient air quality and health in China: From the perspective of upgrading residential energy consumption
- Author
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Guofeng Shen, Qirui Zhong, Ye Huang, Yilin Chen, Yufei Li, Shu Tao, Haofei Yu, Eddy Y. Zeng, Yufei Zou, Muye Ru, Yuanchen Chen, Huizhong Shen, Lucas R.F. Henneman, Yongtao Hu, Ruifang Fan, Armistead G. Russell, Peking Univ, Coll Urban & Environm Sci, Lab Earth Surface Proc, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China, Ningbo University of Technology (NBUT), Zhejiang University, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Imagerie Tomographique et Radiothérapie, Centre de Recherche en Acquisition et Traitement de l'Image pour la Santé (CREATIS), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), and Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)
- Subjects
Rural Population ,China ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Human Migration ,Air pollution ,Context (language use) ,010501 environmental sciences ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,12. Responsible consumption ,Environmental protection ,Air Pollution ,Urbanization ,11. Sustainability ,medicine ,Humans ,Cities ,[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment ,lcsh:Environmental sciences ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science ,Transients and Migrants ,lcsh:GE1-350 ,[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere ,Consumption (economics) ,Pollutant ,Air Pollutants ,Mortality, Premature ,1. No poverty ,Particulates ,3. Good health ,Megacity ,13. Climate action ,8. Economic growth ,Housing ,Environmental science ,Particulate Matter ,Public Health ,Rural area - Abstract
In China, rural migrant workers (RMWs) are employed in urban workplaces but receive minimal resources and welfare. Their residential energy use mix (REM) and pollutant emission profiles are different from those of traditional urban (URs) and rural residents (RRs). Their migration towards urban areas plays an important role in shaping the magnitudes and spatial patterns of pollutant emissions, ambient PM2.5 (fine particulate matter with a diameter smaller than 2.5 μm) concentrations, and associated health impacts in both urban and rural areas. Here we evaluate the impacts of RMW migration on REM pollutant emissions, ambient PM2.5, and subsequent premature deaths across China. At the national scale, RMW migration benefits ambient air quality because RMWs tend to transition to a cleaner REM upon arrival at urban areas—though not as clean as urban residents'. In 2010, RMW migration led to a decrease of 1.5 μg/m3 in ambient PM2.5 exposure concentrations (Cex) averaged across China and a subsequent decrease of 12,200 (5700 to 16,300, as 90% confidence interval) in premature deaths from exposure to ambient PM2.5. Despite the overall health benefit, large-scale cross-province migration increased megacities' PM2.5 levels by as much as 10 μg/m3 due to massive RMW inflows. Model simulations show that upgrading within-city RMWs' REMs can effectively offset the RMW-induced PM2.5 increase in megacities, and that policies that properly navigate migration directions may have potential for balancing the economic growth against ambient air quality deterioration. Our study indicates the urgency of considering air pollution impacts into migration-related policy formation in the context of rapid urbanization in China. Keywords: Rural migrant works, Urbanization in China, Ambient air pollution, Particulate matter, Human health
- Published
- 2018
36. Comparison of air pollutant emissions and household air quality in rural homes using improved wood and coal stoves
- Author
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Wei Du, Meng Qi, Chunyu Xue, Xi Zhu, Qirui Zhong, Guangqing Liu, Yuanchen Chen, Baoshan Xing, Guofeng Shen, Shu Tao, Eddy Y. Zeng, and Shaojie Zhuo
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Waste management ,Wood gas generator ,business.industry ,020209 energy ,technology, industry, and agriculture ,Air pollution ,Environmental engineering ,Coal combustion products ,02 engineering and technology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Combustion ,complex mixtures ,Renewable energy ,Stove ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,medicine ,Environmental science ,Coal ,business ,Air quality index ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
Air pollutant emissions, fuel consumption, and household air pollution were investigated in rural Hubei, central China, as a revisited evaluation of an intervention program to replace coal use by wood in gasifier stoves. Measured emission factors were comparable to the results measured two years ago when the program was initiated. Coal combustion produced significantly higher emissions of CO2, CH4, and SO2 compared with wood combustion; however, wood combustion in gasifier stoves had higher emissions of primary PM2.5 (particles with diameter less than 2.5 μm), Elemental Carbon (EC) and Organic Carbon (OC). In terms of potential impacts on climate, although the use of wood in gasifier stoves produced more black carbon (6.37 vs 910 gCO2e per day per capita from coal and wood use) and less SO2 (-684 vs -312), obvious benefits could be obtained owing to greater OC emissions (-15.4 vs -431), fewer CH4 emissions (865 vs 409) and, moreover, a reduction of CO2 emissions. The total GWC100 (Global Warming Potential over a time horizon of 100 years) would decrease by approximately 90% if coal use were replaced with renewable wood burned in gasifier stoves. However, similar levels of ambient particles and higher indoor OC and EC were found at homes using wood gasifier stoves compared to the coal-use homes. This suggests critical investigations on potential health impacts from the carbon-reduction intervention program.
- Published
- 2017
37. Exposure and health impact evaluation based on simultaneous measurement of indoor and ambient PM2.5 in Haidian, Beijing
- Author
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Baoshan Xing, Yilin Chen, Eddy Y. Zeng, Shu Tao, Xuelian Pan, Xi Zhu, Yuanchen Chen, Qirui Zhong, Meng Qi, Wei Du, Tianbo Huang, and Xu Sun
- Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Meteorology ,Indoor air ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Health impact ,General Medicine ,010501 environmental sciences ,Particulates ,Toxicology ,Atmospheric sciences ,complex mixtures ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,Indoor air quality ,Beijing ,Environmental monitoring ,Environmental science ,Population exposure ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Exposure assessment - Abstract
Because people spend most of their time indoors, the characterization of indoor air quality is important for exposure assessment. Unfortunately, indoor air data are scarce, leading to a major data gap in risk assessment. In this study, PM2.5 concentrations in both indoor and outdoor air were simultaneously measured using on-line particulate counters in 13 households in Haidian, Beijing for both heating and non-heating seasons. A bimodal distribution of PM2.5 concentrations suggests rapid transitions between polluted and non-polluted situations. The PM2.5 concentrations in indoor and outdoor air varied synchronously, with the indoor variation lagging. The lag time in the heating season was longer than that in the non-heating season. The particle sizes in indoor air were smaller than those in ambient air in the heating season and vice versa in the non-heating season. PM2.5 concentrations in indoor air were generally lower than those in ambient air except when ambient concentrations dropped sharply to very low levels or there were internal emissions from cooking or other activities. The effectiveness of an air cleaner to reduce indoor PM2.5 concentrations was demonstrated. Non-linear regression models were developed to predict indoor air PM2.5 concentrations based on ambient data with lag time incorporated. The models were applied to estimate the overall population exposure to PM2.5 and the health consequences in Haidian. The health impacts would be significantly overestimated without the indoor exposure being taken into consideration, and this bias would increase as the ambient air quality improved in the future.
- Published
- 2017
38. Transition of household cookfuels in China from 2010 to 2012
- Author
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Hefa Cheng, Eddy Y. Zeng, Han Chen, Huizhong Shen, Kirk R. Smith, Yilin Chen, Junfeng Liu, Shu Tao, Tianbo Huang, and Qirui Zhong
- Subjects
education.field_of_study ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Mechanical Engineering ,Population ,Global warming ,Environmental engineering ,Climate change ,Biomass ,Building and Construction ,010501 environmental sciences ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Solid fuel ,01 natural sciences ,General Energy ,Environmental protection ,Environmental science ,Rural area ,education ,Air quality index ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Panel data - Abstract
Emissions from household cookfuels strongly affect both air quality and climate change. China is undergoing a rapid transition of cookfuels due to its rapid development, which has significant consequences for environment and health. Unfortunately, detailed information on this transition is scarce. In this study, the trajectory and geographical variation of the cookfuel transition and the factors affecting it were investigated based on panel data on cookfuel choice from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) in 2010 and 2012 covering areas that include more than 90% of the national population and a large fraction of repeated households, thus reducing uncertainty. Over this short period, the proportion of Chinese households cooking with solid fuel dropped rapidly from 50% in 2010 to 39% in 2012; 9% and 18% of the solid fuel-using households in 2010 switched to clean energy in 2012, particularly electricity, in urban and rural areas, respectively, according to CFPS. The major forces driving the cookfuel transition include income, educational level, location, energy price, and fuel accessibility. Although switching from biomass to gas and electricity led to a slight increase in CO 2 emissions, the total residential emissions of CO, BC, OC, PM 2.5 , and Hg decreased by more than 10% from 2010 to 2012. The warming effect of increased CO 2 emissions and reduced OC emissions was outweighed by the cooling effect achieved by the emissions reduction of air pollutants with warming impacts, including CO, BC and CH 4 . Although this rapid transition is highly beneficial, it requires national action to accelerate and expand to a greater proportion of poor populations.
- Published
- 2016
39. Modeling temporal variations in global residential energy consumption and pollutant emissions
- Author
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Ye Huang, Yilin Chen, Xilong Wang, Shu Tao, Junfeng Liu, Han Chen, Bengang Li, Nan Lin, Huizhong Shen, Yuanchen Chen, Shaojie Zhuo, Muye Ru, Qirui Zhong, and Shu Su
- Subjects
Pollutant ,Consumption (economics) ,business.industry ,Natural resource economics ,020209 energy ,Mechanical Engineering ,Global warming ,Environmental engineering ,Climate change ,02 engineering and technology ,Building and Construction ,Energy consumption ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,General Energy ,Greenhouse gas ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Fuel efficiency ,Environmental science ,Electricity ,business - Abstract
Energy data are often reported on an annual basis. To address the climate and health impacts of greenhouse gases and air pollutants, seasonally resolved emissions inventories are needed. The seasonality of energy consumption is most affected by consumption in the residential sector. In this study, a set of regression models were developed based on temperature-related variables and a series of socioeconomic parameters to quantify global electricity and fuel consumption for the residential sector. The models were evaluated against observations and applied to simulate monthly changes in residential energy consumption and the resultant emissions of air pollutants. Changes in energy consumption are strongly affected by economic prosperity and population growth. Climate change, electricity prices, and urbanization also affect energy use. Climate warming will cause a net increase in electricity consumption and a decrease in fuel consumption by the residential sector. Consequently, emissions of CO2, SO2, and Hg are predicted to decrease, while emissions of incomplete combustion products are expected to increase. These changes vary regionally.
- Published
- 2016
40. PM
- Author
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Yang, Xu, Qirui, Zhong, Xiao, Yun, Huizhong, Shen, Guofeng, Shen, Junfeng, Liu, Jianmin, Ma, Jianying, Hu, Yi, Wan, Xuejun, Wang, Chongguo, Tian, and Shu, Tao
- Subjects
Air Pollutants ,China ,Air Pollution ,Particulate Matter ,Coke - Abstract
Historically, beehive coke ovens (BCOs) were extensively operated in China and emitted large quantities of pollutants, including primary PM
- Published
- 2019
41. Energy and air pollution benefits of household fuel policies in northern China
- Author
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Xilong Wang, Hefa Cheng, Armistead G. Russell, Yilin Chen, Junfeng Liu, Jianmin Ma, Wenjun Meng, Shu Tao, Huizhong Shen, Eddy Y. Zeng, Xiao Yun, Bengang Li, Dabo Guan, Kirk R. Smith, and Qirui Zhong
- Subjects
China ,Energy-Generating Resources ,Fossil Fuels ,Time Factors ,Air pollution ,medicine.disease_cause ,Indoor air quality ,Beijing ,Electricity ,Natural gas ,Environmental protection ,Air Pollution ,medicine ,Family Characteristics ,Multidisciplinary ,Residential energy ,Ambient air pollution ,Geography ,business.industry ,Environmental Exposure ,Solid fuel ,Policy ,PNAS Plus ,Environmental science ,Particulate Matter ,business - Abstract
In addition to many recent actions taken to reduce emissions from energy production, industry, and transportation, a new campaign substituting residential solid fuels with electricity or natural gas has been launched in Beijing, Tianjin, and 26 other municipalities in northern China, aiming at solving severe ambient air pollution in the region. Quantitative analysis shows that the campaign can accelerate residential energy transition significantly, and if the planned target can be achieved, more than 60% of households are projected to remove solid fuels by 2021, compared with fewer than 20% without the campaign. Emissions of major air pollutants will be reduced substantially. With 60% substitution realized, emission of primary PM(2.5) and contribution to ambient PM(2.5) concentration in 2021 are projected to be 30% and 41% of those without the campaign. With 60% substitution, average indoor PM(2.5) concentrations in living rooms in winter are projected to be reduced from 209 (190 to 230) μg/m(3) to 125 (99 to 150) μg/m(3). The population-weighted PM(2.5) concentrations can be reduced from 140 μg/m(3) in 2014 to 78 μg/m(3) or 61 μg/m(3) in 2021 given that 60% or 100% substitution can be accomplished. Although the original focus of the campaign was to address ambient air quality, exposure reduction comes more from improved indoor air quality because ∼90% of daily exposure of the rural population is attributable to indoor air pollution. Women benefit more than men.
- Published
- 2019
42. Inhalation exposure to size-segregated fine particles and particulate PAHs for the population burning biomass fuels in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau area
- Author
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Wei Wang, Shu Tao, Zhenglu Wang, Nan Fu, Qirui Zhong, Shanshan Zhang, Ye Huang, Meng Qi, Jinze Wang, Yonghong Duan, Guofeng Shen, Yuanchen Chen, and Wei Du
- Subjects
Rural Population ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Air pollution ,Biomass ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Tibet ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,Environmental pollution ,Indoor air quality ,GE1-350 ,Cooking ,Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ,Inhalation exposure ,Air Pollutants ,Inhalation Exposure ,education.field_of_study ,Plateau ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Dust ,General Medicine ,Contamination ,Particulates ,Pollution ,Coal ,TD172-193.5 ,Air Pollution, Indoor ,Environmental chemistry ,Environmental Monitoring ,Population ,complex mixtures ,PAHs ,Air Pollution ,medicine ,Humans ,Particle Size ,education ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,021110 strategic, defence & security studies ,geography ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Size distribution ,Biomass use ,Personal exposure ,Environmental sciences ,Housing ,Environmental science ,Particulate Matter - Abstract
Indoor biomass burning produces large amounts of small particles and hazardous contaminants leading to severe air pollution and potentially high health risks associated with inhalation exposure. Personal samplers provide more accurate estimates of inhalation exposure. In this study, inhalation exposure to size-segregated particles and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for the biomass user was studied by deploying personal samplers. The study found that daily PM2.5 inhalation exposure level was as high as 121 ± 96 μg/m3, and over 84% was finer PM1.0. For PAHs, the exposure level was 113 ± 188 ng/m3, with over 77% in PM1.0. High molecular weight PAHs with larger toxic potentials enriched in smaller particles resulting in much high risks associated with PAHs inhalation exposure. Indoor exposure contributed to ~80% of the total inhalation exposure as a result of high indoor air pollution and longer residence spent indoor. The highest exposure risk was found for the male smoker who conducted cooking activities at home.
- Published
- 2021
43. PAHs emissions from residential biomass burning in real-world cooking stoves in rural China
- Author
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Wei Wang, Wei Du, Shu Tao, Xiao Yun, Meng Qi, Yuanchen Chen, Lizhi Wang, Guofeng Shen, and Qirui Zhong
- Subjects
China ,Crop residue ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Air pollution ,Biomass ,010501 environmental sciences ,Toxicology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Combustion ,01 natural sciences ,medicine ,Humans ,Cooking ,Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ,Household Articles ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Total organic carbon ,Air Pollutants ,General Medicine ,Particulates ,Pollution ,Environmental chemistry ,Stove ,Fuel efficiency ,Environmental science ,Particulate Matter - Abstract
Indoor biomass burning is a major contributor to the emission of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in China. To date, estimates of PAH emissions from the burning of biomass have involved considerable uncertainty, mostly from the lack of real-world measurements of emission factors. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation on PAH emissions from biomass burning in real-world cooking stoves in three Chinese provinces. PAH emission factors, in both particle- and gas-phase, from 11 fuel-stove combinations were measured and the provincial emissions were estimated based on the measured emission factors and fuel consumption. The measured PAH28 emission factors (including 16 US EPA priority PAHs and 12 non-priority PAHs) ranged from 42 mg/kg to 370 mg/kg, with an order of magnitude difference, which was mostly affected by fuel type. The emission factors measured in this study were generally higher than those reported in laboratory studies and were comparable with field studies. The gas-particle distribution indicated that the absorption of PAHs by organic carbon in particulate matter (PM) was the dominant sorption mechanism in gas-particle distribution. The composition profile was different from previous studies, especially for non-priority PAHs, which are highly toxic and should be given more attention. Following the disparities in composition profiles, our study suggests that source apportionment based on single- or multi-diagnostic ratios may lead to large bias and uncertainties. It appears that the toxicity potential of PAHs in northern China emitted from combustion of crop residues is greater than that in southern China where PAHs are mainly emitted from wood combustion.
- Published
- 2020
44. Global organic carbon emissions from primary sources from 1960 to 2009
- Author
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Qirui Zhong, Han Chen, Junfeng Liu, Yilin Chen, Rong Wang, Shu Tao, Bengang Li, Huizhong Shen, Guofeng Shen, and Ye Huang
- Subjects
Total organic carbon ,Atmospheric Science ,Agricultural waste ,Crop residue ,Environmental engineering ,Fuel efficiency ,Biomass ,Environmental science ,Solid fuel ,Combustion ,Emission intensity ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
In an attempt to reduce uncertainty, global organic carbon (OC) emissions from a total of 70 sources were compiled at 0.1° × 0.1° resolution for 2007 (PKU-OC-2007) and country scale from 1960 to 2009. The compilation took advantage of a new fuel-consumption data product (PKU-Fuel-2007) and a series of newly published emission factors (EFOC) in developing countries. The estimated OC emissions were 32.9 Tg (24.1–50.6 Tg as interquartile range), of which less than one third was anthropogenic in origin. Uncertainty resulted primarily from variations in EFOC. Asia, Africa, and South America had high emissions mainly because of residential biomass fuel burning or wildfires. Per-person OC emission in rural areas was three times that of urban areas because of the relatively high EFOC of residential solid fuels. Temporal trend of anthropogenic OC emissions depended on rural population, and was influenced primarily by residential crop residue and agricultural waste burning. Both the OC/PM2.5 ratio and emission intensity, defined as quantity of OC emissions per unit of fuel consumption for all sources, of anthropogenic OC followed a decreasing trend, indicating continuous improvement in combustion efficiency and control measures.
- Published
- 2015
45. Distinguishing Emission-Associated Ambient Air PM2.5 Concentrations and Meteorological Factor-Induced Fluctuations
- Author
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Bengang Li, Wenjun Meng, Qirui Zhong, Guofeng Shen, Hefa Cheng, Shu Tao, Dabo Guan, Xiao Yun, Jianmin Ma, Xilong Wang, Xi Zhu, Huizhong Shen, Eddy Y. Zeng, and Junfeng Liu
- Subjects
Multivariate statistics ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Regression analysis ,General Chemistry ,Grid cell ,010501 environmental sciences ,Particulates ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Ambient air ,Meteorological Concept ,Air pollutants ,Environmental monitoring ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Although PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 μm) in the air originates from emissions, its concentrations are often affected by confounding meteorological effects. Therefore, direct comparisons of PM2.5 concentrations made across two periods, which are commonly used by environmental protection administrations to measure the effectiveness of mitigation efforts, can be misleading. Here, we developed a two-step method to distinguish the significance of emissions and meteorological factors and assess the effectiveness of emission mitigation efforts. We modeled ambient PM2.5 concentrations from 1980 to 2014 based on three conditional scenarios: realistic conditions, fixed emissions, and fixed meteorology. The differences found between the model outputs were analyzed to quantify the relative contributions of emissions and meteorological factors. Emission-related gridded PM2.5 concentrations excluding the meteorological effects were predicted using multivariate regression models, whereas meteorological confounding effects on PM2.5 fluctuations were characterized by probabilistic functions. When the regression models and probabilistic functions were combined, fluctuations in the PM2.5 concentrations induced by emissions and meteorological factors were quantified for all model grid cells and regions. The method was then applied to assess the historical and future trends of PM2.5 concentrations and potential fluctuations on global, national, and city scales. The proposed method may thus be used to assess the effectiveness of mitigation actions.
- Published
- 2018
46. Distinguishing Emission-Associated Ambient Air PM
- Author
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Qirui, Zhong, Jianmin, Ma, Guofeng, Shen, Huizhong, Shen, Xi, Zhu, Xiao, Yun, Wenjun, Meng, Hefa, Cheng, Junfeng, Liu, Bengang, Li, Xilong, Wang, Eddy Y, Zeng, Dabo, Guan, and Shu, Tao
- Subjects
Air Pollutants ,Meteorological Concepts ,Particulate Matter ,Cities ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Although PM
- Published
- 2018
47. Origin and Radiative Forcing of Black Carbon Aerosol: Production and Consumption Perspectives
- Author
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Zhu Liu, Jing Meng, Jiamin Ou, Huizhong Shen, Jiachen Zhang, Shu Tao, Kan Yi, Haozhe Yang, Stephen Dorling, Junfeng Liu, Zhifu Mi, Dabo Guan, Qirui Zhong, Meng, Jing [0000-0001-8708-0485], Liu, Junfeng [0000-0002-7199-6357], Tao, Shu [0000-0002-7374-7063], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
- Subjects
Asia ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Chemical transport model ,Atmospheric circulation ,Air pollution ,010501 environmental sciences ,Atmospheric sciences ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,Atmospheric radiative transfer codes ,medicine ,Environmental Chemistry ,Humans ,Air quality index ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Aerosols ,Air Pollutants ,Asia, Eastern ,General Chemistry ,Radiative forcing ,Particulates ,Carbon ,Aerosol ,Europe ,Africa ,North America ,Environmental science - Abstract
Air pollution, a threat to air quality and human health, has attracted ever-increasing attention in recent years. In addition to having local influence, air pollutants can also travel the globe via atmospheric circulation and international trade. Black carbon (BC), emitted from incomplete combustion, is a unique but representative particulate pollutant. This study tracked down the BC aerosol and its direct radiative forcing to the emission sources and final consumers using the global chemical transport model (MOZART-4), the rapid radiative transfer model for general circulation simulations (RRTM), and a multiregional input-output analysis (MRIO). BC was physically transported (i.e., atmospheric transport) from western to eastern countries in the midlatitude westerlies, but its magnitude is near an order of magnitude higher if the virtual flow embodied in international trade is considered. The transboundary effects on East and South Asia by other regions increased from about 3% (physical transport only) to 10% when considering both physical and virtual transport. The influence efficiency on East Asia was also large because of the comparatively large emission intensity and emission-intensive exports (e.g., machinery and equipment). The radiative forcing in Africa imposed by consumption from Europe, North America, and East Asia (0.01 Wm-2) was even larger than the total forcing in North America. Understanding the supply chain and incorporating both atmospheric and virtual transport may improve multilateral cooperation on air pollutant mitigation both domestically and internationally.
- Published
- 2018
48. Quantification of Global Primary Emissions of PM2.5, PM10, and TSP from Combustion and Industrial Process Sources
- Author
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Han Chen, Bengang Li, Huizhong Shen, Rong Wang, Shu Tao, Shu Su, Xilong Wang, Yanyan Zhang, Qirui Zhong, Junfeng Liu, Yuanchen Chen, Ye Huang, Nan Lin, Wenxin Liu, and Shaojie Zhuo
- Subjects
China ,Asia ,Developing country ,Combustion ,Spatio-Temporal Analysis ,Environmental protection ,Urbanization ,Environmental monitoring ,Humans ,Industry ,Environmental Chemistry ,Cities ,Particle Size ,Domestic production ,Air Pollutants ,Developed Countries ,Environmental engineering ,General Chemistry ,Energy consumption ,Particulates ,United States ,Europe ,Fuel efficiency ,Environmental science ,Particulate Matter ,Public Health ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Emission quantification of primary particulate matter (PM) is essential for assessment of its related climate and health impacts. To reduce uncertainty associated with global emissions of PM2.5, PM10, and TSP, we compiled data with high spatial (0.1° × 0.1°) and sectorial (77 primary sources) resolutions for 2007 based on a newly released global fuel data product (PKU-FUEL-2007) and an emission factor database. Our estimates for developing countries are higher than those previously reported. Spatial bias associated with large countries could be reduced by using subnational fuel consumption data. Additionally, we looked at temporal trends from 1960 to 2009 at country-scale resolution. Although total emissions are still increasing in developing countries, their intensities in terms of gross domestic production or energy consumption have decreased. PM emitted in developed countries is finer owing to a larger contribution from nonindustrial sources and use of abatement technologies. In contrast, countries like China, with strong industry emissions and limited abatement facilities, emit coarser PM. The health impacts of PM are intensified in hotspots and cities owing to covariance of sources and receptors. Although urbanization reduces the per person emission, overall health impacts related to these emissions are heightened because of aggregation effects.
- Published
- 2014
49. Spatial and Temporal Trends in Global Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from 1960 to 2014
- Author
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Tianbo Huang, Shu Tao, Bengang Li, Qirui Zhong, Xi Zhu, Xiao Yun, Jianmin Ma, Eddy Y. Zeng, and Wenjun Meng
- Subjects
Pollutant ,Air Pollutants ,China ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Meteorology ,Developed Countries ,General Chemistry ,010501 environmental sciences ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Greenhouse gas ,Per capita ,Fuel efficiency ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,Humans ,Nitrogen oxide ,Nitrogen Oxides ,Emission inventory ,Air quality index ,NOx ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
The quantification of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions is critical for air quality modeling. Based on updated fuel consumption and emission factor databases, a global emission inventory was compiled with high spatial (0.1° × 0.1°), temporal (monthly), and source (87 sources) resolutions for the period 1960 to 2014. The monthly emission data have been uploaded online (http://inventory.pku.edu.cn), along with a number of other air pollutant and greenhouse gas data for free download. Differences in source profiles, not global total quantities, between our results and those reported previously were found. There were significant differences in total and per capita emissions and emission intensities among countries, especially between the developing and developed countries. Globally, the total annual NOx emissions finally stopped increasing in 2013 after continuously increasing over several decades, largely due to strict control measures taken in China in recent years. Nevertheless, the peak year of NOx emissions...
- Published
- 2017
50. Urbanization-induced population migration has reduced ambient PM
- Author
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Huizhong, Shen, Shu, Tao, Yilin, Chen, Philippe, Ciais, Burak, Güneralp, Muye, Ru, Qirui, Zhong, Xiao, Yun, Xi, Zhu, Tianbo, Huang, Wei, Tao, Yuanchen, Chen, Bengang, Li, Xilong, Wang, Wenxin, Liu, Junfeng, Liu, and Shuqing, Zhao
- Subjects
SciAdv r-articles ,Research Articles ,Environmental Sciences ,Research Article - Abstract
Population migration has upgraded the direct energy consumption with remarkable benefits on air quality and health in China., Direct residential and transportation energy consumption (RTC) contributes significantly to ambient fine particulate matter with a diameter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) in China. During massive rural-urban migration, population and pollutant emissions from RTC have evolved in terms of magnitude and geographic distribution, which was thought to worsen PM2.5 levels in cities but has not been quantitatively addressed. We quantify the temporal trends and spatial patterns of migration to cities and evaluate their associated pollutant emissions from RTC and subsequent health impact from 1980 to 2030. We show that, despite increased urban RTC emissions due to migration, the net effect of migration in China has been a reduction of PM2.5 exposure, primarily because of an unequal distribution of RTC energy mixes between urban and rural areas. After migration, people have switched to cleaner fuel types, which considerably lessened regional emissions. Consequently, the national average PM2.5 exposure concentration in 2010 was reduced by 3.9 μg/m3 (90% confidence interval, 3.0 to 5.4 μg/m3) due to migration, corresponding to an annual reduction of 36,000 (19,000 to 47,000) premature deaths. This reduction was the result of an increase in deaths by 142,000 (78,000 to 181,000) due to migrants swarming into cities and decreases in deaths by 148,000 (76,000 to 194,000) and 29,000 (15,000 to 39,000) due to transitions to a cleaner energy mix and lower urban population densities, respectively. Locally, however, megacities such as Beijing and Shanghai experienced increases in PM2.5 exposure associated with migration because these cities received massive immigration, which has driven a large increase in local emissions.
- Published
- 2017
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