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The conus medullaris is the distal tapering end of the spinal cord, and the filum terminale (FT) is regarded as a bundle of nonfunctional fibrous tissue; therefore, some scholars call it the spinal ligament, while others describe the human FT as "remnants of the spinal cord." It was later found that in the human spinal cord, the FT is composed of an intradural segment and an epidural segment, and the end of the FT is connected to the coccyx periosteum. Because some nerve tissue is also found in the FT, as research progresses, FT may have the potential for transplantation. A lack of exhaustive overviews on the FT in the present literature prompted us to conduct this review. Considering that a current comprehensive review seemed to be the need of the hour, herein, we attempted to summarize previous research and theories on the FT, elucidate its anatomy, and understand its pathological involvement in various diseases.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the treatment and curative effects of thoracic anterior spinal cord herniation. Methods: Clinical data of 7 patients with thoracic anterior spinal cord herniation were represented. All patients were diagnosed with a complete pre-operative examination and scheduled for surgical treatment. In addition, regular follow-up was performed after the surgery, and the operation’s efficacy was evaluated according to clinical symptoms, imaging findings, and improvement in neurological function. Results: All patients underwent spinal cord release with an anterior dural patch. Notably, no severe post-operative surgical complications were observed. 7 patients were followed up for 12–75 months, with an average duration of approximately 46.57 months. Post-operative pain symptoms were effectively controlled, neurological dysfunction and related symptoms improved to varying degrees, and anterior spinal cord herniation did not recur. The modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association score at the last follow-up was significantly higher than the pre-operative score. Conclusions: Clinicians should avoid misdiagnosing patients with thoracic anterior spinal cord herniation with intervertebral disc herniation, arachnoid cysts, and other related diseases, and patients should undergo surgical treatment as early as possible. In addition, surgical treatment can protect the neurological function of patients and effectively prevent the aggravation of clinical symptoms.

In the US, recent efforts have focused on professionalizing the field of early childhood. One way to indicate professionalism is through the terms used to describe both the field and the workers. However, few have examined how practitioners or researchers describe early childhood professionals’ work. Using multiple data sources and analytic strategies, we examined the ways that those working with young children described their role and setting, as well as how these were described in research and practitioner journals. “Teacher” was the preferred term for both journals and professionals, and terms for setting reflected traditional K-12 school structures. Professionals linked these terms to the idea that early childhood education was teaching and preparing children for formal schooling. Many contrasted their work with daycare and babysitting, noting that planning, curriculum use, expertise, program quality, funding mechanisms, professionalism, and early childhood as an important developmental period all contributed to their roles as teachers in preschool settings. Implications are discussed.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the treatment and curative effects of thoracic anterior spinal cord herniation. Methods: Clinical data of 15 patients with thoracic anterior spinal cord herniation were retrospectively analysed. All patients were diagnosed with a complete pre-operative examination and scheduled for surgical treatment. In addition, regular follow-up was performed after the surgery, and the operation’s efficacy was evaluated according to clinical symptoms, imaging findings, and improvement in neurological function. Results: All 15 patients underwent spinal cord release with an anterior dural patch. Notably, no severe post-operative surgical complications were observed. All patients were followed up for 3–108 months, with an average duration of approximately 52.9 months. Post-operative pain symptoms were effectively controlled, neurological dysfunction and related symptoms improved to varying degrees, and anterior spinal cord herniation did not recur. The modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association score at the last follow-up was significantly higher than the pre-operative score. Conclusions: Clinicians should avoid misdiagnosing patients with thoracic anterior spinal cord herniation with intervertebral disc herniation, arachnoid cysts, and other related diseases, and patients should undergo surgical treatment as early as possible. In addition, surgical treatment can protect the neurological function of patients and effectively prevent the aggravation of clinical symptoms.

Investigations on the bidirectional relationships between parenting stress and child behavior problems are important to inform intervention strategies; however, prior research has provided inconsistent findings. Using a national sample of multi-stressed single-mother families from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study, the present study examined the bidirectional relationships between maternal parenting stress and children's behavioral problems spanning from early childhood through adolescence at the child's ages 3, 5, 9, and 15. Reciprocal transactions were found between parenting stress and behavior problems in early childhood between the ages 3 and 5. From age 5 to age 15, our findings also suggest that children's behavior problems at an earlier time point predict mothers' parenting stress at a later time point. Unexpectedly, the lagged effects of parenting stress on child behavior problems in school ages were not significant in our sampled data. Early childhood interventions should address mitigating both parenting stress and their toddlers' behavior problems. During middle childhood and adolescence, interventions to directly address children's behavior problems are critical both to the well-being of mothers and to assist in the reduction in levels of behavior problems.对养育子女的压力和儿童行为问题之间的双向关系的调查，对提供干预策略很重要；然而，以前的研究提供了不一致的结果。本研究使用来自脆弱家庭和儿童健康研究的多压力单亲母亲家庭的全国性样本，研究了母亲养育压力和儿童行为问题之间的双向关系，时间跨度从儿童早期到青少年期的3、5、9和15岁。在3至5岁的儿童早期，父母的压力和行为问题之间存在相互影响。从5岁到15岁，我们的发现还表明，儿童在早期的行为问题可以预测母亲在后期的养育压力。意外的是，在我们的抽样数据中，养育压力对学龄儿童行为问题的滞后影响并不显著。儿童早期的干预措施应该同时解决减轻父母的压力和幼儿的行为问题。在儿童中期和青少年时期，直接解决儿童行为问题的干预措施对母亲的幸福和协助降低行为问题的水平都是至关重要的。.

Background: Compared with foreign countries, China's education evaluation system mostly adopts the method of simple comparison of students' average scores, and the evaluation results are relatively simple; It is a top-down, one-way and appraisal evaluation system, which not only can not form information feedback network, but also can not fully mobilize the enthusiasm and initiative of the evaluation subject and the evaluation object. As a value-added evaluation model, TVAAS can provide multi-dimensional information and has been widely used in foreign countries. Therefore, we need to learn from the Tennessee value-added evaluation model system, and a series of domestic studies have proved that value-added evaluation should be an important part of school evaluation. Results: The evaluation indexes of grade 2016 students were significantly better than that of grade 2015 students, and there was statistical differences between the two groups’ evaluation indexes (P < 0.05). Conclusion: To a certain extent, "Tennessee Value-Added Assessment System" can objectively evaluate the growth rate of teaching quality of clinical bedside teaching bases, and evaluate the correlation between relevant education reform measures and teaching quality improvement scientifically, which is proposed for further popularization and application.

Background Adolescent depression and anxiety are major mental health concerns. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are risk factors for depression and anxiety in adolescence and positive childhood experiences at home, school, and neighborhood are protective factors. Few studies, however, have compared the longitudinal effects of these two sets of contextual risk and protective factors on depression and anxiety among adolescents by framing them together. Methods This study used data on a subsample of 3426 socioeconomically disadvantaged adolescents collected at their birth, ages one, three, five, nine, and fifteen. Logistic regression was used to examine the longitudinal effects of ACEs, focusing on childhood maltreatment and family dysfunctions, and positive childhood experiences with family, school, and neighborhood on the risks of depression and anxiety. Adolescents’ characteristics and their families’ socioeconomic status were adjusted. Results In the two ACEs subcategories, childhood maltreatment exposures increased the risks only for later anxiety; family dysfunction increased the risks for both later depression and anxiety. In the three contexts, positive childhood experiences at family and school protected at-risk adolescents against both mental health concerns, whereas neighborhood collective efficacy protected adolescents only against depression. Limitations Resilience was examined as an outcome only; it can also be examined as a process. Neither teachers’ nor grandparents’ supports were included. Conclusions ACEs maltreatment and family dysfunction are two different risk dimensions for adolescent depression and anxiety. Positive childhood experiences at family are the strongest protective factors for children exposed to ACEs, followed by these in school and neighborhood. Early interventions building positive relationships may benefit adolescent mental health.

The coparenting subsystem is important for the psychosocial development of young children. In this article, we used cross-lagged structural equation modeling to assess the bidirectional relations between unmarried parents' cooperative coparenting and their children's behavioral problems. Using a subsample of 788 dyads of poor, unmarried parents and their children from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing data, we examined trends in coparenting and behavioral problems over time (in children ages 1, 3, 5, and 9 years) and the reciprocal effects between these 2 variables. All pathways from coparenting at 1 time point to the children's behavioral problems at the following time point were significant, indicating that cooperative coparenting at earlier time points is likely to result in fewer behavioral problems in children at later time points. A cross-lagged path from behavioral problems to coparenting in the preschool years was also statistically significant. Implications for interventions and next steps for further research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Ensuring the reliability of concurrency software systems is difficult due to the interaction between threads. This article discusses the requirements for formal verification of concurrent embedded software and proposes a constraint-based flow-sensitive static analysis for concurrent avionics software by iteratively composing thread-modular abstract interpreters. These constraint are based on data-flow graphs and used to rule out patterns of thread interference that can not occur in a real program execution. Our new method has the advantage of being more accurate than existing, flow-insensitive, static avionics analyzers while remaining scalable and providing the expected soundness and termination guarantees. We implemented our method and evaluated it on an industrial setting, hinting at the maturity of our approach.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been proven to have important effects on the proliferation and metastasis of multiple cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the present study, our aim was to explore the biological function of miR-106b in HCC cell proliferation and metastasis. qPCR analysis showed that miR-106b was expressed at higher levels, while disabled homolog 2 (DAB2) was expressed at lower levels in HCC tissues and cells. Moreover, the aberrant miR-106b expression in HCC affected the cell proliferative and migratory ability by MTT and Transwell assay. DAB2 was identified as a specific target of miR-106b in HCC by luciferase reporter assay and regression analysis showed a negative correlation between DAB2 and miR-106b expression. In addition, DAB2 may attenuate the miR-106b promotion effect on HCC cell proliferation and migration. In short, miR-106b may promote HCC cell proliferation and migration by targeting DAB2.

The microbial diversity of a pooled milk sample (H) from healthy dairy cows in the Daqing region of Heilongjing Province in northeastern China was compared to that of four pooled milk samples (M1-M4) from dairy cows from the same area previously diagnosed with subclinical mastitis, based on the California mastitis test, using pyrosequencing of the metagenomic 16S ribosomal RNA genes. A total of 22 759 valid sequences were obtained from the five pooled milk samples, and the average length of a valid sequence was 484 bp. The composition of the bacterial communities of the M1, M2, M3, and M4 samples was significantly different from that of the H sample. The bacterial diversity of the M1 sample was highly similar to that of M2 sample; the bacterial diversity of the M3 sample was highly similar to that of M4 sample. The Streptococcus and Staphylococcus spp. were highly prevalent in the M1, M2, and M4 samples, and Pseudomonas spp. were highly prevalent in the M1, M2, and M3 samples. The levels of Acinetobacter, Lactococcus, and Flavobacteriaceae spp. in the M1, M2, M3, and M4 samples were lower than those of the H sample, which represents potential risk factors for subclinical mastitis. Our findings provide valuable information relevant to the prevention and treatment of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows in northeastern China. Key words: subclinical mastitis, microbial diversity, pyrosequencing.

A novel roller form, a deep end-cavity roller, is proposed for roller-type bearings, with a view to reducing the weight of the structure and the centrifugal forces acting on the outer race of the bearing, and reducing the sensitivity of the bearing performance to the manufacturing precision. FE simulation results suggest that the new design would enable a straight-profile-roller bearing to have a similar performance to that for a logarithmic-profile roller bearing, as the deep end-cavity roller eliminates the sharp edge-stresses at the two apexes of the roller. Compared with the manufacture of a logarithmic-profile roller, the manufacture of a straight-profile deep end-cavity roller is simpler, and less strict on manufacturing precision. The deep end-cavity roller also enables an “in-process” correction of the contact-stress distribution between the roller and the raceway.