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Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which may be related to mitophagy failure. Previous reports suggest that treadmill exercise protects against mitochondrial dysfunction in AD. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between mitophagy and mitochondrial adaptation caused by treadmill exercise in AD. The current study aimed to investigate whether exercise-ameliorated AD is associated with changes in mitophagy activity. Both Wild-type and APP/PS1 transgenic mice were divided into sedentary (WTC and ADC) and exercise (WTE and ADE) groups (n = 9 for each group). WTE and ADE mice were subjected to treadmill exercise for 12 weeks, followed by evaluating the effect of treadmill exercise on learning and memory ability, Aβ plaques, mitochondrial Aβ peptide level, synaptic activity and mitochondrial function. Meanwhile, mitophagy-related proteins PINK1, Parkin, LC3II and P62 were measured in the hippocampal mitochondrial fractions. The results indicated that exercise not only restored learning and memory ability, but also reduced Aβ plaque area, mitochondrial Aβ peptide level, and increased levels of synaptic markers SYN and GAP43, as well as reversed mitochondrial dysfunction (defective mitochondrial ultrastructure, decreased PGC-1α, TFAM and ATP levels) in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Moreover, exercise increased mitophagy activity as evidenced by a significant decrease in levels of P62 and PINK1 as well as an increase in levels of LC3II and Parkin in ADE mice. These findings suggest that treadmill exercise can enhance mitophagy activity in the hippocampus, which is efficient in ameliorating pathological phenotypes of APP/PS1 transgenic mice.

Exercise is a non-pharmacological strategy that may help to protect against cognitive decline and reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease. However, the optimal exercise modes for cognitive benefits are controversial. Mitochondrial function has been related to both exercise and cognition. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of two exercise modes on cognitive function and mitochondrial dynamics in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. The results showed that 12-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) could improve exploratory behavior, spatial learning and memory ability of APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Both HIIT and MICT interventions significantly alleviated the hippocampal β-Amyloid (Aβ) burden and mitochondrial fragmentation and improved mitochondrial morphology in hippocampus. Furthermore, both HIIT and MICT interventions down-regulated dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) and fission 1 (FIS1), whereas mitofusin 1 (MFN1), mitofusin 2 (MFN2) and optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) were up-regulated. Hippocampal levels of total reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were decreased, whereas activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were elevated by HIIT and MICT. The study suggests that both HIIT and MICT alleviate cognitive decline and down-regulat Aβ level in the hippocampus in APP/PS1 transgenic mice, which may be mediated by improvements in mitochondrial morphology and dynamics.

Five new oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins, oleiferasaponins D1–D5 (1–5), were isolated from the defatted seeds of Camellia oleifera Abel. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical methods. The cytotoxic activities of compounds 1–5 were evaluated against five human tumor cell lines (HCT-116, HepG2, BGC-823, NCI-H1650, and A2780). Compounds 1–2 exhibited cytotoxic activity against five human cancer cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 3.31 to 10.23 μM. Compounds 3–5 showed moderate cytotoxic activities toward the tested cell lines.

To study the chemical constituents of stem of Camellia oleifera.The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by column chromatography on silica gel, ODS, Sephadex LH-20 and MPLC. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical properties and special analysis.Seven compounds were isolated from the stem of Camellia oleifera, whose structures were elucidated as (-) -pinoresinol (1), (-) -medioresinol (2), skullcapflavone II (3), betulinic acid (4), ursolic acid (5), 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl- (1 --2) -β-D-xylopyransoyl-(1 --3) -[β-D-glucopyranosyl- (1 --2)] -β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-22α-angeloyloxyolean-12-ene-15α,16α,28-triol (6) and oleanolic acid (7).Compounds 1 - 6 are isolated from this plant for the first time, and compounds 1 - 3 are isolated from this genus for the first time.

To study the chemical constituents of the leaves of Psidium guajava.The chemical constituents were isolated by column chromatography on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and MPLC. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of special analysis.Seven compounds were isolated from n-butyl alcohol fraction, whose structures were elucidated as morin-3-O-α-L-arabopyranoside (1), morin-3-O-α-L-iyxopyranoside (2), 2,6-dihydroxy-4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-benzophenone (3), casuarictin (4),2,6-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethyl-4-O-(6"-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-benzophenone(5), globulusin A(6), and kaempferol-3-O-β-D-(6"-galloyl) galactopyranoside (7).Compounds 3 and 5 ~ 7 are isolated from this plant for the first time.

To study the chemical constituents of the leaves of Liquidambarformosana.The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by column chromatography on silicagel, Sephadex LH-20 and MPLC. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical properties and special analysis.Eight compounds were isolated from the leaves of Liquidambar formosana, whose structures were elucidated as gallic acid (1), p-hydroxy-benzoic acid (2), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-benzoic acid (3), 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-benzoic acid (4) kaempferol (5), 3,4-dihydroxy-benzoic acid (6), 3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-benzoic acid (7) and 3β,23,29-trihydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (8).Compounds 1-8 are isolated from the leaves of Liquidambar formosana for the first time.

To study the ethyl acetate-soluble chemical constituents of Callicarpa kwangtungensis.The chemical constituents were isolated by column chromatography on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and MPLC. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of special analysis.Seven compounds were isolated from ethyl acetate part, whose structures were elucidated as caffeic acid(1),2α,3α, 19α-trihyhydroxy-urs-12-en-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2),2α,3, 19α-trihyhydroxy-olean-12-en-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), 2α, 3α, 19α-trihyhydroxy-olean-12-en-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), ferulic acid (5), 2α, 3β, 19α-trihyhydroxy-urs-12-en-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(6), and ( + )-isolariciresinol-9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(7).All these compounds are isolated from this plant for the first time.

Four new triterpenoids which were identifed as 2α,3β,6β,19α-tetrahydroxy- oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-3α,19α-di-hydroxyoleanolic acid (2), 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-3α,19α-dihydroxyursolic acid (3), 2α,3α,6β,19α-tetrahydroxyursolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), were isolated from the aerial parts of Callicarpa kwangtungensis together with three known triterpenoids identified as 2α,3β,21β-trihydroxyursolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), 2α,3α,19α,23-tetrahydroxyoleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), 2α,3α,19α,23-tetrahydroxyursolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7). Their structures were elucidated by the combination of mass spectrometry (MS), one and two-dimensional NMR experiments.

Two new triterpenoids, 2α,3β,16α,19α,23-pentahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid (1) and 2α,3α,11α,21α,23-pentahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (2), were isolated from the aerial parts of Callicarpa kwangtungensis. Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D analyses, as well as MS and IR spectra.