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Background: The basal core promoter (BCP) double mutations (A1762T and G1764A) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) have been reported to be an aetiological factor of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). What distinguishes the subset of HBV carriers in whom these mutations are selected? Methods: A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was carried out on 218 asymptomatic HBsAg carriers infected with HBV with BCP double mutations and 191 controls infected with HBV with the wild type BCP. The highest ranking nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were validated with other study subjects, 203 cases and 181 controls. The expression of the gene nearest a SNP found to be significant was examined using RT-PCR. Results: Forty-five candidate SNPs were identified in the GWAS. Three SNPs were found to be associated with the selection of HBV BCP double mutations in the replication stage, including rs7717457 at 5p13.1, rs670011 at 17q21.2, rs2071611 at 6p22.2. Especially, rs7717457 (P= 4.57×10-5 combined P) reached the potential GWAS significance level. The expression of gene complement component 7 (C7), nearest to SNP rs7717457, differed significantly between the case and control groups (t=2.045, P=0.04), suggesting that SNP rs7717457 was associated with the expression of its nearest gene. Conclusions: SNP rs7717457 is associated with the selection of HBV BCP double mutations, providing an important clue to understanding the mechanisms of oncogenesis of HBV BCP double mutations.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, aerobic strain, designated Y22

Background The accuracy of des-γ -carboxyprothrombin (DCP) in the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in those infected hepatitis B virus (HBV) from cross-sectional or case-control studies is contradictory. Objective To resolve this contradiction using a prospective study. Methods Three hundred male individuals persistently infected with HBV were recruited from the Chinese cohort and followed up once per year from 2012 to 2015. Each subject was screened for HCC by measurements of serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), lectin-bound α -fetoprotein (AFP-L3), DCP concentrations and ultrasonographic examinations. Results Nineteen HCC cases were identified. The area under receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) at first, second and third visit for AFP, AFP-L3 and DCP ranges from 0.710-0.897, 0.566-0.637 and 0.520-0.595, respectively. The rate of elevated DCP is not significantly different between the HCC cases and controls (52.6% vs. 47.4%) (P > 0.05). The incidence of HCC in subjects with elevated DCP is not significantly higher than that of those with normal DCP (9.5% vs. 4.6%) (P > 0.05). The AUROC of combinations of these biomarkers was higher than that of AFP alone at the first visit. However, it was reduced at the second visit. At the third visit, the AUROCs of AFP + DCP and AFP + AFP-L3 + DCP, but not that of AFP + AFP-L3, were higher than that of AFP alone. Conclusions AFP but DCP or AFP-L3 remains a valuable biomarker for HCC in those chronically infected with HBV. The combination with AFP-L3 and DCP may not increase the accuracy of AFP in differentiating HCC cases from controls, among those infected with HBV.

In the era of combination therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), liver disease including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), are the major causes of death for patients co-infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV. However, the mechanisms remain obscure. We aimed to determine whether HCC-related HBV mutations including 1762T/1764A double mutation and pre-S deletions occur more frequently in HBV/HIV co-infected individuals compared to HBV mono-infected individuals. In this study, the basic core promoter (BCP) and the preS/S regions of HBV isolated from 61 pairs of HBV/HIV co-infected and HBV mono-infected participants were analyzed. We found that the prevalence of HBV isolates with 1762T/1764A and/or preS deletion mutations was 37.7% (95% CI: 29.1-46.3). The prevalence of these mutations in HBV/HIV co-infected group (52.5%, 95% CI: 40.0-65.0) was significantly higher than in the HBV mono-infected group (23.0%, 95% CI: 12.4-33.6) (X2=11.307, P

Hepatitis B virus has been classified into 10 genotypes and 48 subgenotypes worldwide. We found previously, through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a sample collected in 2011, that an HBsAg carrier was infected with two genotypes (B and D) of HBV. We carried out cloning, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the complete genomes and, for confirmation, analysed a sample collected from the same individual in 2018. Fifteen complete sequences were obtained from each sample. The carrier was infected in 2011 by genotypes B and D and by various recombinants, but only genotype D was present in 2018. The major and minor parents of the recombinants are genotypes B and D, respectively, although the recombination breakpoints vary among them. All 23 genotype D isolates form a cluster, branching out from other subgenotype D sequences and supported by a 100 % bootstrap value. Based on complete genome sequences, almost all of the estimated intragroup nucleotide divergence values between our isolates and HBV subgenotypes D1-D10 exceed 4 %. Compared to the other subgenotypes (D1-D10), 35 unique amino acids were present in our isolates. Our data provide evidence for a novel subgenotype, provisionally designated HBV subgenotype D11.

The long-term persistence of immunity following universal infant immunization against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the need for a subsequent booster dose in adolescence remain under debate. With data derived from Long'an County, Guangxi, China, we reported previously that the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) among adults born from 1987 to 1993 increases with age, although these individuals had received a first dose of the vaccine within 24 hours of birth. Here, we sought the source of transmission by comparison of genotypes among their family members using phylogenetic analysis of complete HBV S gene sequences. For comparison, we screened 2199 vaccinated individuals aged 5 to 17 in Cang Wu County and 1592 vaccinated individuals aged 3 to 7 in Ling Shan County in Guangxi for HBsAg carriers and investigate their family members. In total, 50 asymptomatic HBsAg carriers who were vaccinated at birth and 152 family members were analyzed. The results showed that 25% (95% CI: 6.0-44.0) of the HBsAg-positive children had not acquired their HBV infection from their mothers. This phenomenon showed a trend that increases with age. Antibody escape mutations were detected in 22.9% (95% CI: 11.0-34.8) of the isolates. In conclusion, a booster dose may be necessary for adolescence who were vaccinated at birth in highly endemic countries.

The nitric oxide (NO) formation and intrinsic nitrosation may be involved in the possible mechanisms of liver fluke-associated carcinogenesis. We still do not know much about the responses of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) induced by Clonorchis sinensis infection. This study was conducted to explore the pathological lesions and iNOS expressions in the liver of mice with different infection intensity levels of C. sinensis. Extensive periductal inflammatory cell infiltration, bile duct hyperplasia, and fibrosis were commonly observed during the infection. The different pathological responses in liver tissues strongly correlated with the infection intensity of C. sinensis. Massive acute spotty necrosis occurred in the liver parenchyma after a severe infection. The iNOS activity in liver tissues increased, and iNOS-expressing cells with morphological differences were observed after a moderate or severe infection. The iNOS-expressing cells in liver tissues had multiple origins.

Objectives: We aimed to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) drug-resistant mutations in patients co- infected with HBV/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), including both drug-naïve subjects and those who received antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Guangxi, where the prevalence of HIV/HBV co-infection is highest in China. Methods: Two hundred and three subjects co-infected with HBV/HIV were recruited, including 123 drug-naïve patients (group 1) and 80 who received ART (group 2). The polymerase gene of HBV in the serum of all study subjects was analysed. Results: The results showed that the prevalence of HBV drug-resistant mutations in group 2 (76.5%, 95% CI 56.3–96.7) was significantly higher than that in group 1 (1.4%, 95% CI –1.4 to 4.2; χ2 = 50.955, p < 0.05). The major pattern of lamivudine (3TC)-resistant mutations is L180M+M204I+L80I (35.7%). In total, 95% of subjects with resistant mutations had cross-resistance to telbivudine and entecavir. No putative tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) resistance change was found. Five subjects (6.5%) in group 2 had HBV viral loads over 10 × 106 copies/mL. Four of them had 3TC-resistant mutations. Multivariate analysis showed that ART was the only factor associated with the development of drug-resistant mutations. Conclusion: Treating HIV in HIV/HBV co-infection with antiretroviral agents may result in a very high prevalence of HBV 3TC-resistant mutations. TDF could not completely suppress HBV replication.

Clonorchis sinensis is a food-borne parasite that induces a permanent increase of nitrosation in the body upon infection. The spleen is an important secondary lymphoid organ for the regulation of immune responses locally and in the whole body. However, the functions and mechanisms of the spleen in nitric oxide (NO) responses after C. sinensis infection remain unknown. In this study, BALB/c mice were infected with 20, 40, and 80 C. sinensis metacercariae to simulate mild, moderate, and severe infections, respectively. We examined the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the spleen and the relevant cytokine transcription in splenocytes from the mice infected with different amounts of metacercariae. The iNOS of the mice infected with 80 metacercariae was expressed in the spleen as early as 10 days post-infection (dpi) and gradually increased until 90 dpi. The iNOS expression in the mice infected with 40 metacercariae was detected only at 45 and 90 dpi, but not in the mice infected with 20 metacercariae. The level of interferon (IFN)-γ messenger RNA (mRNA) transcription in splenocytes significantly increased at 10 and 20 dpi (P

Single factor and Plackett-Burman design were used to determine the key environmental factors for Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin production. The results showed that the key factors were culture time, moisture content. So Controling of moisture was crucial for Aflatoxin contamination prevention and control.

The objective of this work is to study on the preparation of peanut protein peptide by lactobacillus solid state fermentation method and to provide a theoretical basis for further investigating peanut meal special protein material product. Results indicated that the soluble nitrogen concentration of peanut protein peptide could reach 70.92mg/ml, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl free radicals scavenging rates were 95.00% and 86.28%, respectively, under the following optimum conditions: addition of nutrient salt solution volume of 25ml, lactobacillus liquid volume of 5ml, temperature of 25.0 °C, and time of 72h. Peanut protein peptide had good antioxidant activities.

A novel and highly efficient protocol has been developed for the regioselective synthesis of 2-iminothiazole derivatives with potential biochemical interest by the reaction of enaminones, potassium thiocyanate (KSCN), and N-bromo succinimide (NBS) under mild conditions. The reaction proceeds via the formation of α-bromo enaminones as a versatile intermediate followed by thiocyanation/intramolecular cyclization in a one pot manner. The developed method is particularly attractive due to various advantages including operational simplicity, mild conditions, being catalyst free, and high bond-forming efficiency. The proposed protocol explores the synthetic routes of thiazoles by using various functional enaminones.

To optimize aflatoxin production of Aspergillus flavus on peanut, the response surface methodology were applied based on previous experiment. The results showed that the influence of water content of peanuts,time and relative humidity were obvious and were not linear relationship. The optimal aflatoxin production conditions were that water content of peanuts was12%, the time was 7 days, relative humidity was 80%.

The objective of this work is to study on preparation of peanut protein peptide by bacillus subtilis solid state fermentation method. Results indicated that soluble nitrogen concentration of protein peptide could reach 122.86mg/mL, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl free radicals scavenging rates were 85.22% and 84.88%, respectively, under the following optimum conditions: nutrient salt solution of 16.3mL, bacterial suspension volume of 3.8mL, temperature of 45°C, and time of 41h. IC50values for scavenging of DPPH, hydroxyl and superoxide anion free radicals rates, iron and copper ion chelating rates, inhibition rate of anti-lipid peroxidation were 2.88mg/mL, 4.63mg/mL, 1.22mg/mL, 0.04mg/mL, 0.94mg/mL, 3.78mg/mL, respectively. When absorbance value of iron and molybdenum reduction capacities was 0.5, the required protein peptide concentrations were 7.28mg/mL and 1.85mg/mL, respectively.

We used markers based on inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) to examine the genetic diversity of Aspergillus flavus from peanut-cropped soils in China. Of the 100 primers, 22 primers produced clear and reproducible ISSR bands, and the di-nucleotide accounted for 73% of those primers. The size of DNA fragments ranged from 100 to 2000 bp. The primer UBC 834 produced the largest number of polymorphic bands (10), followed by UBC 809, UBC 817, UBC 895, and UBC 899, which all amplified 7 polymorphic bands. Using the five primers, the tested strains were clearly separated based on genetic similarity coefficients (GSC). The range of GSC was from 0.59 to 0.90. In unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) analysis, the A. flavus samples grouped in five clusters. The study showed that the ISSR technology is an effective molecular approach for studying diversity of A. flavus from peanut-cropped soils in China.

High temperature peanut meal was fermented by double strains with solid-stated fermentation, using fermented product dissolved in water and via membrane separate, then obtained four molecular weight distribution(MWD), which were 10kDa. Using four MWD fermentation peptides do experimenting, separated, that is hydroxyl radical-scavenging, DPPH radical-scavenging, reducing power and ferrous ion-chelating, and compared with GSH, it shown that the peptides of 3kDa~10kDa MWD fermentation peptides have the max antioxidant activity, the second was the percolator of >10kDa MWD fermentation peptides, then was the peptides of 1kDa~3kDa MWD fermentation peptides and

Use peanut protein powder as the raw material, the five kinds of peanut antioxidant peptides (abbreviated as AP, FP, PP1, NP and PP2, respectively) were obtained through steps of Viscozyme pretreatment and Alcalase, Flavourzyme, Protamex, Neutral protease and Papain hydrolysis, respectively. Four types of antioxidation activities evaluation methods in vitro including scavenging of DPPH free radical, reducing power, iron ion chelation and anti-lipid peroxidation were presented to evaluate the antioxidation activities of peanut antioxidant peptides. The order of antioxidation activities of five antioxidant peptides was PP2>AP>FP>PP1>NP by comprehensive analysis of the antioxidation experimental results. The results indicated that the optimum proteolytic enzyme for preparing antioxidant peptide was papain. Among the five antioxidant peptides, PP2 had the most antioxidation activities of scavenging of DPPH free radical, reducing power, anti-lipid peroxidation. Therefore, the research and development of antioxidant peptide with the antioxidative function by using papain is an effective approach to further exploit peanut protein.

Ethanol and water crude extracts from the flower ofBroussonetia papyriferawere investigated for their antioxidant capacity in four different assays, namely, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, chelation of metal ions (Fe2+), reducing power and inhibition activity of lipid peroxidation in a linoleic acid emulsion system. Among the two extracts, the ethanolextract fromB. papyriferaflower showed the most potent radical scavenging activity in each assay, showing 62.88.9% (at 5 mg/ml) in the DPPH radical scavenging method (at 6 mg/ml) and 61.15% of chelation Fe2+- activity. Total phenolics in the water extracts were higher than that of the ethanol ones. Positive correlations were found between total phenolic content in theB. papyriferaflower extracts and their antioxidant activities.B. papyriferaflowers may have potential as natural antioxidants.

The choice and consumption of emulsifier and stabilizer are one of the main factors affecting stability for peanut mango milk. The stabilizer of mango peanut milk was guar gum, the dosage was 0.15%; The optimum emulsifier was the mixture of sucrose fatty acid ester , monoglyceride and polyglycerol fatty acid ester(1:1:1), the dosage was 0.24%.The study developed a nutrient-rich, stable state of the organization of peanut mango milk.

In this article, the antioxidant activity of the crude extract from peanut hulls was tested with phosphomolybdenum complex method, the reduction of K3Fe(CN)6 and DPPH assay. The IC50 value for DPPH radical scavenging lied 14.86μg ml-1, and 28 μg mL-1 of PHF exhibited total antioxidant activity and reducing power which were comparable to that of the ascorbic acid standard at 52.41 and 15.41 μg mL-1, respectively.

Corolla and receptacle of Broussonetia papyrifera from South China were analyzed separately for chemical composition. In this plant’s corolla，the crude protein, crude fat and carbohydrates were 7.08％, 3.72％ and 64.73% respectively in dry weight. In the receptacle, the crude protein, crude fat and carbohydrates were 4.75％, 8.08％ and 67.03% respectively. Unsaturated fatty acids concentration was 68% of total fatty acids. The percentage of the essential amino acids (EAAs) in total amino acids was 34.52%in corolla and 27.96% in receptacle. Furthermore，many mineral celements composition and vitamins are rich in B. papyrifera flowers. In corolla, calcium is 10015 mg/kg, magnesium is 1989.6 mg／kg, zinc is 62.6 mg／kg, iron is 306.6 mg／kg, VE is 1.35mg/100g．These results suggest that, the fiowers could be used in dietary supplements preparations or as food additives.

The cell wall of peanut skin was destroyed by cellulase enzymolysis from peanut skin fermentation, which was beneficial to extract proanthocyanidin. The extraction conditions of proanthocyanidin from fermented peanut skin were studied according to orthogonal experiment based on single factor experiments. And the optimum conditions were obtained as follows: extraction time 40min, extraction temperature 55°C, Concentrations of ethanol 45%, solid-liquid ratio 1:15. The extraction rate was 16.17 %.

In order to exploit and utilize the peanut protein resource and produce high additional value protein products, the preparation technology of peanut polypeptide from peanut protein isolate was investigated using Alcalase. The effects of influencing factors, enzyme dosage, substrate mass fraction, hydrolysis temperature, hydrolysis time and pH value, on hydrolysis was studied during the process of Alcalase hydrolyzing peanut protein isolate by single factor experiment and response surface methodology central composite design. The regression model for the relationship between the influencing factors and the soluble nitrogen mass concentration was established. The optimum parameters for Alcalase enzymatic reaction were obtained as follows: pH value 8.0, enzyme dosage 4762U/g substrate, substrate mass fraction 5%, hydrolysis temperature 50°C, hydrolysis time 180min, and then the soluble nitrogen mass concentration reached to 16.28mg/mL.

Suaeda salsa oil was taken as raw materials to produce biodiesel by ultrasonic-Assisted transesterification. Single factor experiment and the orthogonal experiment combination design were adopted to study the effects of ultrasonic frequency, ultrasonic power，reaction temperature ，reaction time，catalyst dosage and mole ratio of methanol to oil on biodiesel production rate. The order of factors that influence the biodiesel production rate within the experimental range was as follows: catalyst dosage＞reaction time＞reaction temperature＞mole ratio of methanol to oil. The optimal technological parameters should be as follows: ultrasonic frequency 28kHz, ultrasonic power 210W, reaction temperature 65 , reaction time 10min,catalyst dosage 0.3%and mole ratio of methanol to oil 6, and biodiesel production rate is 97.93% under such conditions.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate a new type of resin of chitosan cerium encapsulated green tea extract microspheres (RCCM-GTE) prepared by the reversed-phase suspension cross-linking polymerization and study the scavenging activity against DPPH free radical. The results showed that RCCM-GTE was a type of deep brown-yellow spherical resin with smooth surface and it presented uniform and narrow particle size distribution as determined by the Laser Particles Sizer. The Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study demonstrated that there was cerium existing in RCCM-GTE. The polyphenolic compounds existed in RCCM-GTE and the total content of polyphenolic compounds encapsulated in RCCM-GTE was found to be 92.550±1.145 μg/g. It is considered that the good antioxidant activity of RCCM-GTE was the comprehensive results of the action of tea polysaccharide-protein conjugate, polyphenolic compounds, cerium and Schiff base chitosan. Investigation showed that a lot of extracts coming from agriculture and food industry contain reactive components of polyphenolic compounds and polysaccharides. It can be effective in protection of human beings from free radical damage if these extracts are directly or after the extraction and purification added to food as natural food antioxidant or they are prepared micospheres reacted with some biopolymers through coordination as a health food. Then the emerging area of research on encapsulating GTE in chitosan cerium resin must have a broad developing prospect.

Ultrasonic Wave was used to assist alkali extraction and acid precipitation of peanut protein isolate from defatted peanut powder. Based on the single factor test, the response surface analysis results shows that the Ultrasonic Wave-assisted Extraction condition is: ultrasonic power 210W, ultrasonic time 30min, ultrasonic temperature 40°C ,solid to liquid ratio 1:10.7, and under this improved condition the extraction yield could reach 80.09%.

Orthogonal test method was applied to optimize the ultrasonic extraction of proanthocyanidin from peanut skin. On the basis of single factor test, the influencing factors of extraction power, temperature, time, solid-liquid ratio, ethanol concentrationultrasonic frequencies were determined by orthogonal test method with five factors and four levels in the ultrasonic frequency of 28 KHz. The results of the orthogonal test showed , the effects of five factors on ultrasonic extraction of proanthocyanidin from peanut skin were listed in the order of importance as: solid-liquid radio > ultrasonic power > time > temperature > ethanol, the optimum extraction conditions were as follows: ultrasonic output power 120W , extraction temperature 35°C, extraction time 5 min, solid-liquid ratio 1:24, ethanol concentration 55%.Under the optimum extraction, the extraction rate of proanthocyanidin was 12.1%.

A natural lectin from the seed of peanut Arachis hypogaea was purified by singlestep affinity chromatography using galactoside-coupled agarose. This lectin was named PN-L and its inactive form had a molecular mass estimate of 29 kDa. The lectin PN-L was detected for agglutinating activity, glycoinhibiting action and thermostability. The influence of pH on those activities was also tested. The results showed that PN-L could not agglutinate three kinds of human erythrocytes. But it showed a strong affinity for human A/B/O erythrocytes (RBC) by neuraminidase treated. Agglutinating activity of PN-L to neuraminidase treated human O erythrocytes was inhibited by lactose , raffinose, melibiose and D-galactose. The agglutinating activity of peanut seed lectin was inhibited at temperatures greater than 55 and at a pH less than 5 or greater than 11.

Peanut pods are easily infected by aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus sp.ecies from field soil. To assess the aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus sp. in different peanut field soils, 344 aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus strains were isolated from 600 soil samples of four agroecological zones in China (the Southeast coastal zone (SEC), the Yangtze River zone (YZR), the Yellow River zone (YR) and the Northeast zone (NE)). Nearly 94.2% (324/344) of strains were A. flavus and 5.8% (20/344) of strains were A. parasiticus. YZR had the highest population density of Aspergillus sp. and positive rate of aflatoxin production in isolated strains (1039.3 cfu·g−1, 80.7%), the second was SEC (191.5 cfu·g−1, 48.7%), the third was YR (26.5 cfu·g−1, 22.7%), and the last was NE (2.4 cfu·g−1, 6.6%). The highest risk of AFB1 contamination on peanut was in YZR which had the largest number of AFB1 producing isolates in 1g soil, followed by SEC and YR, and the lowest was NE. The potential risk of AFB1 contamination in peanuts can increase with increasing population density and a positive rate of aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus sp. in field soils, suggesting that reducing aflatoxigenic Aspergillus sp. in field soils could prevent AFB1 contamination in peanuts.

To identify Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae using PCR targeting ribosomal DNA ITS region and COX1 gene.Pseudorasbora parva were collected from Hengxian County of Guangxi at the end of May 2013. Single metacercaria of C. sinensis and other trematodes were separated from muscle tissue of P. parva by digestion method. Primers targeting ribosomal DNA ITS region and COX1 gene of C. sinensis were designed for PCR and the universal primers were used as control. The sensitivity and specificity of the PCR detection were analyzed.C. sinensis metacercariae at different stages were identified by PCR. DNA from single C. sinensis metacercaria was detected by PCR targeting ribosomal DNA ITS region and COX1 gene. The specific amplicans have sizes of 437/549, 156/249 and 195/166 bp, respectively. The ratio of the two positive numbers in PCR with universal primers and specific primers targeting C. sinensis ribosomal DNA ITS1 and ITS2 regions was 0.905 and 0.952, respectively. The target gene fragments were amplified by PCR using COX1 gene-specific primers. The PCR with specific primers did not show any non-specific amplification. However, the PCR with universal primers targeting ribosomal DNA ITS regions performed serious non-specific amplification.C. sinensis metacercariae at different stages are identified by morphological observation and PCR method. Species-specific primers targeting ribosomal DNA ITS region show higher sensitivity and specificity than the universal primers. PCR targeting COX1 gene shows similar sensitivity and specificity to PCR with specific primers targeting ribosomal DNA ITS regions.

With the research progress of classical pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from pathogenic microbes, the presence of the parasite PAMPs has been confirmed. The parasite PAMPs show some differences from classical PAMPs in molecular structures, receptor binding ways, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and induced effects. This review focuses on the issues of parasite PAMPs.

To analyze the monitoring results and epidemic trend of malaria in the Global Fund Malaria Project counties of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 2011, so as to provide the evidence for improving the preventive measures.The data about malaria surveillance were collected and statistically analyzed in 7 Global Fund Malaria Project counties of Guangxi in 2011.A total of 8 cases of malaria were reported in the Global Fund Malaria Project counties of Guangxi in 2011, the average annual incidence rate was 0.04 per 10000 which increased by 100% compared with that in 2010, accounting for 7.14% (8/112) of the total number of cases in Guangxi. Totally 42 064 residents with fever were examined with blood tests and no case was found; 3 867 floating people were examined with blood tests and 8 cases of malaria were found (0.21%), including 5 cases of vivax malaria and 3 cases of falciparum malaria. The 8 malaria cases distributed in Longlin, Tiane, Nandan, Youjiang counties (district), and they all had ever worked in Africa or Southeast Asia. There were no input secondary cases or deaths throughout the year.The preventive measures of malaria are effective in the Global Fund Malaria Project counties of Guangxi, and the malaria epidemic situation is stable. It is the key to strengthen the malaria surveillance of the floating population who returned from Africa or Southeast Asia for consolidating the achievement of malaria prevention and control.

The importance of transmission of occult HBV infection (OBI) via transfusion, organ transplantation and hemodialysis has been widely recognized. However, data regarding the transmission of OBI through close contact remain limited. In this study, serum samples were obtained from a child and his parents. The child had received the standard vaccination regimen at birth and produced protective antibody. Sera were tested for HBV serological markers. Nested PCR assays were used to detect HBV DNA and the amplicons were cloned and their sequences subjected to phylogenetic analysis. The results showed that both parents had occult infections while the child had an overt infection. Twelve, eleven and nine clones, from the father, mother and son, respectively, were sequenced. Serotypes adrq+, ayw1, ayw and ayr were found in the father and ayw1, adw2 and adwq+ in the mother; adrq+ was the only serotype in son. Genotype B, subgenotype C2 and a recombinant were identified in the father and genotype B, subgenotype C5 and three recombinants were found in the mother. Subgenotype C2 was the only genotype identified in the child. A phylogenetic tree showed that all of the child's sequences and most of the father's sequences clustered together. However, none of mother's sequences clustered with those of the child. The surface gene from the child and his father had the same amino acid substitution pattern (T118K, T123N and G145A). We concluded that the father was the source of the son's HBV infection, suggesting that occult HBV infection may be transmitted through close contact and manifest as an overt infection.

Microglial cells were purified from a mixed neuroglia culture prepared from the neonatal chicken brain in vitro, and were infected with the vvMDV YL040920 isolate and an attenuated MDV vaccine strain CVI988/Rispens, respectively. The presence of cytopathic effect (CPE) was examined daily, and the MEQ expression in MDV-infected microglia was detected by immunohistochemistry assay. DNA replication of the MDV meq gene and transcription of the gB gene were determined by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and qRT-PCR, respectively. The transcripts of Toll-like receptor (TLR) mRNA in microglia post MDV infection were quantified by qRT-PCR. The results of this study showed that both vvMDV YL040920 and attenuated vaccine strain CVI988/Rispens could infect microglia and produce characteristic CPE with plaque formation. The plaques were formed due to cells shedding at multi-sites, then quickly expanded and integrated. Furthermore, the MEQ protein was detected in nuclei of YL040920 and CVI988/ Rispens-infected microglia, and MDV meq DNA replication and gB gene transcription in MDV-infected microglia were also confirmed. Although both MDV DNA copies and gB transcripts were increased in the virus-infected microglia, the higher viral DNA load and gB transcript were observed for CVI988/Rispens than for YL040920 in vitro (Por = 0.05/0.001). The transcriptions of TLR15 and TLR1LB gene were found to be up-regulated in microglia following MDV infection in vitro. Purified microglia infected with YL040920 was observed increased TLR15 and TLR1LB transcripts as early as 1 day post infection (dpi), and reached its peak level at 3 dpi, then decreased mildly at 5 dpi. For CVI988/Rispens, it induced an increase of TLR15 transcript as early as 1 dpi, and rose rapidly at 3 dpi, and then decreased slightly at 5 dpi. At the same time, CVI988/Rispens induced the increase of chTLR1LB transcript at 3 dpi and decreased at 5 dpi. By comparing the TLRs transcription between YL040920 and CVI988/Rispens-infected microglia, it was suggested that vvMDV YL040920 might induce more TLR15 transcript than the attenuated vaccine strain CVI988/Rispens (Por = 0.01/0.001), while CVI988/Rispens induced more TLR1LB transcript than YL040920 (Por = 0.001).

The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether eosinophils within the tracheobronchial lumen can stimulate Th2 cell expansion by presenting antigen both in vitro and in vivo.Airway eosinophils were recovered from ovalbumin-sensitized and -challenged BALB/c mice, these eosinophils were then cocultured with sensitized CD4(+) cells in the absence or presence of anti-CD80 or/and -CD86 monoclonal antibodies. Airway eosinophils were instilled into the trachea of sensitized mice, At 3 d thereafter, the draining paratracheal lymph nodes were removed and teased into cell suspensions for culture. Cell-free culture supernatants were collected for detection of cytokines.Our data showed that airway eosinophils, recovered following inhalational ovalbumin challenge in sensitized mice functioned as CD80- and CD86-dependent antigen-presenting cells to stimulate sensitized CD4(+) lymphocytes to produce IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, but not interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in vitro assay. When instilled intratracheally in ovalbumin-sensitized recipient mice, these antigen-loaded eosinophils migrated into draining paratracheal lymph nodes primed Th2 cells in vivo for IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, but not IFN-gamma, production during the in vitro culture that was also CD80- and CD86-dependent.We concluded that eosinophils within the lumina of airways could process inhaled antigen function in vitro and in vivo as antigen-presenting cells to promote expansion of Th2 cells. This investigation highlights the potential of eosinophils to not only act as terminal effector cells but also to actively modulate immune responses by amplifying Th2 cell responses.

Peanut protein and its hydrolysate were compared with a view to their use as food additives. The effects of pH, temperature and protein concentration on some of their key physicochemical properties were investigated. Compared with peanut protein, peanut peptides exhibited a significantly higher solubility and significantly lower turbidity at pH values 2-12 and temperature between 30 and 80°C. Peanut peptide showed better emulsifying capacity, foam capacity and foam stability, but had lower water holding and fat adsorption capacities over a wide range of protein concentrations (2-5 g/100 ml) than peanut protein isolate. In addition, peanut peptide exhibited in vitro antioxidant properties measured in terms of reducing power, scavenging of hydroxyl radical, and scavenging of DPPH radical. These results suggest that peanut peptide appeared to have better functional and antioxidant properties and hence has a good potential as a food additive.