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Abstract Optical vortices, featured with an infinite number of orthogonal channels of orbital angular momentum, have demonstrated marvelous potentials in optical multiplexing and associated applications. However, conventional vortex beams with global phase modulation approach usually possess a single topological charge (TC) and a uniform radial distance with the donut-shaped intensity, leaving unlimited spatial intensity information unexplored. Here, to break the spatial capacity limitation, we introduce an entirely new concept of a spatial-frequency patching metasurface by patching the field distribution piece-by-piece in the spatial-frequency domain, thereby breaking the symmetry of the beam morphology and allowing for local manipulation of spatial intensity and TC distributions. Moreover, by superimposing two orthogonal circular polarized perfect VBs, our breakthrough offers a super-capacity with at least 13 channels across a 3D parametric space, including morphology, polarization azimuth and ellipticity angle, namely super-capacity perfect vector vortex beams (SC-PVVBs). Furthermore, we have designed an optimized Dammann grating to facilitate an array of SC-PVVBs, thereby unleashing the full potentials across 13 channels/bits for multi-dimensional complex information communications. Our findings promise dense data transmission in an ultra-secure manner using VBs, opening up new avenues in super-capacity optical information technology in an integrated metasurface platform.

TiAl alloys are widely used in aerospace applications due to their excellent performance and lightweight characteristics. However, their intrinsic brittleness has somewhat limited their further development. In this study, first-principles calculations are performed on TiAl alloys and their compounds. The elastic properties of the structure-optimized materials are computed, and the single-crystal and polycrystalline elastic constants are obtained to explain the intrinsic brittleness mechanism of TiAl alloys. Various concentrations of elemental doping are employed to optimize the performance of the alloys. A comparative analysis of the mechanical properties, electronic structure, and thermodynamic properties is conducted based on the computational results. The findings reveal that, while elemental doping reduces the hardness of the material to some extent, it significantly improves its ductility and machinability by reducing the directional strength of the covalent bonds in TiAl alloys. This provides theoretical guidance for advancing the development of TiAl alloys.

Abstract Metasurfaces have exhibited exceptional proficiency in precisely modulating light properties within narrow wavelength spectra. However, there is a growing demand for multi-resonant metasurfaces capable of wavefront engineering across broad spectral ranges. In this study, we introduce a microcavity-assisted multi-resonant metasurface platform that integrates subwavelength meta-atoms with a specially designed distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) substrate. This platform enables the simultaneous excitation of various resonant modes within the metasurface, resulting in multiple high-Q resonances spanning from the visible to the near-infrared (NIR) regions. The developed metasurface generates up to 15 high-Q resonant peaks across the visible-NIR spectrum, achieving a maximum efficiency of 81% (70.7%) in simulation (experiment) with an average efficiency of 76.6% (54.5%) and a standard deviation of 4.1% (11.1%). Additionally, we demonstrate the versatility of the multi-resonant metasurface in amplitude, phase, and wavefront modulations at peak wavelengths. By integrating structural color printing and vectorial holographic imaging, our proposed metasurface platform shows potential for applications in optical displays and encryption. This work paves the way for the development of next-generation multi-resonant metasurfaces with broad-ranging applications in photonics and beyond.

Abstract Using data on Chinese non-financial listed firms covering 2009 to 2022, we explore the effect of supply chain transparency on stock price crash risk. Two proxies for supply chain transparency are constructed using the number of supply chain partners’ names and the proportion of their transactions disclosed in annual reports. The results reveal that enhancing supply chain transparency can decrease crash risk, specifically by mitigating tax avoidance and earnings management. Moreover, the analysis suggests that this risk-reduction effect is more prominent in companies where managers are more incentivized to hide negative information and investors possess superior abilities to acquire information. Interestingly, supplier transparency is more influential in mitigating crash risk than customer transparency. These findings emphasize the significance of supply chain transparency in managing financial risk.

Abstract Artificial intelligence has gained significant attention for exploiting optical scattering for optical encryption. Conventional scattering media are inevitably influenced by instability or perturbations, and hence unsuitable for long-term scenarios. Additionally, the plaintext can be easily compromised due to the single channel within the medium and one-to-one mapping between input and output. To mitigate these issues, a stable spin-multiplexing disordered metasurface (DM) with numerous polarized transmission channels serves as the scattering medium, and a double-secure procedure with superposition of plaintext and security key achieves two-to-one mapping between input and output. In attack analysis, when the ciphertext, security key, and incident polarization are all correct, the plaintext can be decrypted. This system demonstrates excellent decryption efficiency over extended periods in noisy environments. The DM, functioning as an ultra-stable and active speckle generator, coupled with the double-secure approach, creates a highly secure speckle-based cryptosystem with immense potentials for practical applications.

Adding micro-texture and lubricant on the rake face of tool is an effective way to reduce the friction and resistance between the tool and the chip, which can greatly improve the cutting performance. At present, in the process of cutting lubrication simulation of textured tool, it is difficult to establish accurate simulation model because of the complexity of micro fluid flow and cutting process. In this paper, the micro clearance textured boundary lubrication cutting model is established. The R-SGFEM is employed to solve the lubrication flow field to get the friction coefficient, which is substituted to software AdvantEdge to obtain the cutting results. This simulation method is verified by experimental research and theoretical analysis. Then, the influence of texture geometry parameters and cutting parameters on cutting effect is studied to reveal the interaction mechanism between the rake face of textured tool and chips.

Abstract Exceptional points (EPs) can achieve intriguing asymmetric control in non-Hermitian systems due to the degeneracy of eigenstates. Here, we present a general method that extends this specific asymmetric response of EP photonic systems to address any arbitrary fully-polarized light. By rotating the meta-structures at EP, Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase can be exclusively encoded on one of the circular polarization-conversion channels. To address any arbitrary wavefront, we superpose the optical signals originating from two orthogonally polarized -yet degenerate- EP eigenmodes. The construction of such orthogonal EP eigenstates pairs is achieved by applying mirror-symmetry to the nanostructure geometry flipping thereby the EP eigenmode handedness from left to right circular polarization. Non-Hermitian reflective PB metasurfaces designed using such EP superposition enable arbitrary, yet unidirectional, vectorial wavefront shaping devices. Our results open new avenues for topological wave control and illustrate the capabilities of topological photonics to distinctively operate on arbitrary polarization-state with enhanced performances.

With the advent of Industry 4.0 era, smart manufacturing is rapidly developing, which puts higher requirements on data acquisition (DAQ). Currently, enterprises face problems in data acquisition such as a variety of equipment types, equipment heterogeneity, customized development, high costs, and so on. To solve this problem, this paper proposes an innovative approach to address the challenges in data acquisition by combining You Only Look Once version 8 (YOLOv8) and Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology. First, the data area to be collected is labeled, and then the YOLOv8 model is trained. The model with the shortest recognition time and highest efficiency is selected with comparable detection effects to fully guarantee real-time data collection. Second, to ensure the accuracy of data collection, the OCR model is trained a second time using the dataset, improving performance compared to the most effective PaddleOCR by 8 percentage points. Additionally, considering the aging and weak computational capacity of individual devices, this study adopts a client/server architecture, deploying the computational load required for recognition to the server to achieve generalization, stability, and reliable operation of the system. Lastly, the scheme is tested on 16 types of 30 devices.

The aircraft surface is prone to icing when flying under windward conditions. It is required to protect the aircraft surface from icing for flight safety. The anti-/deicing performance of aircraft surface is affected by the surface morphology and surface wettability. The hydrophobicity of aircraft surface with anti-/deicing performance is closely related to the surface energy. To satisfy the requirements of anti-/deicing surface processing, the micro/nano manufacturing technologies have been developed to fabricate anti-/deicing functional aircraft surfaces. The icing time and deicing efficiency for aircraft surfaces fabricated with micro/nano manufacturing technologies are dozens of times more than those manufactured by conventional anti-/deicing methods. In this study, the recent technologies of micro/nano manufacturing of anti-/deicing functional surfaces are reviewed. First, the extreme conditions during aircraft flight and the huge potential safety hazards of icing are introduced. Then, the principle of aircraft icing and mechanism of both anti-icing and deicing are summarized. Then, the current micro/nano manufacturing technologies for preparing anti-icing and deicing surfaces, including electrochemical, chemical, laser and wire-cut etching chemical, electrochemical, vapor and plasma deposition, and other processing methods are described. By summarizing the advantages and disadvantages of different preparation methods, guidance is provided for new methods of preparing anti-icing and deicing surfaces, in order to avoid disadvantages and promote advantages. Fabrication and characterization of nanocomposite materials and composite coatings/thin films with anti-icing and deicing properties are discussed. Finally, the development trend and application prospect of micro/nano manufacturing in the field of anti-icing and deicing are presented.

Abstract The realization of operationally stable blue organic light-emitting diodes is a challenging issue across the field. While device optimization has been a focus to effectively prolong device lifetime, strategies based on molecular engineering of chemical structures, particularly at the subatomic level, remains little. Herein, we explore the effect of targeted deuteration on donor and/or acceptor units of thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters and investigate the structure-property relationship between intrinsic molecular stability, based on isotopic effect, and device operational stability. We show that the deuteration of the acceptor unit is critical to enhance the photostability of thermally activated delayed fluorescence compounds and hence device lifetime in addition to that of the donor units, which is commonly neglected due to the limited availability and synthetic complexity of deuterated acceptors. Based on these isotopic analogues, we observe a gradual increase in the device operational stability and achieve the long-lifetime time to 90% of the initial luminance of 23.4 h at the luminance of 1000 cd m−2 for thermally activated delayed fluorescence-sensitized organic light-emitting diodes. We anticipate our strategic deuteration approach provides insights and demonstrates the importance on structural modification materials at a subatomic level towards prolonging the device operational stability.

A theoretical and experimental investigation on femtosecond laser multi-pulse scribing of copper will provide valuable insights for improving laser machining quality in practical applications. This study enhanced a two-temperature model by incorporating parameters that vary with temperature and introducing a novel phase transition treatment which encompasses both melting and superheating phenomena. It was found that the variations of lattice and electron temperatures after laser irradiation can be categorized into distinct stages exhibiting diverse trends, and phase explosion emerges as the predominant mechanism governing material removal in single-pulse simulation. The comparison between experimental and simulated groove depths of multi-pulse scribing with different laser peak fluences F0 and repeated exposures per point N revealed a nearly linear increase in both simulation and experimental results as N increases at different F0. Finally, a modeling modification method considering the effect of ablation front progress on laser absorption was proposed. The modified simulation results showed that simulation errors are reduced by 9.2% to 11.3% referring to the original errors.

Abstract Improving interface connectivity of magnetic nanoparticles in carbon aerogels is crucial, yet challenging for assembling lightweight, elastic, high‐performance, and multifunctional carbon architectures. Here, an in situ growth strategy to achieve high dispersion of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)‐anchored cellulose nanofibrils to enhance the interface connection quality is proposed. Followed by a facile freeze‐casting and carbonization treatment, sustainable biomimetic porous carbon aerogels with highly dispersed and closely connected MOF‐derived magnetic nano‐capsules are fabricated. Thanks to the tight interface bonding of nano‐capsule microstructure, these aerogels showcase remarkable mechanical robustness and flexibility, tunable electrical conductivity and magnetization intensity, and excellent electromagnetic wave absorption performance. Achieving a reflection loss of −70.8 dB and a broadened effective absorption bandwidth of 6.0 GHz at a filling fraction of merely 2.2 wt.%, leading to a specific reflection loss of −1450 dB mm−1, surpassing all carbon‐based aerogel absorbers so far reported. Meanwhile, the aerogel manifests high magnetic sensing sensibility and excellent thermal insulation. This work provides an extendable in situ growth strategy for synthesizing MOF‐modified cellulose nanofibril structures, thereby promoting the development of high‐value‐added multifunctional magnetic carbon aerogels for applications in electromagnetic compatibility and protection, thermal management, diversified sensing, Internet of Things devices, and aerospace.

In this work, a desirable combination of mechanical properties is achieved at 550 °C by tailoring the boundary microstructure between the primary α phase (αp) and the transformed β structure (βtrans) in a dual-phase Ti-6242s titanium alloy. The αp/βtrans boundary is displaced by a transition region that consists of β nano-plates or nanoprecipitates gradually penetrating into the αp in a particular semi-equiaxed microstructure (S-ES). The results show that the αp/βtrans boundary, where strain concentration easily occurs during deformation in the equiaxed microstructure (ES), induces recrystallization softening in the α phase. However, the transition region in the S-ES alleviates the strain localization and thus effectively inhibits the recrystallization softening that occurred in the α phase with concentrated strain. These β plates/precipitates in this region in turn enable an appropriate accumulation of dislocations. Significant improvement in the high-temperature strength, ∼240 MPa for the yield strength, is obtained for the S-ES relative to the ES. This work provides a new strategy for achieving outstanding strength at high temperature by designing special boundary architecture in dual-phase titanium alloys.

Silicon carbide whiskers (SiCw) have presented great potential to improve the mechanical properties of Al2O3 ceramic. However, effective curing of SiCw/Al2O3 ceramic slurry during digital light processing (DLP) is still challenged due to the high refractive index of SiCw. This paper aims to investigate the effect of SiCw content on rheological properties and associated curing behaviors of ceramic slurry. A modified Beer-Lambert model is proposed to evaluate the curing depth as functions of SiCw content and exposure parameters. The SiCw/Al2O3 ceramic slurries with the whiskers content of 0–16 vol.% are prepared and characterized. The results indicate that the curing depth decreased from 158 to 19 μm at the given exposure energy of 100 mJ/cm2 with the increase of SiCw content. The scattering and absorbance of light result in the decrease of curing depth and the geometrical overgrowth. The rheological properties of ceramic slurry are affected by the agglomerated whiskers. Furthermore, SiCw/Al2O3 ceramics are fabricated by DLP method, based on which the relationships among mechanical properties, microstructures and whiskers contents are determined. Significant effect of reinforcement is obtained in SiCw/Al2O3 ceramic due to whiskers pullout consuming the external loading energy. The microhardness and flexural strength of the SiCw/Al2O3 ceramics with 8 vol.% SiCw are 16.72 GPa and 208.5 MPa, respectively.

The SiO2f/SiO2 ceramic matrix composite has been applied to fabricate high-performance radar radome because of its good wave transmission and mechanical property. The machined surface morphology and roughness of SiO2f/SiO2 ceramic matrix composite have an important impact on the service performance of radome products. This paper presented a numerical model to predict surface morphology for grinding of SiO2f/SiO2 composite. The prediction model was based on finite element method (FEM). Both conventional face grinding (CFG) and rotary ultrasonic face grinding (RUFG) of SiO2f/SiO2 composite were FEM simulated by integrating the microstructure of SiO2f/SiO2, the constitutive as well as failure mechanism of fiber/matrix, and the coupling grinding effect of multiple abrasive grits. The machined surface morphology was predicted by extracting node coordinates on simulated ground surface. The numerical prediction results were quantitatively validated using experimental results of ground surface roughness Sa. The application of the proposed prediction model not only elucidated the influence law of fiber orientations and machining parameters on ground surface quality but also revealed the different shear failure modes of SiO2 fiber during grinding process. The ground surface of SiO2f/SiO2 was deteriorated by uncut-off debonding fibers and fiber peeling pits. Ultrasonic-assisted vibration was beneficial to improve ground surface quality by force reduction and hammering effect caused by intermittent machining. However, the key prerequisite for the ultrasonic hammering effect to exert its process advantage was that the ultrasonic hammering energy could effectively fracture fibers on the ground surface rather than being absorbed by crack propagation at the fiber–matrix interface.

Based on magnetorheological transmission technology, a design for a permanent magnet safety coupling is proposed. Firstly, the structure scheme of the coupling is designed in detail, and its working principle and process are explained; Additionally, the influence of coupling structural parameters on magnetic field strength is studied by ANSYS, and the coupling’s structural parameters are optimized; Finally, the prototype of the permanent magnet magnetorheological fluid coupling is tested for no-load characteristics and torque regulation characteristics through the preparation of magnetorheological fluid (MRF) and the construction of an experimental platform, the experimental results demonstrated that the prototype effectively transmits torque, and the no-load torque increases as the speed increases, at a motor speed of 400 r/min, the experimental prototype achieves a maximum no-load torque of 2.6 N.m; Under specific conditions of magnetic field strength and volume ratio, the torque transmitted by the coupling increases with the volume, for instance, when the volume of MRF is 50 mL and a motor speed of 600 r/min, the experimental prototype achieves a maximum torque value of 8.7 N.m, additionally, when the volume is constant, the torque transmitted by the experimental prototype remains basically unchanged with the change of slip speed, showing the characteristic of constant torque, this study offers theoretical and practical insights for the design and experimental analysis of similar products.

High quality and high efficiency cutting process is of great significance to the components manufacturing related to machinability of workpiece materials. As a typical difficult-to-machine material induced mainly by high toughness, NiTi alloy faces challenges such as high cutting force and difficult chip breaking during the cutting process. To solve these problems, this paper presents a novel surface dealloying assisted machining method, i.e., the preparation of nanoporous structures on the workpiece surface with dealloying treatment, to improve the machinability of NiTi alloy. Based on high speed in-situ imaging of material removal process, the presence of dealloyed layer leads to a segmented flow mode instead of homogeneous severe plastic deformation without dealloying treatment. The change in material removal mode is beneficial to decrease the cutting force and energy and improve the machined surface quality. The embrittlement effect of dealloyed layer inhibits material plastic flow and promotes periodic crack nucleation and propagation. An analytical model is developed to characterize the brittle crack propagation, which provides theoretical basis for explaining embrittlement effect of dealloyed layer. This work verifies the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method to modify the machinability of NiTi alloy and provides new ideas for the development of manufacturing processes.

The development tendency of miniaturization gives birth to the demand for Inconel-718 miniature parts, and micro-cutting is a promising technique to produce crystalline material miniature parts. Unfortunately, due to the non-negligible edge radius and property anisotropy, the material deformation behaviour and removal mode vary with cutting conditions, resulting in volatile machinability and inferior quality, which hinders the widespread application of Inconel-718 miniature parts. Therefore, it is urgent to clarify the evolution of material removal mode and machinability of Inconel-718 micro-cutting. Existing researches fail to consider the property anisotropy, strain-rate sensitivity and strain-rate inhomogeneity. This paper establishes strain rate-considered single-crystal micro-cutting models and performs simulations under varying cutting conditions, aiming to depict the episodes of material removal mode and machinability of Inconel-718 micro-cutting. Results show that, uncut chip thickness and cutter rake angle influence the material removal mode, and in turn influence machinability. For Inconel-718 single-crystal with [0° 0° 0°] orientation, the transition from the scratching mode to the ploughing mode is in the uncut chip thickness range of 0.2Re∼0.4Re, and the transition from the ploughing mode to the cutting mode is in the uncut chip thickness range of 0.6Re∼0.8Re or the rake angle range of −30°∼-15°. In comparison, cutting speed and clearance angle have little effect on material removal mode. Cutting speed influences the strain rate of the cutting-affected zone, and in turn influences machinability. The maximum strain rate of the cutting-affected zone is respectively around 0.45 s−1 and 10,960 s−1 under the cutting speeds of 2Re/s and 20000Re/s.

Abstract Cilofexor is a nonsteroidal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist being evaluated for treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). This work characterized the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic, safety, and tolerability of cilofexor in healthy participants. Cilofexor single and multiple once‐daily doses (10 to 300 mg fasting or fed and twice‐daily doses [15 and 50 mg; fed]; tablet formulation) were evaluated. In each cohort, participants were randomized to active drug or placebo in a 4:1 ratio (planned n = 15/cohort). Multiple dosing was for 14 days. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic samples were collected and safety and tolerability were assessed. Overall, 120 participants were enrolled in the study and 118 participants received at least one dose of study drug. Cilofexor pharmacokinetics followed bi‐exponential disposition and its exposure increased in a less‐than‐dose‐proportional manner over the 10 to 300 mg dose range, with no significant accumulation with repeated dosing. Moderate‐fat meal reduced cilofexor area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) by 21% to 45%. Cilofexor increased plasma levels of fibroblast growth factor19 (FGF19) and reduced the serum bile acid intermediate 7α‐hydroxy‐4‐cholesten‐3‐one (C4) and bile acids in an exposure‐dependent manner. Cilofexor doses >30 mg appeared to achieve the plateau of intestinal FXR activation. Cilofexor was generally well tolerated; all treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were mild or moderate in severity, with headache being the most frequently observed TEAE. The pharmacokinetics pharmacodynamic safety, and tolerability results from this study supported further evaluations, and informed dose selection, of cilofexor in phase II studies in patients with NASH and PSC.

Bilayer twisted photonic crystal slabs enable arbitrarily polarized bound states in continuum (BICs) covering full Poincare sphere.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanical stability of the posterior acetabular column plate and different posterior acetabular wall prostheses used in treating posterior acetabular fractures with or without comminution. Methods The unilateral normal ilium was reconstructed, and a model of posterior acetabular wall fracture was established on this basis. The fracture fragment accounted for approximately 40% of the posterior acetabular wall. The posterior acetabular column plate and different posterior acetabular wall prostheses were also designed. Using static and dynamic analysis methods, we observed and compared the changes in the stress and displacement values of different models at different hip joint flexion angles under external forces. Results At different hip flexion angles, the stress of each model mainly fluctuated between 37.98 MPa and 1129.00 MPa, and the displacement mainly fluctuated between 0.076 and 6.955 mm. In the dynamic analysis, the nodal stress‒time curves of the models were nonlinear, and the stress changed sharply during the action time. Most of the nodal displacement‒time curves of the models were relatively smooth, with no dramatic changes in displacement during the action time; additionally, most of the curves were relatively consistent in shape. Conclusions For simple posterior acetabular wall fractures, we recommend using a posterior acetabular column plate. In the case of comminuted posterior acetabular fractures, we recommend the use of a nonflanked posterior acetabular prosthesis or a biflanked posterior acetabular prosthesis. Regarding the method of acetabular prosthesis design, we propose the concept of “Break up to Make up” as a guide.

Harnessing exotic optical forces promises a plethora of biophysical applications and novel light-matter interactions. The exotic optical pulling force (OPF) and optical lateral force (OLF) have been studied separately, yet synthesizing both candidates simultaneously remains an unsolved challenge and could offer a more powerful manoeuvre of particles. Here, we report a coordinated scheme to harness these two forces together and present a dynamically controlled two-dimensional (2D) microvehicle. The strategy is to leverage unexplored helicity-dependent features of both forces, while the particle size and incident angle of light can also reverse optical forces. The underlying physics of the pulling-lateral force is beyond the dipole approximation, and can be the combined effect from the linear momentum transfer, spin-orbit interactions, etc. Notably, the ratio of both forces can be dynamically and arbitrarily controlled by the ellipticity of incident light solely. The configured 2D microvehicle provides a nontrivial recipe other than using metastructures which require exquisite designs and subtle fabrication processes.

Abstract Objective Both‐column acetabular fracture is a type that accumulates both the pelvis and acetabulum with complex fracture line alignment and has variant fracture fragments. The selection of different reduction landmarks and sequences produces different qualities of reduction. This study aims to compare the operation‐related items, quality of reduction, and hip functional outcome by using different reduction landmarks and sequences for management of both‐column acetabular fractures (BCAF). Methods A consecutive cohort of 42 patients from January 2013 to January 2019 with BCAF were treated operatively with different reduction landmarks and sequences: pelvic ring fractures reduction first (PRFRF group) and acetabular fractures reduction first (AFRF group). Preoperative computer visual surgical procedures were applied. There were 22 patients in PRFRF group and 20 patients in AFRF group. The surgical details, complications, radiographic and clinical results were recorded. The quality of reduction was assessed by the Matta scoring system. The functional outcome was evaluated by the modified Merle d'Aubigné and Postel scoring system. The measurement data were analyzed using the t‐test of independent samples and rank‐sum test of ranked data. Results The real reduction sequence in both groups was almost identical to the preoperative surgical procedures. The excellent/good quality of reduction in PRFRF group (21/22) was better than AFRF group (17/20). Operative time (152.3 ± 16.3 mins) and intra‐operative blood loss (639.5 ± 109.9ml) were significantly reduced in PRFRF group (p

Continuous fibre-reinforced thermoplastics (FRTPs) are replacing metals in certain applications in the aerospace industry due to their superior properties e.g., high strength-to-weight ratio and good fatigue resistance. Adopting these lightweight materials in vehicles is a solution for improving vehicle efficiency across the transport industry. Among various manufacturing techniques for FRTP parts, stamp forming is one of the most advantageous when small structures and mass production are targeted. However, a significant barrier for this technique is the quality control of manufacturing. The current paper reviews the development of stamp forming technology, benefits of using such technology and the typical quality issues in stamp forming of FRTP parts. First, advantages of stamp forming, compared to other thermoforming techniques, are discussed, followed by a review of the historical development of the process. Second, deformation mechanisms of FRTPs during stamp forming are examined, with particular focuses on the frictional behaviour and testing thereof. Third, the main defects associated with stamp forming are considered, alongside suggestions towards reducing their presence. Finally, an extensive survey of the effect of process parameters on the mechanical properties of formed parts is included, with generally expected trends highlighted and methodologies for finding optimum conditions presented. Based on the thorough review of state-of-the-art stamp forming, future trends and research gaps to be tackled for widening the applicability of FRTP stamp forming are suggested.

Inconel 718 is hard to machine with higher cutting temperature generated during machining process due to its low thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity of materials consists of phonon and electronic thermal conductivity. The increase of electrical conductivity of material will improve its electronic thermal conductivity based on the Wiedemann–Franz law. A novel surface conductive active medium (SCAM) coating method is proposed. The SCAM is coated on the surface of Inconel 718 to be machined to decrease tool cutting temperature. The composition of electronic and phonon thermal conductivity of Inconel 718 is inspected by four-probe experiments. Two SCAMs including copper conductive adhesive (1.7 × 106 S m) and silver conductive adhesive (3.3 × 106 S m) are sampled in this research. The effect of SCAMs on improving the thermal conductivity of Inconel 718 is analyzed based on the serial electrical conductivity theoretical model. The maximum temperature of cutting tool during orthogonal cutting experiment decreases with the increase of SCAM electrical conductivity, which is agreed with the cutting temperature distribution predicted by theoretical calculations. It is demonstrated that the cutting tool temperatures can be reduced by improving thermal conductivity of Inconel 718 through coating surface conductive active mediums with high electrical conductivity.

Abstract Minimally invasive surgery is an important technique used for cytopathological examination. Recently, multiple studies have been conducted on a three-dimensional (3D) puncture simulation model as it can reveal the internal deformation state of the tissue at the micro level. In this study, a viscoelastic constitutive equation suitable for muscle tissue was derived. Additionally, a method was developed to define the fracture characteristics of muscle tissue material during the simulation process. The fracture of the muscle tissue in contact with the puncture needle was simulated using the cohesive zone model and a 3D puncture finite element model was established to analyze the deformation of the muscle tissue. The stress nephogram and reaction force under different parameters were compared and analyzed to study the deformation of the biological soft tissue and guide the actual operation process and reduce pain.

In the machining process of 440C stainless steel using ball-end milling, the generation of machined traces is an inevitable outcome. Traditional polishing methods, when applied to the milling surfaces of small conical holes, exhibit significant limitations. However, the application of nanosecond pulsed laser polishing while maintaining dimensional integrity has proven effective in mitigating these issues. The parameters for the laser and scanning strategy were empirically determined through planar experiments. The results showed a reduction in surface roughness to a minimum value, representing a decrease of approximately 41.7%. Further validation experiments were conducted on the ball-milled surface of small conical holes. The rate of roughness reduction in these experiments surpassed that of planar surface polishing with an improvement of approximately 73.6%. The scanning strategy’s applicability was confirmed, and the post-polishing surface morphology was found to be largely in line with the prediction. The remelt layer and heat-affected zone resulting from nanosecond laser polishing were observed to be below 5 μm, significantly preserving the dimensional integrity of the conical hole’s internal surface. Moreover, nanosecond laser polishing was found to substantially enhance the surface hardness of the material, with an increase ranging from 100% to 180%. This study underscores the efficacy of nanosecond laser polishing in enhancing the internal surface of small conical holes, thereby improving the surface properties. Consequently, this method presents a reliable solution for the removal of machined traces from complex internal surfaces.

The bent-blade cutter is widely used in machining typical deep-cavity parts such as turbine discs and disc shafts, but few scholars have studied the dynamics of the turning process. The existing mechanism of regenerative chatter in the metal-cutting process does not consider the influence of bending and torsional vibration, the change of tool profile and the complex machining geometry, so it cannot be directly used to reveal the underlying cause of the chatter phenomena in the deep inner cavity part turning process. This paper attempts to investigate the dynamic problem of the bent-blade cutter turning process. The dynamic model of a bent-blade cutter is proposed by considering the regenerative chatter effect. Based on the extended Timoshenko beam element (E-TBM) theory and finite element method (FEM), the coupling between the bending vibrations and the torsional vibrations, as well as the dynamic cutting forces, are modeled along the turning path. The vibration characteristics of the bending–torsion combination of cutter board and cutter bar, together with the dynamical governing equation, were analyzed theoretically. The chatter stability of a bent-blade cutter with a bending and torsion combination effect is predicted in the turning process. A series of turning experiments are carried out to verify the accuracy and efficiency of the presented model. Furthermore, the influence of cutting parameters on the cutting process is analyzed, and the results can be used to optimize the cutting parameters for suppressing machining vibration and improving machining process stability.

In this paper, the lubrication behavior of resin during the molding process of unidirectional prepreg materials was scrutinized using a custom-made device. The thickness of the resin between prepregs under various conditions was calculated using Inverse Hydrodynamic Lubrication (IHL) theory to elucidate the lubrication mechanism. This calculation was confirmed by examining the surface morphologies of the prepreg and employing Digital Image Correlation (DIC) techniques for validation. Furthermore, the effect of unidirectional fiber orientation on the process of inter-ply sliding was quantitatively analyzed through the combined roughness. The study showed that factors such as sliding velocity, normal pressure, and fiber orientation play a key role in the lubrication mechanism. The lubrication behavior of unidirectional prepreg transformed to mixed lubrication under specific conditions. The results in our study of the lubrication mechanism have significant implications for the refinement of molding process and the enhancement of numerical simulations of unidirectional prepregs.

Introduction: Coating-thickness-dependent physical properties can induce different cutting temperatures with physical vapor deposition (PVD) titanium aluminum nitride (TiAlN) ceramic-coated tools. The determination of the optimal TiAlN coating thickness is important to obtain superior coating physical properties and decrease the cutting temperature of Inconel 718 alloy. Objectives: The present study investigates the effects of coating thickness on the physical properties of TiAlN coatings and the cutting temperature during the machining of Inconel 718 alloy. The optimal coating thickness is also determined. Methods: First, the direct-current-arc method was utilized to deposit PVD Ti0.55Al0.45N coatings with thickness of 1.6 µm, 2 µm, 2.5 µm, and 3 µm, onto a cemented carbide substrate. Second, the coating-thickness-dependent physical properties were characterized and estimated with a radar chart. Third, the effects of coating thickness on coating antifriction were analyzed with the tool-chip friction coefficient when cutting Inconel 718 with PVD TiAlN coated tools. Both the maximum cutting temperature generated in the chip and the cutting temperature of the tool bodies were measured for analyzation of the thermal barrier effect of coating. Finally, the topographies of the deformed chip and tool-chip contact area were obtained and investigated to determine the effects of coating thickness on the cutting temperature. Results: The tool-chip friction coefficient and coating thermal barrier effect were affected by the coating thickness. Ti0.55Al0.45N coated tools with moderate coating thickness had fine antifriction effect with Inconel 718. The thermal barrier effect of Ti0.55Al0.45N coating was positively related to the coating thickness. Conclusions: The optimal TiAlN coating thickness was determined as 2 μm, which resulted in superior physical properties and reduced the cutting temperature of Inconel 718.

Abstract Needle biopsy is an essential part of modern clinical medicine. The puncture accuracy and sampling success rate of puncture surgery can be effectively improved through virtual surgery. There are few three-dimensional puncture (3D) models, which have little significance for surgical guidance under complicated conditions and restrict the development of virtual surgery. In this paper, a 3D simulation of the muscle tissue puncture process is studied. Firstly, the mechanical properties of muscle tissue are measured. The Mooney-Rivlin (M-R) model is selected by considering the fitting accuracy and calculation speed. Subsequently, an accurate 3D dynamic puncture model is established. The failure criterion is used to define the breaking characteristics of the muscle, and the bilinear cohesion model defines the breaking process. Experiments with different puncture speeds are carried out through the built in vitro puncture platform. The experimental results are compared with the simulation results. The experimental and simulated reaction force curves are highly consistent, which verifies the accuracy of the model. Finally, the model under different parameters is studied. The simulation results of varying puncture depths and puncture speeds are analyzed. The 3D puncture model can provide more accurate model support for virtual surgery and help improve the success rate of puncture surgery.

As an important factor of dual-phase polycrystalline materials, dual-phase morphology distribution significantly affects its deformation mechanism due to the complex biphasic interactions. However, it was rarely investigated, especially for titanium alloy. Although crystal plasticity modeling has been regarded as an important method to study the deformation behaviors, the current models do not fully consider the actual grain scale information of dual-phase materials. In this paper, a pseudorandom dual-phase crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) model is established, which fully considers the actual grain size and orientation information, volume fraction, and constitutive behaviors of the dual-phase grains. The model is calibrated by uniaxial tensile experiments, and validated from micro and macro levels respectively. Four situations are introduced to study the effects of dual-phase morphology distribution on mechanical behaviors of Ti6Al4V, including Model 1 (dual-phase grains are randomly distributed), Model 2 (dual-phase grains are homogeneously distributed), Model 3 (dual-phase grains are periodically distributed perpendicular to the tensile direction) and Model 4 (dual-phase grains are periodically distributed parallel to the tensile direction). The results show that Model 4 has significant advantages in the comprehensive performance on micro stress/strain homogeneity and macro tensile strength compared with the other three models. Model 2 has the highest tensile strength due to the full use of plugging effect of the phase boundaries on dislocations. The slip transmission between the dual phases is more difficult than that in the hard phase (α phase) due to the different crystal structure. The research results provide a reference for material metallurgy.

Selective laser melting (SLM) of Inconel 718 (IN718) alloy is common these days. The microstructure and surface integrity of fabricated components are highly depend on SLM parameters and post-processing processes. Micro milling is a promising solution to achieve good surface finish. However, the machinability of SLM fabricated IN718 is different than the wrought IN718 due to their significant differences in microstructure and properties, thus technical parameters applicable for wrought IN718 are unsuitable to SLM fabricated IN718. Therefore, the microstructure and machinability of SLM fabricated IN718 during micro milling processes were evaluated in this work, and comparisons with wrought IN718 were made. Micro milling experiments with varied spindle speed and feed rate were performed and comparisons between tool wear, surface roughness, residual stress and micro hardness were made. Further, the microstructure of SLM fabricated and wrought IN718 before and after machining were compared in terms of grain geometry and crystallographic texture. SLM fabricated IN718 shows slight grain coarsening and texture weaken behaviors, which is different with the obvious grain coarsening and slight texture strengthen phenomena of wrought IN718. The SLM fabricated component has lower compressive residual stress as compared with wrought alloy, and the tool wear, surface roughness and micro hardness values are higher while micro milling wrought IN718 alloy. The reasons leading to these differences were analyzed from the perspectives of technological characteristics and material properties. Observed phenomena and clarified mechanisms can be used as basis to determine suitable technological parameters of micro milling SLM fabricated IN718 alloy.

Peripheral nerve injuries cause an absence or destruction of nerves. Decellularized nerves, acting as a replacement for autografts, have been investigated in the promotion of nerve repair and regeneration, always being incorporated with stem cells or growth factors. However, such a strategy is limited by size availability. The potential application in heterotopic transplantation of other decellularized tissues needs to be further explored. In this study, rat decellularized kidney (dK) was selected to be compared with decellularized peripheral nerve (dN), since dK has aboundant ECM components and growth factors. The PC-12 cells were cultured on dK and dN scaffolds, as shown in the similar behaviors of cell metabolism and viability, but have a more regular arrangement on dN compared to dK, indicating that the natural structure plays an important role in guiding cell extension. However, we found significant upregulation of axon–growth–associated genes and proteins of PC-12 cells in the dK group compared to the dN group by qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence, and western blotting. Furthermore, various neurotrophic factors and growth factors of acellular kidney and nerve were evaluated by ELISA assay. The lower expression of neurotrophic factors but higher expression of growth factors such as VEGF and HGF from dK suggests that axon growth and extension for PC-12 cells may be partially mediated by VEGF and HGF expression from decellularized kidney, which further points to a potential application in nerve repair and regeneration.

Grain boundaries (GBs) are microstructures in polycrystalline materials, which influence the mechanical properties of materials significantly. Simulation is an indispensable means to study GBs due to its high flexibility. However, the existing GB simulation models mostly focus on a single simulation scale, lack the consideration of the grain boundary misorientation angle (GBMA) characteristic and fail to describe the coupled elastic–plastic damage behavior between grains and GBs accurately. To describe the influence mechanism of GB on the mechanical behavior of materials accurately, a GBMA-considered multi-scale modeling method for polycrystalline materials is proposed in this paper. The method is based on molecular dynamics (MD), the crystal plasticity finite element method and the cohesive zone model, which considers the GBMA information at grain and atomic scales comprehensively. Firstly, a GB geometric model containing GBMA characteristic is generated at grain scale through EBSD information. Then the GB cohesive parameters are obtained at the atomic scale by MD simulation. Finally, some experiments are performed for verification, which indicates the high accuracy of the proposed method. Furthermore, three models with the same geometric shape and different grain orientation and GBMA are established to study the influence of GBMA on the mechanical properties of polycrystalline materials.

Though multiplexing meta-holograms remains an attractive approach for realizing optical encoding, existing methods encode information based on the intensity of the holographic images. Here, the authors report vectorial metasurfaces that decouple and encode intensity and polarization information.

TiAlN-coated carbide tools have been used to machine Ti-6Al-4V alloys in aviation workshops. However, the effect of TiAlN coating on surface morphology and tool wear in the processing of Ti-6Al-4V alloys under various cooling conditions has not been reported in the public published literature. In our current research, turning experiments of Ti-6Al-4V with uncoated and TiAlN tools under dry, MQL, flood cooling, and cryogenic spray jet cooling conditions were carried out. The machined surface roughness and tool life were selected as the two main quantitative indexes for estimating the effects of TiAlN coating on the cutting performance of Ti-6Al-4V under various cooling conditions. The results showed that TiAlN coating makes it hard to improve the machined surface roughness and tool wear of a cutting titanium alloy at a low speed of 75 m/min compared to that achieved by uncoated tools. The TiAlN tools presented excellent tool life in turning Ti-6Al-4V at a high speed of 150 m/min compared to that achieved by uncoated tools. From the perspective of obtaining finished surface roughness and superior tool life in high-speed turning Ti-6Al-4V, the selection of TiAlN tools is feasible and reasonable under the cryogenic spray jet cooling condition. The dedicative results and conclusions of this research could guide the optimized selection of cutting tools in machining Ti-6Al-4V for the aviation industry.

Pore defects inescapably occur during the selective laser melting (SLM) process of metallic materials, which are difficult to be eliminated even by advanced process optimizing and post-treatment technologies. Properties of SLM-fabricated materials depend on the influence of pores, while the effect mechanism is not clearly understood. To clarify the pore effects and achieve reliable forecasting, a statistical-theory-based grain-scale simulation work was performed. Taking Inconel-718 as the example, actual pore defects were detected and classified into three types i.e., gas pore, keyhole pore and lack-of-fusion (LOF) pore, which were then fitted by single or multiple ellipsoids. The volume, shape and posture of pores were characterized by independent parameters, and single-pore-included single-crystal simulations were carried out. Furthermore, overall pore effects were divided into single-ellipsoidal effects, sub-pore quantity effects and sub-pore intersection effects, and the influence mechanisms of pore characteristics on the mean tensile strength and the maximum damage driving force were clarified through partial correlation analysis. Eventually, single-crystal mechanical and damage property prediction models for the grain with an internal pore defect were developed and verified, which show good accuracy with 8–22% relative deviation for damage resistance predictions, and show excellent accuracy with lower than 0.3% relative deviation for strength property predictions.

The thermo-mechanical loads induced by tribological interfaces complicate the descriptions of the local plastic deformation behaviours in high-speed machining. This study utilized finite element simulation technique and microstructural observation to investigate the local plastic deformation behaviours of new generated chips and machined surface in turning Ti-6Al-4 V. The plastic deformation behaviours modifications of plastic flow and deformed material depth under different tool wear states were discussed. On one hand, the Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) modelling based on hybrid sticking-sliding friction model was proposed with dependence of tool wear geometrical changes. The multi-physics variables distributions such as cutting temperature, strain, and strain rate were acquired to provide the basic analysis of thermo-mechanical loads induced by tribological effects. On other hand, the experimental evidences of local plastic deformation behaviours including intensive microstructural changes in primary/secondary/tertiary deformation zones were analysed in details. Both simulated and experimental results indicated that thermo-mechanical loads due to tool wear effects were the critical driving factor for local plastic behaviours evolution. The deformation strength of primary/secondary/tertiary zones increased because of the gradual increasing contact areas and heat generation. This study can help to control the microstructural evolutions by limiting tool wear and enhance the surface quality.

Selective laser melting (SLM) is one of the appreciable technologies that is directly used to manufacture the intricate and highly accurate parts within short period of time. However, the involvement of various parameters in SLM process is gaining more and more attention of the scientific community. In this work, the research efforts have been made to emphasize on the effects of one of the prominent parameters of SLM process i.e., layer rotation on the microstructure, grain size, surface topography, residual stresses and mechanical behaviour of selective laser melted Al-Si-10Mg alloy. The standard benchmark components were fabricated by varying the layer rotation values at three different angles i.e., 0°, 45° and 90°. The result of microstructural analysis (using EBSD, SEM and XRD) revealed that the Al-Si-10Mg produced the cellular structure having less pores and defects at 90-degree layer rotation angle. The grain size, residual stresses and surface roughness (77.02%) values were also reduced with increase in layer rotation angle values. Furthermore, the micro-hardness (upto 19.6 %), tensile strength, %elongation (87.29 %) and relative density values were significantly enhanced at higher angle of layer rotations mainly due to the reduction in porosity and better interlayer metallurgical bonding.

Here the authors propose an approach to construct metasurfaces, which activate all circularly polarized channels and make full utilization of transmitted energy simultaneously. By introducing chirality-assisted phase all the components in the Jones matrix can be decoupled and independently tuned.

Controlling light with planar elements requires full polarization channels and reconstruction of optical signals. Here, the authors have demonstrated a general method relying on pixelated metasurfaces that enables wavefront shaping with arbitrary output polarization, allowing full utilization of polarization channels.

In this work, we explore a multi-UAV-assisted wireless power transfer (WPT) network, where multiple UAVs are deployed to provide WPT services to multiple ground devices (GDs) in order to extend their lifespan. To enhance the WPT efficiency while considering fairness, we investigate the joint trajectories and transmit power design. For fairness-aware consideration, our objective is to maximize the harvested energy of the GD with the worst condition, taking into account UAV mobility, anti-collision, and power budget constraints. Unlike previous works that focus on the simplified linear energy harvesting (EH) model, a more accurate multi-source nonlinear EH model is, for the first time, adopted to formulate the problem. Given the highly non-convex nature of the original problem due to the presence of coupled variables, we leverage the convexity of the multi-source nonlinear EH model and introduce a convex approximation method, which enables us to construct a tightly convex problem in each iteration for the original joint design problem, thereby obtaining a high-quality solution. Finally, we present numerical results to showcase the convergence of our algorithm and validate the performance advantages of the proposed multi-UAV WPT scheme with a nonlinear EH model versus benchmarks.

Grain-scale modelling and simulation is of vital importance during the full lifecycle of crystalline material miniature parts, whose mechanical responses depend on the actual material microstructure, part geometry and their correlation. Unfortunately, current studies fail to comprehensively consider indispensable microstructure information, and lack the consideration regarding part geometry. Therefore, this paper proposes and implements a geometry-considered 3D pseudorandom grain-scale modelling method, which takes into account the necessary actual microstructure information, part geometry and their mutual relations to generate accurate and efficient microstructure-dependent crystal plasticity finite element (M−CPFE) models. Firstly, the 3D actual grain-scale microstructure was acquired efficiently by combining 2D actual microstructures. Then the geometry-considered grain-scale microstructure was created pseudorandomly based on the actual 3D grain size, orientation and misorientation distributions. On this basis, the M−CPFE model was constructed accurately. The proposed method has been proved to have higher accuracy and robustness than the Voronoi random method on macroscopic response prediction, microstructure generation and microstructure evolution prediction. Furthermore, the applicability in micro-manufacturing and service has been demonstrated by micro sheet bending and micro impeller rotation simulations. There is a great potential for the full lifecycle tracking of crystalline material miniature parts with the help of the proposed method.

In order to machine complex box and shell structures, the cutter with large ratio of length to diameter is usually used, whereas the low rigidity of the cutter hinders the increase of the stable machining parameters. This article develops one kind of damping cutter to improve the stable processing condition in this milling operation. The influences of modal characteristic of the cutter on chatter stability are investigated, where it is proven that increasing the dynamic stiffness can efficiently extend the stable zone. On this basis, two damping cutters are designed by inlaying the strips and damping core into the toolholder body. The influences of geometrical parameters and material property of the damping cutters on modal characteristics are theoretically analyzed, and the optimal geometrical dimensions are determined using the finite element simulation. Then, the two damping cutters are fabricated. After modal tests and milling machining experiments, the measured results validate the effectiveness of the developed damping cutters in terms of improvement of the stability frontier.

In order to improve the heat transfer and corrosion resistance of the coatings, graphene/polyvinyl butyral/epoxy resin (GR/PVB/EP) and graphene oxide /polyvinyl butyral/epoxy resin (GO/PVB/EP) coatings with different contents of graphene (GR) and graphene oxide (GO) were successfully prepared. In this paper, we mainly explore the influence of GR and go doping content on the corrosion resistance of the coating, and the influence of GR and go as two kinds of large layer structure on the corrosion resistance of the composite coating. The OCP curve shows that for the composite coating with the same mass fraction, it is more difficult for the electrolyte ions to reach the metal substrate surface maintained by GR coating at the early stage of corrosion process, indicating that GR coating has a better corrosion protection trend than GO coating. However, the Tafel curve was fitted by the least square method, and the anti-corrosion efficiency of the corresponding coating was calculated. The results show that the GR and GO composite coating with 0.89% mass fraction has higher anti-corrosion efficiency, and the composite coating with 0.89% mass fraction of GO has the highest anti-corrosion efficiency. Compared with the pure EP coating, its anti-corrosion efficiency is as high as 92.57%. The dispersion effect of GR and GO in the substrate is very important to the corrosion resistance of the coating.

With the rapid development of high-precision-device technology, new demands are put forward for micro milling. The size effect and low cutting energy of micro milling make the process expensive and difficult, especially for Ti-6Al-4V alloys. The wear of the micro-milling cutter lacks corresponding international standards and its cutting mechanism is complex. In this paper, four kinds of micro-milling cutters with different wear states were obtained by designing micro-milling experiments, and the wear process and wear mechanism were observed and analyzed. The cutter diameter reduction, end face wear, flank wear and edge radius are comprehensively analyzed. It is considered that the formulation of a micro-milling-cutter wear standard needs comprehensive consideration, and the wear of end face 30 μm, wear of flank 35 μm and tool diameter reduction 55 μm can be used as the failure criteria of the micro-milling cutter. The wear forms mainly include abrasion marks, material adhesion, built-up edges and micro-collapse blades. Adhesive wear exists in the whole cutting process and plays a major role. Abrasive wear, diffusion wear and oxidation wear will occur when the cutting temperature reaches the melting point of Co. The wear of the micro-milling cutter is analyzed more comprehensively, a new wear-failure standard is formulated and the complex wear mechanism is revealed.

A comprehensive method is presented to investigate nonlinear dynamic responses of functionally graded rectangular plate with arbitrary boundary conditions under a moving mass, based on Rayleigh-Ritz solutions together with the penalty method (PM) and the Newmark with inverse Broyden quasi-Newton method. Different from the existing methods, all inertial effects associated with the moving mass, which affect the mass, damping, and stiffness matrices of system, are taken into account. The formulations are derived based on classical plate theory and von Kármán geometric nonlinearity, which considers large deformation without violating stress failure criteria. Material properties of FG plate vary continuously in the thickness direction according to the power law. The PM is employed to deal with the troublesome arbitrary constraints, which excludes an orthonormalization process for determining these admissible functions, and where only one set of admissible functions is used for arbitrary boundary conditions. The Newmark method together with the rank-one inverse Broyden quasi-Newton method is adopted to solve the nonlinear coupled differential equations of second order in time with more computational efficiency and avoiding numerical instability. Formulation and method of solution are validated by studying their convergence behavior and performing the comparison studies with existing results in the literature in the limit cases. In addition, influences of different material distribution, velocity of moving mass, different conventional, and unconventional boundary conditions on forced and free vibration responses are discussed.