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Background Diabetic foot is a serious complication of diabetes with a high disability and mortality rate, which can be prevented by early screening. General practitioners play an essential role in diabetic foot screening, yet the screening behaviors of general practitioners have rarely been studied in primary care settings. This study aimed to investigate foot risk screening behaviors and analyze their influencing factors among general practitioners. Methods Using the convenience sampling method, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 844 general practitioners from 78 community health centers in Changsha, China. A self-designed and validated questionnaire was used to assess the general practitioner’s cognition, attitude, and behaviors on performing diabetic foot screening. Multivariate linear regression was conducted to investigate the influencing factors of screening behaviors. Results The average score of diabetic foot screening behaviors among the general practitioners was 61.53 ± 14.69, and 271 (32.1%) always or frequently performed foot screening for diabetic patients. Higher training frequency (β = 3.197, p β = 2.947, p β = 4.564, p β=-5.184, p β=-6.226, p

Nurses of all levels are expected to be competent in managing clinical deterioration. Given their limited experience and basic-level knowledge, there is a concern about junior nurses' clinical and patient management skills. However, junior nurses' abilities to recognise and respond to clinical deterioration have not been adequately explored because of the absence of a comprehensive tool.The aim of this study was to develop a new self-assessment scale to assess the junior nurses' recognition and response abilities to clinical deterioration and to examine its reliability and validity.Scale items were based on literature reviews and interviews. The preliminary scale was generated through two rounds of expert review. A panel of five experts evaluated content validity. After a pilot study, the questionnaire was distributed to 168 junior nurses via convenience sampling. Subsequent statistical analysis of results included construct validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability.Six factors were included, and 69.310% of the total variance was explained by the 25 items comprising the scale. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.905 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.812-0.979) for the overall scale and 0.655-0.838 for its subscales. The Guttman split-half reliability was 0.856 (95% CI: 0.806-0.894). The test-retest reliability of the scale was 0.878 (95% CI: 0.836-0.911).We developed a scale for measuring the abilities of junior nurses to recognise and respond to clinical deterioration and confirmed its reliability and validity. More experimental studies are needed to further evaluate this instrument.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the factors associated with parental burden among parents of children with food allergies (FA) in China.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingThe participants were recruited through the internet and one child health centre of a tertiary hospital in Changsha, China.ParticipantsA total of 346 parents of children with FA were recruited using a convenience sampling method. After excluding the invalid questionnaires, 330 questionnaires were included for the analysis.Outcome measuresThe data of general and disease-specific information of children with FA and their parents, as well as parental burden, social support and coping style of parents, were collected using a self-developed questionnaire and standard measurement tools with good psychometric properties. Univariate analysis and multivariate stepwise regression analysis were used to analyse the data.ResultsFinancial affordability regarding their children’s FA and parents’ social support were key protective factors against parental burden (β=−0.224, pConclusionsHealth professionals should pay more attention to parents who are not at work and whose children have more highly suspected food allergens and more FA-affected systems because these parents often have a higher parental burden. Furthermore, it is important to improve financial support for children’s FA and social support for parents of children with FA to decrease their parental burden.

IntroductionAcademic-practice partnerships are a promising strategy that could strengthen the promotion and innovation of evidence-based nursing practice (EBNP). However, there is little evidence of how academic and clinical institutions and individuals should collaborate in each process of EBNP and the factors that influence academic-practice partnerships in EBNP. There is a pressing need to explore the extent of the literature on academic-practice partnerships in EBNP, as well as to classify, compare and summarise the results or opinions obtained from various types of literature to identify both existing knowledge and gaps in the research.Methods and analysisThe scoping review will be conducted following the methodological guidelines provided by the JBI. The scoping review will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews checklist. Seven databases, including the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Educational Resource Information Center and two Chinese databases (ie, CNKI and WANFANG DATA), will be searched. The grey literature will also be searched using the American Association of Colleges of Nursing, American Nurses Association, Open Grey, Grey Literature Report and the official website of JBI. The literature screening and data extraction will be conducted independently by two researchers. A third researcher will be involved when a consensus is needed.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval is not required. The findings of the scoping review will be disseminated in a conference and a peer-reviewed journal.

To explore the associated factors of patient privacy protection behaviours among nursing interns.The patient privacy protection behaviours of nursing interns are closely related to information security incidents and the quality of clinical practice. However, little is known about the associated factors of patient privacy protection behaviours among nursing interns.A cross-sectional study.A comprehensive hospital in Hunan Province, China.Nursing interns in a comprehensive hospital from 30 different nursing schools were recruited using convenience sampling.Data on general information, patient privacy protection cognition, moral sensitivity, empathy and patient privacy protection behaviours were collected with a general information questionnaire and corresponding scales with good psychometric properties. U-test, spearman correlation analysis and multiple linear regression were used to determine the associated factors of patient privacy protection behaviours among nursing interns.This study showed that nursing interns in a college programme had better patient privacy protection behaviours than those nursing interns in a baccalaureate programme. Nursing interns who have more knowledge of privacy laws and whose clinical nursing teachers excelled in patient privacy protection might show better patient privacy protection behaviours. Nursing interns with better patient privacy protection cognition, higher moral sensitivity and greater empathy might have better patient privacy protection behaviours.Strengthening nursing interns' knowledge of privacy laws and patient privacy protection cognition, improving their moral sensitivity and empathy and standardising the patient privacy protection behaviours of clinical nursing teachers may can improve the patient privacy protection behaviours of nursing interns. Also, clinical teachers should pay close attention to nursing interns in baccalaureate programmes who are likely to have a lower level of patient privacy protection behaviours and act as role models for them in protecting patient privacy in clinical nursing education.

Aims and objectives To evaluate the effects of a blended emergent research training programme for clinical nurses on research competence and critical thinking. Background With the development of the nursing discipline and evidence-based nursing practice, nursing research competence is increasingly important for clinical nurses. Current nursing research training programmes cannot meet the needs of clinical nurses. Design A quasi-experimental study. Methods A total of 104 clinical nurses from two tertiary hospitals participated in this study. The intervention group received a blended emergent research training programme for clinical nurses, and the control group received no intervention. Nursing research competence and critical thinking were measured at baseline, after the intervention and three months after the intervention. The satisfaction with the training of clinical nurses in the intervention group was also measured after the intervention. Generalised linear mixed models were used to evaluate the effects of the intervention on outcome variables. Qualitative data were analysed by two researchers using the content analysis method. Our reporting complies with the TREND checklist. Results The blended emergent research training programme for clinical nurses finally showed positive effects on nursing research competence and critical thinking. The effects lasted until three months after the training programme. 'Learner-centred Training', 'Skilled Trainers', 'Encouraging Training Environment' and 'Positive Outcomes' are the main categories generated from the qualitative data. Conclusion The blended emergent research training programme for clinical nurses could be used for clinical nurses' research education to improve their nursing research competence and critical thinking. Relevance to clinical practice The blended emergent teaching method could be considered as an effective method to provide an encouraging learning environment and promote learner-centred teaching for clinical nurses. The blended emergent research training programme could be used to improve nursing research competence and critical thinking of clinical nurses which are important for evidence-based nursing practice.

To explore the evidence-based nursing practice (EBNP) competencies of clinical and academic nurses and their collaboration needs for supporting EBNP.Academic-practice partnerships have strong potential to overcome the key barriers to EBNP. However, there is little known about the collaboration needs of clinical and academic nurses for EBNP.A cross-sectional study.We recruited clinical and academic nurses online during November 2021 to January 2022. Using a reliable and validated scale and adapted questionnaires, data were collected relating to demographic information, EBNP-related resources availability, EBNP competencies and EBNP collaboration needs. These data were described using descriptive statistical methods. The t test, χTwo 240 clinical nurses and 232 academic nurses submitted questionnaires. There was no difference in overall EBNP competence between clinical and academic nurses. However, clinical nurses reported lower levels of competence and stronger intentions to collaborate with academic nurses when searching for, appraising, and synthesising evidence. Academic nurses reported lower levels of competence and stronger intentions to collaborate with clinical nurses for disseminating and implementing evidence.Clinical and academic nurses both reported high needs for collaborating to overcome their perceived role limitations. Clinical and academic nurses have different strengths and limitations in EBNP. These role differences and intentions to collaborate for different dimensions of EBNP competence suggest that clinical and academic nursing roles could be complementary to each other, offering opportunities for synergistic collaborations to better support overall EBNP.Healthcare and academic institutions should promote academic-practice partnerships as opportunities to gain complementary expertise on different dimensions of EBNP, and to improve nurses' competencies and confidence in EBNP overall.

Aims and objectives To explore the relationship between critical thinking disposition and research competence among clinical nurses. Background The development of the nursing discipline and evidence-based practice calls for research competence and critical thinking disposition among clinical nurses. The verification of the relationship between critical thinking disposition and research competence could make contributions to promoting related knowledge building and providing practical implications for nurses, nurse educators and nurse managers. However, there is a lack of evidence exploring the relationship between critical thinking disposition and research competence in clinical nurses. Design A cross-sectional study. Methods A total of 156 clinical nurses from two tertiary hospitals participated in this study. The Chinese Version of Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory and Research Competence Scale for Clinical Nurses were used to measure critical thinking disposition and nursing research competence, respectively. Data were collected in September 2017. Descriptive statistics, bivariate correlation and linear regression were used to analyse data. The STROBE checklist was used in reporting this study. Results The clinical nurses surveyed showed a positive inclination to general critical thinking but reported an overall low level of nursing research competence. A moderate degree of positive correlation was found between critical thinking disposition and research competence among clinical nurses. Educational degree was also found as an influencing factor of nursing research competence of clinical nurses. Conclusion The critical thinking disposition of clinical nurses is positively related to their research competence. Relevance to clinical practice Nurses with a passion for nursing research should pay attention to improving their critical thinking dispositions. Nurse educators and managers should provide better learning, working and research environments and more supports to cultivate critical thinking disposition and improve nursing research competence in nursing research education and practice.

Anchovy protein hydrolysates (APH) and catechin (CA) have proved to be effective in memory improvement. However, the enhancing effects of APH-CA conjugates on the memory are little investigated. The underlying mechanism and synergic effects remain unclear. Herein, relationships among memory enhancement, gut microbiota, fecal metabolites, and neurotransmitters of mice regulated by APH-CA were investigated. APH, APH-CA, and CA decreased MDA, IL-1β, and TNF-α in liver, altered levels of GPx, LDH, IL-1β, and TNF-α in serum, re-structured gut microbiota, regulated fecal metabolites, and regulated neurotransmitters in the brain. The alleviation effects of APH-CA were partially better than those of APH and CA. The 16s rRNA results illustrated that

Herein we report on the preparation of a bioactive glass (BAG)-based photocurable resin for the additive manufacturing of BAG scaffolds with high filler loadings. The preparation of glass/ceramics resins for stereolithography with high filler loading is always a challenge, especially for fillers with a high refractive index variance. Various photocurable resin compositions with and without bioactive glass fillers have been investigated to see the influence of bioactive glass on physical properties of the resin and resulting green body. The effect of concentration of monomers, reactive diluent, light absorber (Sudan orange G dye), photoinitiator (PI), non-reactive diluent, and fillers (BAG) on rheology and photocuring behavior of the resin and tomography of the resulting 3D structures have been investigated. The BAG contents affect the rheology of resin and influence the rate of the polymerization reaction. The resin compositions with 55-60% BAG, 10% PEG-200 (diluent), 1% of PI and 0.015% of the dye were found to be suitable compositions for the stereolithographic fabrication. A higher percentage of PI caused over-curing, while a higher amount of dye decreased the cure depth of the resin. The micro-computed tomography (µ-CT) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images of the resulting green bodies display a relatively dense glass scaffold without any visible cracks and good interlayer connection and surface finishing. These properties play an important role in the mechanical behavior of 3D scaffolds. This study will be helpful to prepare high density glass/ceramic slurries and optimize their printing properties.

Background Nursing research training is important for the improvement of nursing research competence of clinical nurses. High-quality development is crucial for a good nursing research training program. Therefore, the objectives of this study are: (1) To develop a blended emergent research training program for clinical nurses based on a needs assessment and related theoretical framework; (2) To describe and discuss the uses and advantages of the ADDIE model (Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, Evaluate) in the instructional design and potential benefits of the blended emergent teaching method. Methods This intervention development study adopted mixed-methods design. The ADDIE model (Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, Evaluate) was followed to develop the research training program for clinical nurses based on the limitations of current nursing research training programs, the needs of clinical nurses, and the theoretical foundation of blended emergent teaching. Results In this study, a theoretical framework of blended emergent teaching was constructed to provide theoretical guidance for the development of training program. Following the ADDIE model, a blended emergent research training program for clinical nurses to improve nursing research competence was developed based on the needs of clinical nurses and the theoretical framework of blended emergent teaching. Conclusions The nominal group technique could effectively identify learners’ common needs and priorities. The ADDIE model is a valuable process model to guide the development of a blended emergent training program. Blended emergent teaching is a promising methodology for improving the learner’s learning initiative and educational outcomes. More empirical studies are needed to further evaluate the blended emergent teaching to promote the development of related theories and practice in nursing education.

Background: Clinical learning environment is an important stage for nursing students, it will affect the cultivation of professional identity of nursing students. This study to explore the factors influencing the cultivation of professional identity among nursing students in a clinical learning environment. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study.Convenience sampling was applied to recruit 398 nursing students from The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in Hunan Province. After the nursing students completed their clinical learning, data on the participants’ characteristics, professional identification and nursing clinical learning environment were collected. Descriptive statistics, including the mean ± standard deviation, were calculated. The data were analysed by t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson’s correlation analysis and multiple linear regression. Results: The results showed that the nursing students’ highest professional identity score was in professional cognition (16.07±2.78). The nursing students’ professional identity was significantly related to educational background, willingness to choose the nursing major and school level (PConclusion: The clinical learning environment and nursing’ students personal characteristics are the most important factors influencing the professional identity of nursing students. Based on these results, hospitals should flexibly adapt teaching methods according to students’ personal characteristics, improve the professional skills of teachers, and create a good working atmosphere. In addition, faculty members should reform their teaching methods and encourage students to establish good interpersonal relationships to provide more learning opportunities for nursing students and to enhance the recognition of nursing students in the nursing profession.

Background: Antenatal depression is a severe public health problem. Many studies support the concept that neuroticism, social support, and sleep quality are closely related to antenatal depression. However, there is little evidence concerning the influencing pathways of these variables on antenatal depression. The aim of this study is to investigate the pathways from neuroticism, social support, and sleep quality to antenatal depression during the third trimester of pregnancy. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used. A total of 773 eligible women in the third trimester of pregnancy submitted valid questionnaires from June 2016 to April 2017. Instruments with good reliability and validity were used to measure neuroticism, social support, sleep quality, and antenatal depression. Structural equation modeling was used to explore the pathways from neuroticism, social support, and sleep quality to antenatal depression during the third trimester of pregnancy. Results: Antenatal depression is shown to be positively correlated with neuroticism and negatively correlated with social support and sleep quality. Neuroticism is shown to have a direct effect and indirect effects through social support and sleep quality on antenatal depression. Conclusions: Neuroticism influences antenatal depression directly and indirectly. Social support and sleep quality are the mediators of the indirect relationship between neuroticism and antenatal depression. Our results suggest that a personality test offered to all pregnant women could help detect a vulnerability to depression, whereupon intervention in the domains of sleep and social support could prove preventive.

This paper studies the m-Steiner Traveling Salesman Problem with online edge blockages. Under the assumption that there might be some blockages on the roads which are non-recoverable in a short time, the goal of the Min-Max online m-Steiner Traveling Salesman problem (MinMax- m STSP online ) is to find m closed tours that visit each customer at least once such that the maximum cost of the m salesmen is as small as possible. We give an online algorithm and show that its competitive ratio is at most k − 1 m + 10 for m ≥ 2 and k + 2 for m = 1 , where k is the number of blockages. This ratio is asymptotically tight since a lower bound ⌈ k m ⌉ + 1 for this problem has been obtained in [16] .

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been regarded as an efficient photocatalyst for degradation of environmental pollutants. However, recovery of TiO2 nanoparticles from suspension limits its practical application. Herein, we reported a novel highly transparent poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA)/TiO2 photocatalytic film via in-situ growth and solution casting method. TiO2 nanoparticles with average size of 10 nm were uniformly dispersed in transparent PVA matrix. The photocatalytic performance was investigated by photodegradation of methyl orange (MO) aqueous solution under solar light irradiation. PVA/TiO2 photocatalytic film exhibited remarkably high photocatalytic activity and excellent recyclable properties during multi-cycle use. PVA not only acted as a transparent supports for TiO2, but also worked as an efficient holes scavenger. The hydroxyl groups on PVA chains played a key role in separation of photo-generated electrons and holes, thus increased the photodegradation rate of MO. This work gives an easy and reliable way for polymer/TiO2 nanocomposites in practical environmental applications.

The wear resistance and stable mechanical properties affect the service life of the underwater functional materials to a certain extent. Unfortunately, the current study of underwater functional materials is rarely related to these aspects. Herein, we successfully designed and prepared polyurethane/graphite nanosheet (PU/GN) composite materials, which exhibited excellent wear resistance and stable mechanical properties underwater. The PU/GN composite films were prepared by evaporating a mixed solution of PU and GN on concave hexagonal honeycomb silicon templates. The mechanical properties of the composite films were determined by tensile test, and the wear resistance was evaluated by comparing the surface morphology before and after grind. By adjusting the content of graphite in the composite films, we found that the composite films containing 23 wt% GN had higher tensile strength and superior wear resistance. Moreover, this composite film showed an outstanding stability when expose to water. The impressive results along with simple preparation process made PU/GN composite films had potential applications in robust underwater functional materials.

The construction of defects on TiO2 surface has attracted great interest due to their prominent effect on photocatalytic activity. However, most synthesis methods often lead to unstable oxygen vacancies which limits their effect for improvement of visible light photoactivity. In this work, stable oxygen vacancies were successfully introduced in commercial TiO2 (P25) via one-step molten salt (MS) method. Due to the incomplete combination of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) adsorbed on TiO2 in MS, the lattice oxygen atoms of TiO2 were consumed resulting in the formation of oxygen vacancies both on the surface and in the bulk of TiO2. The optical adsorption edge of oxygen defective TiO2 showed a substantial shift toward to visible light region combining with a color variation from white to dark blue. Meanwhile, the morphology and crystalline phase were also changed because of the presence of oxygen vacancies. As a result, the blue TiO2 with rich oxygen vacancies exhibited a considerably enhanced photocatalytic activity for decomposition of rhodamine B (RhB) and selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol under visible light irradiation.

Photocatalytic reduction of hexavalent chromium in wastewater has been widely investigated as an attractive treatment method. In this work, we reported an efficient method for photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) over transparent polyvinyl alcohol/titanium dioxide (PVA/TiO2) nanocomposite films under sunlight irradiation. The transparent PVA/TiO2 nanocomposite films were prepared by a simple hydrothermal method combined with a solution casting process. The results revealed that the anatase TiO2 nanoparticles with size less than 10 nm were in-situ generated in PVA matrix, which endowed the films with high transparency. Photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) over PVA/TiO2 nanocomposite films exhibited superior visible light photocatalytic activity. Mechanism investigation demonstrated that the PVA acted not only as a transparent support for TiO2 nanoparticles, but also as holes scavengers simultaneously to improve the separation of photogenerated holes and electrons. Meanwhile, the transparent PVA/TiO2 nanocomposite films displayed remarkable stability and excellent recyclability during multicycle Cr(VI) photoreduction. Furthermore, the PVA/TiO2 nanocomposite films showed selective adsorption ability for Cr(III), and thus totally removal of Cr(VI) was achieved after photoreduction process.

Oxygen vacancy defect and phase junction in semiconductor oxides play crucial role in determining their electronic structure, light absorption, photocatalytic activity, etc. Herein, we reported a facile molten salt (MS) calcination strategy for synchronously constructing oxygen vacancies and phase junction in TiO2 hierarchical structure. Flower-like TiO2 hierarchical structure were firstly synthesized via solvothermal method by adjusting the volume ratio of acetic acid (HAc) to N, N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) and then were subjected to MS calcination treatment. EPR, Raman and XPS results demonstrated that large amount of oxygen vacancies was formed on the surface of TiO2 hierarchical structure after MS calcination treatment. Meanwhile, the presence of oxygen vacancies resulted in the formation of phase junction. More importantly, the flower-like hierarchical structures were well maintained in the MS calcined samples, avoiding serious sintering during the calcination process. The synergistic effect of oxygen vacancies and phase junction not only extends the visible light adsorption range, but also promotes the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes, thereby greatly increasing the visible light photocatalytic activity. The highest photocatalytic activity was achieved for the MS calcined sample at 400 °C, which was about 5.5 folds higher than that calcined in air. This work provides a facile approach for synchronously constructing oxygen vacancies and phase junction in semiconductor oxides with special morphologies.

Polymer/semiconductor oxide nanocomposite films have been intensively investigated for various applications. In this work, we reported a simple hydrothermal method to fabricate highly transparent poly(vinyl alcohol)/titanium dioxide (PVA/TiO2) nanocomposite films with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity. The as-prepared PVA/TiO2 nanocomposite films showed high optical transparency in the visible region even at a high TiO2 content (up to 40 wt.%). The determination of photocatalytic activity by photodegradation of methyl orange (MO) and colorless phenol showed that PVA/TiO2 nanocomposite films exhibited enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity and excellent recycle stability. This work provided new insights into fabrication of polymer/TiO2 nanocomposites as high performance photocatalysts in waste water treatment.

Aim To explore challenges that Chinese head nurses confront on financial management from the perspective of different levels of nursing and non-nursing managers and to provide contemporary nurse managers with suitable supports. Methods Eighteen nursing leaders in different levels were divided into two groups: Junior Leadership Group (head nurses) and Senior Leadership Group (nurse coordinator, nurse executive, and vice-president of the hospital). All the subjects were invited to participate in a semi-structured interview. The interviews were audio-taped and transcribed, and data were analyzed using a comparative content approach. Results The four following challenges that head nurses confront on financial management practice were identified from the research findings: 1) lack of intrinsic motivation; 2) insufficient training and education on financial management and nursing economics; 3) desires for cross-uniting communication and cooperation; 4) insufficient reference managerial tool. Conclusions The confusion confronted by head nurses in Changsha include three aspects: managerial roles, managerial training, and managerial tools. Cooperative management model, evidence-based management training, and data-driven tools will contribute to improving the financial management capacity of nurse managers.

ObjectiveAs the discipline of nursing has advanced, research capacity in nursing has become increasingly important to the discipline’s development. However, research capacity in nursing is still commonly used as a buzzword, without a consistent and clear definition. The purpose of this study is to clarify the concept of research capacity in nursing by identifying its conceptual components in the relevant nursing literature using the Pragmatic Utility method.DesignA Pragmatic Utility concept analysis based on a scoping review.Data sourcesAcademic literature retrieved from PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses (PQDT).Eligibility criteriaQualitative studies, quantitative studies, mixed method studies or literature reviews focusing on research capacity in nursing published in English between 2009 and 2019.ResultsCompetence, motivation, infrastructure and collaboration for nursing research are the antecedents of research capacity in nursing. The attributes of research capacity in nursing are ‘non-individual level’, ‘context-embeddedness’ and ‘sustainability’. The direct outcome of research capacity in nursing is nursing research. The allied concepts identified are nursing research competency, nursing research capability and evidence-based practice capacity in nursing.ConclusionsResearch capacity in nursing is the ability to conduct nursing research activities in a sustainable manner in a specific context, and it is normally used at a non-individual level. Research capacity in nursing is critical for the development of the nursing discipline, and for positive nurse, patient and healthcare system outcomes. More studies are needed to further explore the allied concepts of research capacity in nursing, and to better understand relationships among these allied concepts.

The angle-dependent pigments with mica/TiO2/Fe2O3, mica/TiO2/Cr2O3 and mica/TiO2/Co2O3 three-layer structure and with mica/TiO2/Cr2O3/Fe2O3, mica/TiO2/SiO2/Fe2O3 and mica/TiO2/SiO2/Co2O3 four-layer structure were both prepared by the conventional wet chemical method. The obtained pigments were formed by precipitating different ions, such as Cr3+, Fe3+, Co2+ and SiO32− on the pretreated substrates, mica titanium. The comparative optical effects of three-layer and four-layer structure pigments are investigated in detail by using the five angles' spectrophotometer. The results show that the angle-dependent effect and reflection rate of the pigment were improved by the increasing coated layers from three to four-layer structure. The possible mechanism was also discussed in this paper.

An optically variable pigment was produced by wet chemical method, where TiO2-coated mica with interference colors acted as the substrate materials. The structure of the pigment was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and its optically variable effect was investigated by X-Rite MA86 II five angles spectrophotometer. The impact of different interference substrate materials for improving the color travel effect was studied, and the influence of white and black background on the hue and the color travel effect were studied. Results showed that optically variable pigments can be prepared by coating Cr2O3 on the surface of the pretreated TiO2-coated mica. The color travel effect was sensitive to the change of substrate materials, and different backgrounds can influence the hue and the color travel effect of the pigment.