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Background Tissue engineering technology has been applied extensively for clinical research and human amnion mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) could cause mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into the bone tissue. However, it is necessary to develop and identify the safer appropriate amount of osteogenic inducer. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of icariin (ICA) on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of hAMSCs. Methods The morphology and phenotype of hAMSCs were discovered by flow cytometry and immunocytochemical staining. The osteogenic differentiation of hAMSCs under the influence of different concentrations of ICA were assessed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity substrate assay and alizarin red staining. Results MTT assay revealed that the hAMSCs pretreated with ICA exhibited increased proliferation when compared with the control group, and the most optimum concentration of ICA was 1 × 10− 6 mol/L. The combined analysis of ALP activity and ARS staining showed that ICA could significantly promote the osteogenic differentiation of hAMSCs, and the effect was most significant when the concentration of ICA was 1 × 10− 6 mol/L. Conclusion All the above results implied that ICA could significantly increase proliferation and enhance the osteogenic differentiation of hAMSCs, especially when the concentration of ICA was 1 × 10− 6 mol/L.

Purpose At present, there are a variety of surgical methods for cleft palate repair, the authors first created the zigzag plasty of nasal mucosa musculature. The method is characteristic of better repair effect for anatomy and function of palatopharyngeal compared with the traditional method. Methods Fifty patients with cleft palate were involved in this study, and treated with 3 different operative methods, respectively: zigzag palatoplasty for the repair of nasal mucosa myometrium (n = 17), Sommerlad palatoplasty (n = 18) and the double opposing Z palatoplasty (n = 15), respectively. The length of soft palate (the distance from incisor to the tip of uvula) and the distance from uvula to posterior pharynx before and after operation were selected as outcome index. The post-operative speech intelligibility, nasal resonance, and nasal leaking were also evaluated. Results The results showed that the lengths of soft palate were increased by 14.50%, 13.23%, 10.10% with the zigzag palatoplasty, the double opposing Z palatoplasty and Sommerlad palatoplasty, respectively; the distances from the vertical tip to the posterior pharyngeal wall of 3 kinds of operation were reduced by 49.03%, 47.78%, 49.03%, respectively. The comparison of speech intelligibility, nasal resonance and nasal resonance assessment between/among groups were not significant. Conclusion The authors' research showed that the effect of zigzag palatoplasty works well in the repair of nasal mucosa myometrium and can be used as an optional method for functional repair of cleft palate.

Objective To explore the regulatory relationship between Shh-related signal pathway cytokines and cell cycle regulator, and primary cilia depolymerization factors, especially in the pregnant mice treated with dexamethasone and its antagonist vitamin B12 during the palatogenesis phase. Methods C57BL/6J pregnant mice received intraperitoneal injections of saline (blank control group), dexamethasone (dexamethasone group), vitamin B12 (vitamin B12 group), or vitamin B12+dexamethasone (dexamethasone + vitamin B12 group), at a critical period of palatal development during pregnancy. Fusion of the palatal process was observed in each group of mice at embryonic days 13.5 and 17.5. The differences in Smo, Ptch1, Cyclin D1, and Aurora-A expression were quantified by Western blot. Results Dexamethasone delayed the development of the embryonic palatal process, which resulted in cleft palate. Meanwhile, vitamin B12 intervention restored the development progress of the embryonic palatal process to a certain extent. Western blot results showed downregulated expression of Ptch1, Aurora A, and Cyclin D1 in the dexamethasone group, compared to the control group (PSmo was observed (P>0.05). Compared to the dexamethasone group, the expression of Ptch1, Aurora A, and Cyclin D1 in the dexamethasone + vitamin B12 group was upregulated (P < 0.01), but no difference in Smo expression was observed (P>0.05). No significant difference in the expression of each target protein was found between the vitamin B12 group and the control group (P>0.05). Conclusion Dexamethasone suppressed Shh downstream signal transmission and primary cilia depolymerization in the embryonic palatal shelf of mice, thereby inhibiting the expression of Cyclin D1 and reducing the proliferation of mouse embryonic palatal cells. Vitamin B12 antagonized the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone by upregulating the expression of related factors.

The aim of the present study is to test the feasibility of modified Z-plasty palatoplasty for cleft palate repair in surgeries and provide a new surgical method. Forty cleft palate patients were selected as participants and divided into 2 groups in random. Twenty patients in the experiment group were treated by modified Z-plasty palatoplasty while the other 20 patients in the control group by double opposing Z-plasty and Sommerlad palatoplasty. By evaluating and observing postoperative velopharyngeal movement, speech intelligibility, nasal leaking, analysis of CSL (Computer Structure Language) and X-ray velopharyngeal lateral radiographs, Modified Z-plasty palatoplasty achieved better results than traditional operation. Satisfactory linguistic effects on incomplete cleft palate can be observed after modified Z-plasty palatoplasty treatment. So this method may be used as a clinical choice.

PURPOSE After many years in clinical practice, the authors found that the long-term aesthetics of the upper lip and nose following repair of a unilateral cleft lip deformity using the Huaxi method remained unsatisfactory. The immediate postoperative effect was often good, while the long-term postoperative effect was poor. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the characteristics and influencing factors of a modified Huaxi method for repairing unilateral cleft lip over time, and to explore the relationship between immediate and long-term outcomes after cleft lip surgery. METHODS Patients with unilateral cleft lip who visited the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery of the Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University from June 2014 to March 2016 were selected. The study group consisted of 51 consecutive patients (30 boys and 21 girls), aged between 3 months and 2 years. Of these, 24 presented with complete unilateral cleft lip (12 wore a nasoalveolar mold as required, 12 did not) and 27 with incomplete unilateral cleft lip (13 wore a nasoalveolar mold as required, 14 did not). Photographs were taken of 51 patients before surgery and immediately, 7 days, and 6 months postoperatively. Various indexes of nasolabial contour of each patient were measured using iWitness photogrammetry, and the slit width; lip height ratio, lip width ratio, nostril width ratio, and nostril height ratio of the healthy side; and degree of deviation of the nasal columella were calculated. RESULTS Long-term symmetry of lip height and width remained stable postoperatively (P > 0.05), whereas nostril height symmetry was significantly reduced (P > 0.05). Nasal width symmetry and midpoint deviation of the nasal columella were stable in patients with nasoalveolar molding (P > 0.05), but significantly decreased in patients without nasoalveolar molding (P

Additional file 1: Table S1. Number of calcified nodules on days 21 in each group.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to test the accuracy and precision of iWitness photogrammetry for measuring the facial tissues of mannequin head. METHODS: Under ideal circumstances, the 3D landmark coordinates were repeatedly obtained from a mannequin head using iWitness photogrammetric system with different parameters, to examine the precision of this system. The differences between the 3D data and their true distance values of mannequin head were computed. RESULTS: Operator error of 3D system in non-zoom and zoom status were 0.20 mm and 0.09 mm, and the difference was significant (P0.05). Error of 3D system with recalibration was 0.251 mm, and the difference was not statistically significant compared with image captured error (P>0.05). Good congruence was observed between means derived from the 3D photos and direct anthropometry, with difference ranging from −0.4 mm to +0.4 mm. CONCLUSION: This study provides further evidence of the high reliability of iWitness photogrammetry for several craniofacial measurements, including landmarks and inter-landmark distances. The evaluated system can be recommended for the evaluation and documentation of the facial surface.

The purpose of this study is to observe the affection of different clinical surgeries on alar nasal cartilages' growth and development. The experimental results can provide some theory basis for clinical surgeries.Twenty-eight New Zealand immature rabbits were used in this study, and divided into normal control group, hidden dissection group and cutting off alar nasal cartilages group randomly, which included 4,12 and 12 rabbits, separately. Arc incision were made on the mucous membrane of nasal cavity,and then dissect the alar nasal cartilages hidden or cut off the alar nasal cartilages, separately. The growth and development of the alar cartilage were observed at different stages after the surgery using histological and immuno-histochemical methods.Four weeks, eight weeks, twelve weeks and sixteen weeks after surgery, there were no significant differences in the indexes of chondrocytes between hidden dissection group and control group. In cutting off alar nasal cartilages group, fiber tissue were observed in the vacancy left after being cut off cartilages, and even mucous membrane tissue could be seen in some slices.There is no adverse influence on the growth and development of the alar cartilage after being hidden dissected. Contrarily, the restoring capability of transparent cartilage cannot counteract the injury resulted form the surgery after the alar nasal cartilages being cut off.

To evaluate the efficacy and the surgical procedures of submandibular sialoadenectomy by a modified retroauricular approach.Between October 2008 and April 2009, 8 patients with benign submandibular gland disorders underwent removal of benign submandibular gland lesions using a retroauricular approach. There were 4 males and 4 females with an average age of 38.5 years (range, 32-54 years), including 3 pleomorphic adenoma and 5 chronic sialadenitis with sialolithiasis. The disease duration was from 2 months to 5 years. The anterior facial vein and the facial artery were reserved only by the ligation of branching vessels in the submandibular gland.Submandibular sialoadenectomy were successfully performed in 8 cases. The operative time was 45-75 minutes (mean, 60 minutes). All incisions obtained healing by first intention. No nerve paralysis occurred, including marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve, the lingual nerve, and hypoglossal nerve. One patient had poor blood circulation of flap due to excessive traction during operation, but it returned normal after 24 hours without special treatment. Other flaps had good blood circulation. All patients were followed up 1-6 months (mean, 3 months). The incision scars were hidden with satisfactory appearance.The modified retroauricular approach has some advantages such as simple operation, better cosmetic outcome, and no complication.

To detect the operative technique and aesthetic problem of reconstruction to deformity of bilateral cleft lip.From March 2003 to December 2004, 26 patients with bilateral cleft lip were treated, aged 10 months to 11 years. Of 26 patients, there were 13 bilateral complete cleft lip and palate, 9 bilateral incomplete cleft lip and 4 mixed cleft lip with unilateral complete cleft palate. The chief design principle was keeping the length of prolabium. During operation, sufficient dissociation was made in the base of the ala base and orbicularis oris muscle to reconstruct these structures. The circle suture was made for the bilateral orbicularis oris muscle. The shape of vermilion was achieved by lateral red lip muscle flap and simultaneous simple rhinoplasty was performed.Primary healing of the incisions was achieved in all cases. After the 10 days-3 months follow-up, the results were satisfactory in the width and chubbiness of the nose bottom, the shapes of nostril and Cuspid's bow were good without whistle deformity. The appearance of upper lip was good in either dynamic or static state.Excellent shapes and function of the nose and lip, and opportunity for two-stage repair could be obtained with this method, which being believed important methods for the primary repair of bilateral cleft lip.

To search for a method of constructing tissue-engineered oral mucosa.Hard palate mucoperiosteum were excised and extracted from raw SD milk rat. Tissue-engineered oral mucosa was made with the cultured oral keratinocytes that had been digested by Dispase and cultured in the serum-free keratinocytes medium, the supportive membrane being made from sodium alginate.Rat oral mucosal epithelial cells could be obtained with Dispase digestion. It was found that the best time for oral mucosa membrane to be digested to independent cells by Dispase again is ten minutes after the mucosa membrane has been obtained by Dispase; the best density of rat oral mucosa cells cultured is 1.5 x 10(5)/cm2, and the mucosa cells will be difficult to form the colon if the density of cells is too low. The keratinocytes can be cultured in serum-free keratinocytes medium without fibroblast contamination; the mucosa cells grow well on the sodium alginate membrane.Tissue-engineered oral mucosa can be constructed with the cultured oral keratinocytes in the serum-free keratinocytes medium and the self-made sodium alginate membrane.

To observe the effectiveness of prevention and cure for maxillary growth deformity following tissue engineered oral mucosa implantation on mucoperiosteal denuded palate process in young rat.Hard palate mucoperiosteum of a SD baby rat were excised and oral keratinocytes were isolated and cultured. Tissue engineered oral mucosa was fabricated with the cultured oral keratinocytes and the membrane made of sodium alginate (SA). 80 female three-week-old SD rats were used as subjects in this study. The animals were divided randomly into a normal control group and 3 experimental groups, each group included 20 rats. Normal control group (NG) were not operated. Hard palate mucoperiosteum on left side in all experimental groups were excised, exposed bone were not treated in denuded group (DG), but repaired with membrane in material group (MG) and repaired with the tissue engineered oral mucosa in mucosal group (MUG). All the animals were sacrificed at 9th week postoperatively (12 weeks old), and the clean widths of right and left hard palatal were measured under a dissection microscope. The difference between palatal widths of two sides and the asymmetry ratio between the different groups were compared and analyzed.No significant difference in asymmetry was discovered between the DG and the MG, but the asymmetry in MUG was less than DG or MG.Tissue engineered oral mucosal implantation in palatoplasty is an effective method in preventing and curing secondary maxilla deformity by repairing denuded bone wound.

The purpose of this study was to observe the healing process of palate wound with denuded bone restored with transplanted buccal or palatal mucosa and to elucidate the mechanism of maxillary growth inhibition following palate repair.32 Japan white rabbits, 5 weeks old, were selected as the subjects for this study. They were divided into 4 groups at random. The rabbits in group I was the control without receiving any treatment. The rabbits in group II, III, IV was surgically denuded the bone of palate, and afterwards, the rabbits in group II were not received further restoration, but rabbits in group III and IV were restored with transplanted buccal and palatal mucosa respectively. From 2 to 14 weeks after surgery, at regular intervals, palatal wounds were observed by using a light microscope. Histological changes were also compared among different groups.It was found in group II that dense connective tissue was formed 2 weeks after the surgery, and Sharpey's fibers was formed between the scar and bone tissue 4 weeks after the surgery. However, no Sharpey's fiber was found in group III and group IV, and in the latter two groups, the histological character of tissue was similar to that of the control.Prevention of the attachment of Sharpey's fibers to the palatal bone could be effectively accomplished by covering the denuded palatal bone with the transplanted buccal or palatal mucosa.