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The value of considerable residual energy in waste Li-ion batteries (WLIBs) is always neglected. At present, “this energy” is always wasted during the discharge process of WLIBs. However, if this energy could be reused, it would not only save a lot of energy but also avoid the discharge step of recycling of WLIBs. Unfortunately, the instability of WLIBs potential is a challenge to efficient utilization of this residual energy. Here, we propose a method that could regulate the cathode potential and current of the battery by simply adjusting the solution pH to utilize 35.08%, 88.4%, and 84.7% of the residual energy for removing heavy metal ions from wastewater, removing Cr (VI) from wastewater, and recovering copper from the solution, respectively. By taking advantage of the high internal resistance R of WLIBs and the sudden change of battery current I caused by iron passivation on the positive electrode of the battery, this method could induce the response of overvoltage η (η = IR) inside the battery at different pH levels to regulate the cathode potential µ of the battery to the three intervals. The potential ranges of the battery cathode corresponding to pH < 3.4, pH ≈ 3.4, and pH > 4 were µ > −0.47V, −0.47V < µ < −0.82V, and µ < −0.82V, respectively. This study provides a promising way and theoretical basis for the development of technologies for reusing residual energy in WLIBs.

We herein report the first example of an iminyl-radical-mediated formal 1,3-HAT/radical coupling cascade of vinyl azides leading to the synthesis of tetrasubstituted

Waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) are hazardous wastes but also valuable resources. Mechanical crushing is widely used to recycle WPCBs. Some pollutants are released during the crushing, but the...

While CIGS solar cell has been experiencing an expanded photovoltaic market and increasing research interest in cell design, its treatment after obsoletion remains an upcoming issue. The heavy metals involved, such as Cd, can threat the environment, while strategic resources, such as rare metals In and Ga, offer a great recycling oppotunity. However, due to its multimetal feature, traditional recycling methodology shows poor separation-extraction efficiency and additional environmental burdens with intense reagent consumption and waste generation. Here, we report a sequential electrodeposition method for pure metal recycling from this Cu-In-Cd-Ga quaternary system in a more environmentally friendly and efficient manner. Stability constant-corrected redox potential supplemented with metal electroreduction tests predicts well the potential window for sequential electrodeposition. Cu and In electrodeposition shows 100% separation with high Coulombic efficiency (>80%), whereas Ga electrodeposition presents slower kinetics and performs better at a pH of 2.5. Environmental impact assessment indicates that the proposed recycling route allows remarkable reduction of global warming and toxicity impacts compared with metal production from virgin mining and reference processes. We further unveiled the applicability of the electrodeposition technique in the context of anthropogenic mineral recycling, emphasizing resource sustainability and cleaner production.

Germanium, as scarce and strategic resource, is widely used in infrared devices, polymerization catalysts and optical fibers. Manufacturing scraps and coal fly ash are the main secondary germanium resources, where germanium exists as GeO2. Carbothermic reduction method is a promising technology for germanium recovery from such wastes and its feasibility has been confirmed recently. However, the kinetics and reaction mechanism of the recovery process remained unclear, which blocked deep insight into the process and further improvement of recovery technology. In this study, the kinetics of carbothermic reduction of GeO2 as well as reaction mechanism was studied in detail. A transformation of reaction path was confirmed: Path I: Reduction product GeO desorbed from reaction region at the first stage; Path II: Ge became the main reduction product and evaporate slowly at the second stage. The kinetic parameters of these two paths were calculated where the kinetic model corresponded to an autocatalytic model. Germanium monoxide (GeO) was the main recovered species accompanied with a small amount of Ge and GeO2 and an overall reduction scheme was also proposed. These results can provide theoretical basics and implications for germanium recovery from waste scraps through carbothermic reduction method.

Every year, billions of tons of lignite are burnt to generate electricity, meanwhile generating large amounts of coal fly ash (CFA) that is regarded as an industrial waste. During lignite combustion, arsenic and scarce metals are simultaneously volatilized in the form of oxide into CFA. This study proposed an effective vacuum distillation method to remove As and recover Ge and W from CFA. The feasibility of separating As and recycling Ge and W from CFA was verified by the theoretical analysis. The experimental result indicated that the removal ratio of As was 96 ± 1% and the contents of Ge and W reached 0.75 ± 0.023 and 0.24 ± 0.016 wt % in the residue, which were enriched 17.2 and 1.2 times, respectively, at a temperature of 550 °C, with 50 wt % sulfurizing agent added under pressure of 1 Pa and 240 min of heating. For the condensed product, chemical species As2S3 and As4S4 were detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. For Ge and W in the residue, GeOx (x < 2), GeS, WOx (x < 3), and WS2 were the main chemical species. The potential mechanism involved in the release of arsenic from CFA, vacuum sulfurization, evaporation, and condensation was proposed. The kinetic analysis indicated that the apparent activation energy (Eα) was 31.24 kJ mol-1. Those results encourage further exploration of vacuum separation technology to environmentally friendly recycle CFA.

With a huge amount of waste liquid crystal displays (LCDs) generated annually, their proper recycling raises continuous concern to realize pollution control (heavy metal and liquid crystal) and resource recovery (indium). However, due to their multi-metal feature, traditional hydrometallurgy lacks of sufficient selectivity, which makes the recycling route lengthy, costly, and generate more waste. Electrodeposition acts as a promising technique for selective metal extraction from multi-metal system due to its high selectivity and electron as clean reagent. To fully develop its application in metal recovery, stepwise Cu/MoO

Recycling activity for waste electrical and electronic equipment is always accompanied with leaching solution containing copper. Its selective extraction is of environmental and economic significance, and is beneficial for subsequent resource purification procedure. Compared with techniques such as chemical precipitation and solvent extraction, potentiostatic electrodeposition is outstanding with the advantage of high selectivity, electron as clean reagent, and minimal chemical usage. However, key factors affecting copper electrodeposition behavior as well as its kinetic process remain unclear, which blocks its further application. In this study, selective copper electrochemical extraction from multi-metal leaching solution of waste liquid crystal display panels is explored. Copper electrodeposition is analyzed from electrochemical and mass transport point of view, and the main results are summarized: (i) copper can be first electrodeposited due to its higher reduction potential compared with indium; (ii) applied potential and agitation are the most influential factors towards space-time yield and current efficiency; (iii) a semi-empirical kinetic model could quantitatively describe the influence of agitation and the time-current-concentration relationship. The model-predicted extraction rate agreed well with experimental data throughout electrodeposition; (iv) electrodeposition experiments show over 95% of copper can be selectively extracted as ultrafine copper powder (~150 nm) at 0.05 V (vs. SHE).

How to realize the high value-added utilization of scrap copper from e-waste is a meaningful topic. In the study, an Ohno Continuous Casting (OCC) process is an existing method you applied to purify the copper. Based on the model of diffusion-controlled grain growth kinetics, the redistribution of impurity of tin in the scrap copper were studied under the different continuous casting speed and mold temperature. On the centerline, macrosegregation in the axial direction of the tin was more obvious with the decrease of continuous casting speed. The small continuous casting rate was beneficial to the segregation and enrichment of tin. The axial segregation gradually decreased with the increase of the mold temperature. The flattening of the liquid–solid interface resulted in a weakening of the solute enrichment at the root of the interface with the increase of temperature. Morphology, electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis showed the structure of single crystal copper. The range of resistance of single crystal copper was from 5 × 10-6 to 3 × 10-5 Ω m. Obviously, the resistance of the single crystal copper was significantly smaller than that of ordinary copper wire (9.0 × 10-3 Ω m). This study provided a key theoretical and practical basis for the high value-added reuse of copper in e-waste.

Electronic waste (e-waste), as hazardous waste, is a promising secondary resource of precious metals. The extraction of precious metals from e-waste has great environmental and economic benefits. Most of the existing methods have high energy consumption, environmental pollution or low recovery efficiencies. This study proposed the application of green electrodeposition technology to realize targeted recovery of Ag-Pd alloy from Ni, Cu, Ag, Pd, Bi polymetallic e-waste leaching solution. Linear sweep voltammetry was conducted to determine the feasibility of targeted extraction. The high purity of Ag-Pd alloy was realized by controlling the potential. The recovery efficiencies of Ag and Pd were 97.72% and 98.05% after 5 hours in 0.5 mol/L HNO3 with applied potential of 0.35 V. The results indicated the formation of monophase Ag-Pd alloy. Besides, the effect of acidity and potential on the particle size of alloy was analyzed. Chronoamperometric method was applied to study the electrodeposition mechanism. The Ag-Pd electrodeposition followed three-dimensional instantaneous nucleation and growth mechanism analyzed with Scharifker-Hills model, thus producing a solid solution. The nucleation site increased with the overpotential. This study provides a novel, efficient and green approach for the targeted recovery of Ag and Pd from the complex multi-metal system of e-waste.

Germanium, because of its unique performance, has been widely used in the manufacture of optical fiber. Recycling germanium is significant because of geographical scarcity and technical barriers. I...

Precious metal (PM) retrievement from e-waste is of great significance for reducing virgin mining activity and promoting rare resource sustainability. However, current PM recycling methods rely mainly on caustic aqua regia or unstable sulfur-based ligand, which has caused severe environmental damage and process inefficiency. Here, we propose an environmentally friendly halide-regulated strategy, utilizing milder and renewable oxidant—cupric/ferric ion for facile PM dissolution. This is realized by the synergistic effect of enhanced oxidizing ability of Cu(II) and reduced oxidation potential of PM with halide addition. Electrochemical tests and leaching experiment results show that Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox potential experiences great change with bromide, increasing from 0.4 to 0.75 V. Fast corrosion feature was observed for Au in Cu(II)/Fe(III)-Br- and Pd in Cu(II)/Fe(III)-Cl-, and it can be accelerated by increasing oxidant and halide concentration. Our proposed strategy outperforms traditional methods with stable and fast dissolution, where 2.5 mol/L Br- is appropriate for Au dissolution. Moreover, selective dissolution of base metal, Pd/Ag, and Au can be achieved via ligand alteration and be further combined with electrodeposition technique for multi metal recovery and oxidant regeneration. This halide-regulated strategy can lead PM recycling from pollutive status towards environmentally friendly road.

With a huge amount of waste liquid crystal displays (LCDs) generated annually, their proper recycling raises continuous concern to realize pollution control (heavy metal and liquid crystal) and resource recovery (indium). However, due to their multi-metal feature, traditional hydrometallurgy lacks of sufficient selectivity, which makes the recycling route lengthy, costly, and generate more waste. Electrodeposition acts as a promising technique for selective metal extraction from multi-metal system due to its high selectivity and electron as clean reagent. To fully develop its application in metal recovery, stepwise Cu/MoO2 and In electrodeposition from In-Cu-Mo-Fe waste LCD leachate is explored in depth. Electrochemical behavior analysis shows Cu and MoO2 can be first electrodeposited for their higher electroreduction potential. Cl- plays a key role in accelerating indium electroreduction kinetics, which largely shortens the extraction time without the sacrifice of current efficiency. This accelerating effect is attributed to the increased concentration of electroactive species or collision frequency. Under optimized condition, 99.41% of indium (> 99% purity) can be electrodeposited within 13 h with high current efficiency. This study provides a cleaner approach for waste LCDs recycling and gives implications for the potential application of electrochemical technique in e-waste recycling.

Waste Memory Modules (WMMs), a particular kind of waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs), contain a large amount of precious metals like gold, which drives crude processes to retrieve gold with serious adverse consequences to the environment and human health, demanding innovative strategies to solve this problem. A safe and efficient technology for recovering gold from WMMs is proposed: firstly, selective leaching of gold and other metals by controlling the redox potential of the solution; then, producing sponge gold by extraction-distillation-calcination process. The results showed that the removing rate of copper was 96.5% under the conditions: reaction temperature of 80 °C, reaction period of 8 h, and redox potential of 0.4 ± 0.01 V ; the leaching rate of gold reached 92.85% under the conditions: reaction temperature 50 °C, reaction period of 80 min, redox potential of 1.1 V , and 17 g/L sodium chloride concentration; the extraction rate of gold was 95% when the volume ratio between organic phase and aqueous phase was 0.3; finally, the sponge gold with purity of 99.747% was produced via the courses of distillation and calcination. On the basis of these results, a sustainable continuous strategy to recycle gold from WMMs is put forward, providing an efficient and promising method for precious metals recovery from e-waste.

The coordinated treatment for two kinds of waste is an effective way to save energy and improve the recovery efficiency of resource. In worldwide, more than half of palladium is used to produce catalysts in automobile. However, with the increasing consumption of palladium, the scarcity of palladium resource is becoming prominent. This paper proposed an integrated process based on capture of copper scrap and electrodeposition process to recycle palladium in spent catalysis from automobile. The technological process mainly consisted of two procedures: capture of copper scrap with the purposes of enriching palladium and electrodeposition process with the purposes of separating and purifying palladium. Several highlights were summarized as follows: (i) a capture mechanism of palladium by copper scrap was studied by the calculation of surface thermodynamics and first principles. (ii) Optimum designs, parameter and product analysis were developed to guide industrial recycling. The appropriate parameters for capture of copper scrap are the melting temperature reached 1400 °C, adding 20% dosage of copper scrap and 2 of mass ratio of SiO2/Al2O3 and for the electrodeposition process, nearly 100% of palladium was deposited on the cathode under 0.1 M concentration of HNO3, −0.042 V of electrodeposition potential and 25 °C reaction temperature with 9 h. (iii) This process overcame the shortages of traditional process and showed its efficiency and environmental performance. This study is significant for high-efficient, low-cost and environment-friendly recycling of valuable resource in spent catalysis from automobile.

Electronic waste, as hazardous waste, contains a large amount of metals, which is of great recovery value. However, they are difficult to separate due to wide variety and complex distribution. Most of current recycling methods are environmentally-unfriendly or complicated. In this study, a simple, efficient and green approach for metals separation from Ni-Cu-Ag-Pd-Bi-Sn multi-metal system of e-waste was proposed combining mild leaching and stepwise potential-controlled electrodeposition. The leaching efficiencies of Ni, Ag, Pd, Cu and Bi were 99.16%, 99.09%, 94.91%, 99.61% and 23.76% with 1 mol/L HNO3 at 80 °C. The leaching process was analyzed. It showed that the existence of Ag-Pd continuous solid solution in the alloy lowered the oxidation potential of Pd, which facilitated its leaching. Sn precipitated as SnO2. Then Ag-Pd alloy and Cu-Bi alloy were separately extracted from the leaching solution by stepwise electrodeposition. 97.72% of Ag and 98.05% of Pd were recycled after 5 h with potential of 0.35 V. The recovery efficiencies of Cu and Bi were 97.87% and 97.33% after 7 h with potential of 0.05 V. The EDS results showed high purity property of Ag-Pd and Cu-Bi alloy. This process can achieve cleaner and efficient extraction of metals from multi-metal system in e-waste.

Recycling waste multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) has attracted much attention owing to its rich metal resource and environment pollution. Existing recycling processes have deficiencies in environmental protection, efficiency and metal purity. Capture technology is promising with advantages of efficient enrichment and less pollution, which was applied to recycle metals in this study. In order to study the mechanism for it, the behavior of enrichment and migration of metals in the recovery of waste MLCCs by eutectic capture of copper was discussed. The recovery rates of Ag, Pd and Bi were 87.53%, 100% and 100%, respectively. Alloy (Cu–Ag–Pd–Bi–Pb) and recyclable slag were obtained. There were three phases of Ag, Cu–Pd and Bi–Pb with the analysis of morphology and composition for the alloy. Then the capture mechanism was revealed. The slag and metal separated due to differences in chemical bonds, surface energy, density and viscosity. The interaction of metals was analyzed through phase diagrams and density functional theory. Pd tended to enter Cu phase. Ag and Cu existed as two phases. Bi and Pb neither entered Ag nor Cu phase based on phase diagrams and formation energy. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of capture technology in metal enrichment.

Waste multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) are important secondary resource containing silver and palladium. Current methods of directly recovering precious metals from waste MLCCs have certain deficiencies in terms of environmental protection, recovery efficiency and purity. Capture technology has advantages of high enrichment efficiency and less pollution. Nickel can be used as the capture agent. Therefore, this study proposed a novel approach to recycle silver and palladium from waste nickel-rich MLCCs by in-situ nickel capture technology without adding additional capture agent. SiO2 and Al2O3 were selected as the slag former. Silver and palladium were enriched in the alloy and separated from the slag. The recovery rates of silver and palladium were 98.31% and 98.62% under the optimal conditions. Through the microstructure and component analysis of the alloy, nickel and silver formed two phases and palladium existed in silver phase. Furthermore, the capture mechanism was proposed as the separation process of metals and slag, and alloy formation process. Recycling of slag can be achieved by crystallization. This study proposed a green and efficient process to recycle silver and palladium in waste nickel-rich MLCCs and provided a theoretical basis for capture technology to recycle waste MLCCs.

A targeted extraction technology for recycling lithium from spent lithium transition metal oxides (LTMO) type batteries is developed in this paper. The chlorinating technology with ammonium chloride as the only additive is employed and controlled to selectively extract lithium. High lithium extraction rate with a low selectivity was first obtained at non-controlled chlorinating conditions. During this process, it was found that the reducing driving force (RDF) played a vital role in metals extraction. Once RDF was controlled at a low level, lithium elements could be targetedly extracted out while other metal elements still remained in the residues. The results showed that 91.73% lithium elements were leached out with a selectivity of 90.04% at the optimal conditions. Further, the mechanism was proposed to explain the release behavior of metals from cathode materials from the perspective of extracting driving force. These principles also offer inspiration for metal selective extraction fields such as metallurgy and recovery of complex systems including multiple metals.

Recycling palladium from waste multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) has attracted much attention recently. The existing recycling methods have many shortcomings including pollution, low purity and recovery rate of palladium. This study proposed to separate and purify palladium from waste MLCCs by electrodeposition technology efficiently based on the difference in reduction potentials of metal ions in HNO3 solution. The electrochemical behavior of palladium at titanium electrode was studied, which showed higher concentration of HNO3 decreased the peak current of palladium and the corresponding potential shifted negatively. Besides, a mathematical model was established to describe the electrodeposition process at different agitation speeds. The diffusion coefficient and thickness of diffusion region were calculated. Furthermore, the optimal conditions for electrodeposition were determined as applied potential of −0.25 V, agitation speed of 240 rpm and HNO3 concentration of 0.5 M, under which high-purity palladium (>99%) was recovered with the recovery rate of 99.02%. The morphology analysis showed the electrodeposited palladium was nanoparticles. Finally, an efficient process combining enrichment and electrodeposition for recycling waste MLCCs was proposed in an environmentally friendly way. The results of this study can provide reliable information for efficient recycling of palladium resource from waste MLCCs.

Recycling waste multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) is significant for environmental protection and resource recovery, which contain rich precious metals including palladium and silver. The existing recycling methods have many shortcomings such as environmental pollution, low recovery efficiency and low purity of precious metals. In view of the special structure of MLCCs and low content of precious metals per unit mass, a novel approach of enrichment for recovering palladium and silver from waste MLCCs by eutectic capture process of copper was proposed, in which process precious metals were separated and enriched for subsequent recovery. The recovery rates of palladium and silver reached 100 % and 87.53 %, respectively under the optimal condition. And the enrichment multiples of palladium and silver were 13.16 and 7.37. The Cu-Pd-Ag alloy was formed in the capture process, of which palladium and copper formed Cu-Pd solid solution, while silver was a separate phase through the analysis of SEM-EDS, XPS and XRD. Besides, the molten residue can be reused to prepare glass-ceramics. Finally, the mechanism was analyzed through thermodynamics, which was divided into two processes: migration of precious metals and alloy formation. This study provides a highly efficient and environmentally friendly method for recycling precious metals from waste MLCCs.

Since indium (In) was the most valuable resource in waste liquid crystal panels (LCDs), most researches only focused on preliminary recovery of In, while those coexisting metal elements (Cu, Sn, Al) raised little concern. This could lead to waste of resources, potential risk of heavy metal pollution, and also complexation of following In purification procedures. Besides, current hydrometallurgy processes for In purification are complicated, consume more reagents and generate more wastewater. Therefore, this research applied simple acid leaching and two-step electrodeposition for In-Sn and In-Cu-Al separation with minimum waste generation and input. Considering the special doping structure of indium-tin oxide (ITO), feasibility for concurrent In leaching and Sn precipitation was explored based on the unique Sn species’ dissolution and precipitation behavior during acid leaching. Since the behavior of Sn was more sensitive to acidity and temperature, 97.07% of Sn removal and 99.25% of In recovery could be achieved using 1 mol/L H2SO4 at 70 ℃ for 1 h. A specific kinetic model depicting In leaching in thin ITO film situation was developed referring to avrami equation. Then, the application of two-step electrodeposition enabled 95.32% extraction of Cu and deposition of In with a purity over 99 wt% at respective potential.

In worldwide, more than half of palladium is used to produce exhaust catalysts in the automotive industry. However, the recycling of palladium is a great challenge due to its low content and chemical inertness. A novel approach for recovery of palladium in spent catalyst material from automobile by a capture process of eutectic copper was proposed. In the capture process, copper is used as capture agent. The palladium is concentrated and entered the alloy phase under a certain temperature. Because the different density of the smelting slag and alloy, they are layered to realize the separation of the metals. The results were summarized as follows: (i) palladium in the spent catalyst material was captured by copper with 97% of recovery rate of Pd under optimal condition; (ii) the palladium atoms replaced to copper in Cu crystal to form Cu–Pd alloy by analysis of EDS, XPS and first principles calculation; (iii) the carrier of cordierite from spent catalyst material achieved glass transition and prepared the glass ceramics after the capture; (iv) a thermodynamic mechanism of the capture process of copper was proposed. Firstly, under molten state of the copper phase and the slag phase, palladium can be transferred from the slag phase to the copper phase when ΔEsurface = 2πrΔS1 (σpalladium-copper-σpalladium-slag-σslag-copper cosα)

Vitamin D and calcium are essential for bone formation, mineralization, and remodeling. Recent studies demonstrated that an increased body mass can be detrimental to bone health. However, whether an increase in dietary vitamin D and calcium intakes in obesity is beneficial to bone health has not been established. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of increased vitamin D and calcium intakes, alone or in combination, on bone status in a high-fat diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model. We hypothesized that DIO in growing mice affects bone mineral status and that high vitamin D and calcium intakes will promote mineralization of the growing bone in obesity via Ca(2+) regulatory hormones, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Male mice were fed high vitamin D3 (10 000 IU/kg), high calcium (1.2%), or high vitamin D3 plus high-calcium diets containing 60% energy as fat for 10 weeks. Bone weight, specific gravity, mineral (Ca and P), and collagen (hydroxyproline) content were measured in the femur and the tibia. Regulators of Ca(2+) metabolism and markers of bone status (PTH, 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], 1,25(OH)2D3, and osteocalcin) were measured in blood plasma. Diet-induced obese mice exhibited lower bone Ca and P content and relative bone weight compared with the normal-fat control mice, whereas collagen (hydroxyproline) content was not different between the two groups. High vitamin D3 and calcium intakes significantly increased bone Ca and P content and relative bone weight in DIO mice, which was accompanied by an increase in 1,25(OH)2D3 and a decrease in PTH and osteocalcin concentrations in blood. The findings obtained indicate that increased vitamin D and calcium intakes are effective in increasing mineral (Ca and P) content in the growing bone of obese mice and that the hormonal mechanism of this effect may involve the vitamin D-PTH axis.

Scope Modulation of apoptosis is emerging as a promising antiobesity strategy because removal of adipocytes through this process will result in reducing body fat. Effects of vitamin D on apoptosis are mediated via multiple signaling pathways that involve common regulators and effectors converging on cellular Ca(2+) . We have previously shown that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces the Ca(2+) signal associated with activation of Ca(2+) -dependent apoptotic proteases in mature adipocytes. In this study, a diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model was used to evaluate the role of vitamin D and calcium in adiposity. Methods and results DIO mice fed high vitamin D3 , high Ca, and high D3 plus high Ca diets demonstrated a decreased body and fat weight gain, improved markers of adiposity and vitamin D status (plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, adiponectin, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH)), but an increased plasma Ca(2+) . High D3 and Ca intakes were associated with induction of apoptosis and activation of Ca(2+) -dependent apoptotic proteases, calpain and caspase-12, in adipose tissue of DIO mice. The combination of D3 plus Ca was more effective than D3 or Ca alone in decreasing adiposity. Conclusion The results imply that high vitamin D and Ca intakes activate the Ca(2+) -mediated apoptotic pathway in adipose tissue. Targeting this pathway with vitamin D and Ca supplementation could contribute to the prevention and treatment of obesity. However, this potentially effective and affordable approach needs to be evaluated from a safety point of view.

With the development of web technology, the use of dynamic web pages and the personalization of page contents become more and more popular. Currently, the information of page is protean and the structures of different pages are vastly different, the traditional thinking of page cleaning technology has been difficult to adapt to the situation.In this paper, proposes a web cleaning method based on regex extraction strategy through the analysis of structural features of web pages on tourist theme.This algorithm avoides the defects of traditional page cleaning technology, it is simple, practical, high cleaning efficiency, accuracy, and saving the overhead of the system.

This paper is mainly about the design of web information retrieval module based on ontology, using ontology technology, from the current web service mechanism based on the syntax level raised to the level of knowledge (or concept).First, the paper introduces the concept of the ontology, and then completes the architecture of the web information retrieval module based on ontology, with the technology of information extraction and semantic extension. This technology applies to web information retrieval, providing more accurate, intelligent web information retrieval service for the users, and improve the recall and precision ratio. Index Terms - ontology; ontology reasoning; information extraction; semantic expansion.

This paper presents the solution to Google App Engine using in mobile cloud computing, based on the analysis of key issues in the mobile message board system which combined with related technology of mobile Internet and cloud computing. And on this basis, the design, development and deployment of a Mobile Web message board system using Google App Engine has been done. It achieves the integration of mobile Web applications and cloud computing. Index Terms - mobile cloud computing; GAE; WAP2.0

Shane D Scholten,1 Igor N Sergeev,2 Qingming Song,3 Chad B Birger41Exercise and Sport Sciences, Augustana College, Sioux Falls, 2Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 3Gold Green Farm Corporation, Hammonton, NJ, 4Center for Health Outcomes and Prevention Research, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USAIntroduction: Vitamin D and the antioxidant quercetin, are promising agents for improving physical performance because of their possible beneficial effects on muscular strength and cardiorespiratory fitness.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of increased intakes of vitamin D, quercetin, and their combination on antioxidant status, the steroid hormone regulators of muscle function, and measures of physical performance in apparently healthy male adults engaged in moderate-to-vigorous-intensity exercise training.Methods: A total of 40 adult male participants were randomized to either 4,000 IU vitamin D/d, 1,000 mg/d quercetin, vitamin D plus quercetin, or placebo for 8 weeks. Measures of cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle function, blood markers for antioxidant and vitamin D status, and hormones 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) and testosterone were measured pre- and postsupplementation.Results: At enrollment, 88.6% of participants were vitamin D sufficient (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D >50 nmol/L) and had normal serum testosterone levels. Supplementation with vitamin D significantly increased serum 25(OH)D concentration (by 87.3% in the vitamin D group, P