Search

Qing-Min Liu,1,* Yi-Yu He,2,* Li-Li Liu,3 Li-Kun Wang4 1Intensive Care Unit, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Pathology, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China; 4Infection Control Center, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Li-Li LiuDepartment of Pathology, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail 13505495928@126.comLi-Kun WangInfection Control Center, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail Lkwang999@163.comIntroduction: Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) virus (HBV) infection has emerged as a global health burden affecting nearly 292 million people. Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is an effective treatment for CHB patients. However, the detailed mechanism underlying the antiviral activity of TAF remains unclear.Methods: In this study, we investigated the antiviral effect of exosomes derived from the serum of CHB patients treated with TAF (Exo-serum) and TAF-treated macrophages (MP) (Exo-MP(TAF)).Results: RNAseq analysis was also performed to determine the associated long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). The results demonstrated that both Exo-serum and Exo-MP(TAF) could be taken up by HepAD38 cells and exhibited potent antiviral activities, as manifested by significantly downregulating the levels of hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B e antigen, HBV DNA, and covalently closed circular DNA. The antiviral effect of Exo-serum was more potent than those of TAF treatment alone. RNAseq analysis revealed that lncRNA HOTTIP was upregulated significantly in Exo-serum. Further, lncRNA HOTTIP knockdown reversed the antiviral effect of Exo-MP(TAF) on HepAD38 cells, whereas lncRNA HOTTIP knockdown exerted the opposite roles.Discussion: Taken together, these results suggest that exosomal lncRNA HOTTIP is essential for the antiviral activity of TAF and provide a novel understanding of the exosome-mediated mechanism underlying HBV infection.Keywords: chronic hepatitis B, tenofovir alafenamide, exosome, lncRNA HOTTIP

Background To evaluate the effectiveness of community health management of elderly hypertension, and to describe the status and related risk factors of blood pressure control. Methods This was a cross-sectional study. Hypertensive patients aged 60 years and above who took part in community health management in Hangzhou were selected. Data on lifestyle, obesity, blood lipids, fasting plasma glucose, and blood pressure were collected. Systolic blood pressure ≥140 and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg were used to calculate the blood pressure control rate. Results There were 209,768 subjects with mean age (70.7 ± 7.1) years in the present study. The mean value of systolic and diastolic blood pressures was (141.4 ± 16.9) and (80.2 ± 10.0) mm Hg, respectively. The blood pressure control rate was 48.39%. The rate of the subjects with unhealthy lifestyles, obesity (or central obesity), dyslipidemia, and abnormal fasting plasma glucose was 86.27%, 38.20%, 58.16%, and 14.72%, respectively. The unhealthy lifestyle, obesity, abnormal fasting plasma glucose, and dyslipidemia, affected blood pressure control rate, with an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.18 (1.15–1.21), 1.23 (1.21–1.25), 1.44 (1.40–1.48), and 1.10 (1.09–1.11), respectively. When 4 risk factors were combined, odds ratio (95% confidence interval) was 1.96 (95% confidence interval 1.83–2.09) for poor blood pressure control. Overall, the percentage of isolated systolic hypertension was 34.87% and increased with age. Conclusions The blood pressure control rate of the elderly hypertension patients in the community health management by national essential public health service was 48.39%. Obesity, unhealthy lifestyle, abnormal fasting blood glucose, and dyslipidemia are risk factors of poor blood pressure control and have cumulative effects.

Objective To understand middle school students’ current cognition, attitude, self daily behaviors and injury situation of using electronic equipment while walking and to provide a scientific basis for invention strategies. Methods a total of 696 students selected from 4 junior high schools and 4 senior high schools in 4 districts in Hangzhou by multistage random cluster sampling were investigated with a questionnaire survey. Results 89.91% of the students were distracted by using electronic devices while walking. 77.81% of surveyed students were listening to music while walking. 72.70% were on the phone. 71.66% were sending messages. 45.52% were seeking information. 35.06% were playing electronic games, and 25.94% of the students were watching the video. As for the rate of the reported distracted behaviors by electronic equipment, the senior high school students had a higher rate than junior high school students. Girls had a higher reported rate of listening music while walking than that of boys. While boys had a higher rate of playing games while walking than that of girls. 95.40% of students believed that their peers would be distracted by using electronic devices while walking. 50.51% of the surveyed students said they had been hit by a motor vehicle or were almost hit while walking, of which 14.57% were related to the distraction of using electronic devices. 52.61% of students using electronic devices during their daily walk were hit by a motor vehicle or were almost hit, higher than the proportion of non-use electronic device students (30.4%). Conclusion Most of the junior/senior high school students would use electronic equipment frequently in the walk, leading to the distraction, influencing personal safety and certain measures should be taken as soon as possible to reduce the occurrence of related accidents.

s: Arc detection is difficult for processing, assembly and testing of industrial production because of limitations of detection methods, algorithms and instruments. The least-squares algorithm is used to fit data in circle detection. The application of conventional least-squares algorithm is limited, as roundness error is bigger, precision is lower. For detecting arc with data points of non-uniform distribution, improved least-squares algorithm, developed an analysis algorithm for assessing the minimum zone roundness error. Center and radius can be solved, without iteration and truncation error. Using the discrete data instances verified different roundness error evaluation methods. Visual measurements have been carried out using the proposed methods. Calculated results using the four kinds of roundness error evaluation methods (Figure 7-10). Ball diameter errors are-0.0245mm、0.0176mm、-0.1052mm and 0.302mm, roundness errors are 0.07mm、0.063mm、0.078mm and 0.146mm. The improved least-squares algorithm and the minimum zone algorithm are suitable for distributed data of all kinds situations, particularly suitable for the realization of machine vision inspection system, fast speed, high precision, wide application.

This paper describes the importance of increasing control of technology and quality of road bridge construction and puts forwards effective measures to control the proposed road bridge construction technology and quality. Road bridge engineering is a basic livelihood projects while also ensuring economic and social development, but in recent years the reports about the quality of bridge construction repeatedly appeared in press which highlighting the poor construction quality control.

s.The least-squares algorithm is usually used to fit data in circle detection. The application of the conventional least-squares algorithm is limited, its’ roundness error is bigger, and precision is lower. For detecting circle with data points of non-uniform distribution, developed an analysis algorithm for assessing the minimum zone roundness error. Center and radius can be accurately solved, without iteration, without truncation error. Visual measurements have been carried out for known diameter D=2.564mm tooth shape chain board’s aperture using the proposed methods, calculated results (Table 1) using four kinds of roundness error evaluation methods. Tooth shape chain board’s aperture diameter errors are 0.0157mm、0.0126mm、0.0117 mm and 0.0218mm, roundness errors are 0.0251 mm、0.0225mm、0.0228mm and 0.0244mm respectively. The minimum zone algorithm are suitable for distributed data of all kinds situation, particularly suitable for the realization of machine vision inspection system, fast speed for high precision, wide range of application.

Effects of different preparation parameters on the structural and mechanical properties of micro-arc oxidation coatings prepared in silicate electrolyte on 6063 alloy were investigated. The results show that the growth rate of ceramic coating increases with increasing current density and electrolyte concentration. The prepared coating had denser and smoother surface with few defects, higher micro-hardness values and better wear resistance when the current density was increased to 20A/dm2. The measurement properties were all up to their optimum values when the electrolyte concentration was in the range of 9-12g/l and oxidation time was 60min, respectively.

Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coating was prepared in different electrolyte compositions on 6063 alloy and its characterizations were detected by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electric microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) and Vickers hardness tester. Friction and wear behaviors of the coatings were tested without lubrication and the abrasion loss was measured after the friction test. The results showed that the MAO coatings, presenting rough and porous surface and high hardness, mainly consisted of α-Al2O3 and γ-Al2O3 phases. The composition of electrolytic solution had great influence on the coating morphology and its mechanical performance. Compared with the coating prepared in silicate and borate solutions, the coating prepared in aluminate solution had not only denser and smoother surface but also higher micro-hardness value and better abrasion resistance.

To assess the test-retest reliability and criterion validity of the Simplified Chinese-character version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Long form (IPAQ-L) in urban community-dwelling adults in Hanghzou, China.A total of 158 eligible participants aged 25-59 years from 6 neighbourhoods in two central districts of Hangzhou completed the IPAQ-L questionnaire twice within a 7-day interval. Half of the subjects wore pedometers during the first 7 days. Test-retest reliability was examined by comparing the first (Day 1) and the second (Day 9) survey of IPAQ-L. Criterion validity was assessed by comparing IPAQ-L with pedometer data.Modest to good test-retest reliability was found with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.67 for total PA, 0.37 to 0.73 for specific dimensions, and 0.56 to 0.71 for different intensities of PA. Total PA measured by IPAQ-L was moderately correlated with exercise levels (partial r = 0.27, P = 0.020) and walking distance (partial r = 0.31, P = 0.007), which were measured by a pedometer, after adjusting for gender, age, educational attainment and employment status.Our results indicate that the IPAQ-L is a reliable and validated measure for assessing physical activity levels in this population and possibly the adult population in other mainland Chinese cities.

In the automatic assembly of locks system the pins’ selection depends on depth of key’s groove. Although the kinds of groove’s depth are fixed, the arrangements are random and they can’t be unpredictable. The difference in depth of key’s groove is very small, so it can’t be judged by eyes accurately. To solve the problem that the pins assembly is tried frequently, the depth of keys’ groove can be measured accurately by the machine vision. So the problem of the serious influence production efficiency is solved successfully. This kind lock is widely used and machine’s cost is very low by allocation. The experiments show that this method fully met the locks automatic assembly system requirements from the assembly precision, real time performance and robustness and other aspects, solving the problems encountered in the lock assembly.

In metal forming process analysis, the accuracy loss is inevitable for complex boundary shape, un-uniformly distributed points and high velocity gradient distribution in analysis domain. In order to improve simulation accuracy, an h-adaptive procedure for the background required rigid (visco) plastic meshless Galerkin method is developed. A mixed posteriori error indicator is presented, which consists of a cell energy rate integration error estimator and a cell energy rate approximation error estimator to indicate the integration error and the approximation error, respectively. The corresponding local refinement strategies are developed, and the adaptive refining procedure is given. The adaptive procedure is applied only once in each time step simulation for the consideration of computational efficiency. A bulk forming process with severe metal deformation is analyzed. In comparison with the results obtained by using software Deform-2D, the effectiveness of the method developed in this paper is demonstrated.

This paper proposes a new kind of detection method based on CCD to measure geometry sizes and roundness error of chain board of roller chain. Image is collected, and is input into computer, then is processed by a series of steps such as grey level transformation, image smoothness, lower filtration, and threshold value selection, etc. The measurement of the geometric parameters and the roundness error relies on the image contour. Roundness error is evaluated by Minimum Region Law. The diameter of the holes and the distance between the axes of two holes are calculated and measured by self-developed program. Roundness error of chain board is less than 8μm, and the distance error between the axes of two holes is 9μm. The diameters of the holes are 4.467mm and 4.461mm respectively. The reasons of measurement error are also analyzed. Theory analyses and experiment show that it is feasible to measure the geometric sizes and roundness error of roller chain by this method, which is both efficient and practicable.

Established the circular saw blade visual measurement system and developed geometry parameters measurement software. Calculated the inner and outer circle diameters and the roundness error, the tooth angle and the radial rake angle, the radial direction clearance angle on the basis of image processing. Calibrated the measured part using the standard gauge block. Improved the circle and the line sub-pixel methods. Experiment results showed that the fitting error of improved least–square linear fitting method was quarter of ordinary least–square linear fitting error under small difference of orientation time. The diameters of the inner circle and the outer circle ,the roundness error ,the tooth cusp angle and the radial rake angle, the radial direction clearance angle were respectively 25.204mm, 193.624mm, 0.005mm, 59.999°±0.00695°, 15.004°±0.0104°, 14.997°±0.0137° while taken sub-pixel method.

This paper is devoted to study a new class of generalized vector quasi-equilibrium problems with set-valued mappings. By means of the Fan–KKM Theorem and lower semicontinuity with respect to cone order of the set-valued mapping, we obtain an existence result for this class of generalized vector quasi-equilibrium problems with set-valued mappings. Our result extents and improves some previous results.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection on the prognosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Various databases were searched using a combination of keywords associated with CMV infection and IBD. Subsequent to the selection of relevant studies in line with strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, a meta-analysis was conducted using the Stata 12.0 software. A total of 195 studies were initially retrieved, including 28 studies in Chinese and 167 in English. Following the exclusion of unsuitable studies, 7 cohort studies with 374 IBD patients were included in the meta-analysis. The results of the present study identified significant differences between patients with and without CMV infection regarding the disease duration of IBD [standardized mean difference, -0.81; 95% confidence interval (CI), -1.19 to -0.43; P

Background Family influence plays an important role in a child’s physical activity (PA). This study aimed to describe the level of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behaviours among Chinese junior high school students and examine the associations between different types of family influence and MVPA or sedentary behaviours. Methods Participants of two independent cross-sectional surveys, conducted in 2009 and 2011, were students in Grade 7 and 9 from all junior high schools in Hangzhou, China. The daily duration and frequency of MVPA, amount of sedentary time and frequency of family support were self-reported. Multi-level mixed-effects logistic regression was used to examine the associations between different types or levels of family influence and MVPA or sedentary behaviours. Results A total of 7286 students were analysed finally. Overall, only 9.0% of the students participated in MVPA at least 60 minutes/day; 63.9% spent no more than 2 hours/day in sedentary behaviours. Frequent verbal encouragement and watching were associated with less leisure-time sedentary behaviours. The multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for verbal encouragement and watching were 1.29 (95% CI, 1.08 to 1.55) and 1.19 (95% CI, 0.97 to 1.45) for 5-7 days per week. The involvement of family in the children’s activity in most days of the week was associated with both higher level of MVPA and less leisure-time sedentary behaviours. The respective ORs among students who reported familial support 5-7 days per week, were 1.50 (95% CI, 1.21 to 1.86) for engaging in seven days of MVPA per week, 1.67 (95% CI, 1.19 to 2.32) for at least 60 minutes of MVPA daily, and 1.48 (95% CI, 1.19 to 1.84) for no more than 2 hours of leisure-time sedentary behaviours daily. Conclusions This study found that less than 10.0% of urban Chinese adolescents engaged in MVPA at least 60 minutes/day. Family involving themselves in the children’s activity exerted the most significant influence on children’s behaviours as compared with verbally encouraging and observing children’s activity. Any type of familial support including verbally encouraging, watching, and involving had effects on reducing leisure-time sedentary behaviours. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1593-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

To investigate the effect of workplace intervention programs related with health-promoting lifestyles among community medical staff members in the communities of Hangzhou city.Three representative districts including Xiacheng, Gongshu and Westlake were chosen and all the community medical staff was involved in the study. Questionnaire survey was applied to collect the information from all the community medical staff. Three aspects including 1, environmental support and policies on healthy lifestyles 2, lectures and activities related to health-promoting programs provided, and 3, peer effect on health promotion, were studied. Chi square test and logistic stepwise regression analysis were applied.Intervention strategies on smoking, diet and physical exercises were analyzed respectively. It was indicated that none of the lectures, regulations or individual counseling regarding smoking cessation was associated with the decrease of smoking behavior. Medical staff that taking part in the lectures on balanced diet showed higher frequencies of vegetable/fruit intake, with the frequencies of vegetables/fruits consumption on 4 or more days/per week appeared 1.74 times more than that in the control group. As for the physical exercise intervention was concerned, the peer effect was found to be obvious. Medical staff that taking exercise with colleagues tended to do more exercises with frequency in taking moderate or high intensity exercises 5 or more days/per week as 1.62 times than that of the control group. Data also indicated that regardless of intervention programs on diet or on physical activities, the combination effect could statistically improve the healthy behavior on diet or physical exercise.Intervention programs on both balanced diet and physical exercises were preliminarily found to be associated with enhanced health promotion behavior for workplace health promotion strategies but need to be verified through further intervention studies of the same sort.

To investigate the relations between training and both the attitude and practice on smoking control among community medical staff members in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province.Three representative districts including Xiacheng, Gongshu and Westlake were chosen from Hangzhou city. Questionnaire survey was applied to collect information from the related community medical staff members. The survey mainly contained three aspects: knowledge, attitude and practice regarding smoking control involved in the community medical activities. Availability and application of the resources on smoking cessation were also studied. Logistic regression analysis was applied to explore the factors associated with the smoking control training programs. Differences of rates between groups were assessed with chi-square statistics. Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to study the relationships among knowledge, attitude and practice related to smoking control programs, targeted to the community medical staff members.Eight hundred forty-six community medical workers were involved. Sixty-five percent of the community medical staff members had learned related knowledge on smoking control. Proportion of the community medical staff who had taken lessons on smoking control with 3-10 working years was 1.77 times more than the ones with experience less than two years (OR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.25-2.51). Eighty-eight point seven percent of the medical staff who had received smoking control training programs were identified with the consciousness that they should advise the patients to quit smoking, comparing to the proportion 81.60% (Z=-2.87, P=0.00) in the control group. In terms of the practice regarding smoking control, data showed that 21.62% of the medical staff who had received smoking control training programs would provide 'how to quit smoking' to more than 90% of the smoking patients, while the proportion in the control group was 10.65% (Z = -5.68, P = 0.00). The use of drugs, traditional Chinese medicine therapy and the smoking cessation hotline rate were all less than 30%.The training programs being used on smoking control seemed useful in improving the consciousness and practice towards the smoking control programs during their medical activities among the community medical staff members.

To evaluate the short-term impact of comprehensive community based intervention on physical activity (PA) of adults living in the three urban communities of Hangzhou city.Within the framework of Community Interventions for Health (CIH) Program, a community trial was conducted in two urban areas (Xiacheng district and Gongshu district)and an urban area(Xihu district)as control, by a parallel comparison and random grouping based quasi-experimental design. Two independent questionnaire-based surveys of cross-sectional samples in the intervention and comparison areas were used to assess the short-term impact of the intervention program.A total of 2016 adults at baseline and 2016 adults at follow-up stages, completed the survey, including 1016 adults from the intervention areas and 1000 from the comparison area. Over the two-year intervention period, the cognitive level on benefits of physical activity in the intervention areas were trending downward. The changes observed in the comparison area did not show statistical significance. Intervention areas showed a statistically significant increase (1204 vs. 1386, P = 0.023) in the level of physical activity(metabolic equivalent, MET-minutes/week)compared with the comparison area(918 vs. 924, P = 0.201). And results remained the same after eliminating the possible effects of age factor.After a two-year intervention, beneficial changes were noted in the intervention areas with respect to the level of physical activity. A community-based intervention program on physical activity seemed feasible and effective in the urban areas of Hangzhou.

To examine the changes in tobacco related knowledge, smoking habit and the amount if environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) among urban population before and after the enforcement of the Smoke Control Ordinance in Public Places of Hangzhou in March 2010.Two independent cross-sectional surveys were conducted on random samples from adults aged 18 - 64 years in three districts of Hangzhou city between two petiods: October 2008 to August 2009 and June 2011 to February 2012.A total of 2016 adults at the initial stage and 2016 adults during the follow-up program completed the survey. Nine out of the ten indices related to the knowledge on tobacco presented an improvement during the follow-up process. All the participants (22.4% vs. 17.7%, P0.001) and men (44.2% vs. 37.3%, P = 0.004) showed statistically significant declines in the prevalence of smoking, when compared with women (1.7% vs. 1.2%, P = 0.379). The proportions of individuals who had noticed anyone smoking in the previous 30 days demonstrated statistically significant declines in nine types of places: school (5.6% vs. 2.7%, P0.001), health centre (11.4% vs. 3.7%, P0.001), public transportation (19.2% vs. 12.2%, P0.001), government building (11.3% vs. 5.6%, P0.001), restaurant (67.0% vs. 61.3%, P = 0.002), workplace (49.7% vs. 38.3%, P0.001), private office building (23.6% vs. 19.9%, P = 0.023), home (41.0% vs. 35.5%, P = 0.003), friend's home (33.9% vs. 29.5%, P = 0.017).Positive changes were noticed among urban population with respect to tobacco related knowledge, prevalence of smoking, and the environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) after the enforcement of the Smoke Control Ordinance in Public Places of Hangzhou.

To explore the fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption and related influencing factors among urban junior students in Hangzhou.In a cross-sectional study, a self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the frequency and amount of FV consumption as well as related socio-demographic characteristics. Logistic regression method was applied to study other factors related to the amount of vegetables consumption ≥ 21 servings and fruit consumption ≥ 14 servings per week.Among 3724 junior students included in this study, 54.7% of them consumed FV daily, 23.6% consumed vegetables ≥ 21 servings and fruit ≥ 14 servings per week (equaled to vegetables ≥ 3 servings and fruit ≥ 2 servings every day). The level of FV intake was high in girls, mother with higher education, and higher family socioeconomic status (SES). After controlling 5 socio-demographic factors, data on the consumption of daily vegetables ≥ 21 servings and fruit ≥ 14 servings weekly, were positively associated with daily physical activity (PA) ≥ 60 min (OR = 1.667, 95%CI: 1.216 - 2.203), encouragement on FV intake daily by family (OR = 1.881, 95%CI: 1.498 - 2.363), positive familial attitude on the daily intake of FV (OR = 1.275, 95%CI: 1.025 - 1.586), preparation FV 3 - 6 days per week (OR = 1.691, 95%CI: 1.310 - 2.183) or daily (OR = 2.944, 95%CI: 2.348 - 3.690), family consumption of FV with children/3-6 days per week (OR = 1.392, 95%CI: 1.056 - 1.835) or on the daily base (OR = 2.817, 95%CI: 2.217 - 3.580), breakfast usually made at home (OR = 1.364, 95%CI: 1.158 - 1.607), offering FV course at school last year (OR = 1.238, 95%CI:1.035 - 1.480) and awareness on the benefit of FV (OR = 3.150, 95%CI: 1.121 - 8.856) etc. respectively.Socio-demographic characteristics, daily PA, dietary pattern at home, education and awareness on the benefits of FV on health etc. were all related to the FV intake among junior students in Hangzhou.

To study the status of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors and relevant knowledge to it among junior students.In a cross-sectional study, a self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the PA, sedentary behaviors and relevant knowledge on 4549 eligible urban junior students.Among the 4549 junior students, only 7.50% engaged in ≥ 60 minutes of PA, per day. Those junior students spending 2 hours on weekdays, 3 hours on weekends in doing homework and those spending ≥ 30 min on weekdays, 2 hours on weekends in doing other sedentary activities, accounted for the highest proportion of the subjects respectively. The awareness rate of spending at least 60 minutes each day on PA to stay fit and healthy was 24.63%. Differences in gender and grade at school were significantly on 'understanding of health benefits regarding PA' (P0.05).Urban junior students were lack of awareness and appropriate behavior on physical activities so the related intervention should be taken actively to improve the current situation among the adolescents at school.

To explore the rate on completion of the recommended physical activities and its correlates among junior students in 3 urban districts of Hangzhou.Describing the range on completion of the recommended physical activities and analyze its related demographic, cognitive and environmental factors with logistic regression model among 3867 juniors students.7.7% of the junior students could achieve the recommended physical activities requirements. The proportions of students who were aware of the recommendation on physical activity programs showed as 31.0%. 59.2% of juniors students had physical education (PE) classes in 3 days or more within 1 week. Factors as being male (OR = 2.94), believing that adolescents should take part in at least 60 minutes' physical activities a day (OR = 4.95), having PE classes in 3 days or more within 1 week (OR = 1.44), with family encouragement on physical activities (OR = 1.06) and taking part in physical activities together (OR = 1.14), perceiving the idea that they had enough sports equipment at home (OR = 1.22) and had convenient access to sports facilities around the residential areas (OR = 1.09), and perceiving the idea that it was not safe to walk or jog around the residential area (OR = 1.11) etc. had statistically significant correlations with achieving the recommended physical activities among juniors students.Demographic, cognitive and environmental factors had some influence on the completion of recommended physical activity program among junior students.

To study the prevalence rates of knowledge, attitudes and use of the nutrition labeling and related influential factors in Hangzhou supermarket consumers.Using a self-developed survey questionnaire, randomly selected customers were conducted a face-to-face interview program in a large supermarket of Hangzhou city.586 people were interviewed, including 202 males and 384 females, with the mean age as 41.6 ± 17.23 years. The accuracy rates of 6 questions related to the 'ability of choosing healthier food by using the Nutrition Facts Labels' were as follows: dietary fiber (71.84%), fat (70.99%), calcium (60.75%), salt (58.36%), energy (50.85%) and sugar (39.42%). The support rates of the three attitudes indicators were "support marking the Nutrition Facts Label" (90.44%), "support marking the nutrition claims" (87.03%) and "want to know more relative knowledge" (77.13%). There were 58.36% and 80.03% first-time buyers who would read the Nutrition Facts Food Labels and the Nutrition Claims. Through logistic model analysis, male, youth, low-educated people were found to be the risk factors related to the nutrition label reading behavior.The capacity of the reading, understanding and correct application of nutrition labeling among consumers was not satisfactory. Improvement on the readability and the authority of nutrition labeling and the development of the national nutrition knowledge and health education programs were in urgent needs.

To introduce the application of vignettes in the survey on health condition, we took the Hangzhou health survey as an example. We tried to find the respondents' health judgment standard by using vignettes first and discovered the population's demographic characteristics as sex, age, years of schooling and income etc. could influence the self-reported health condition on the response category cut-points. Then the cut-points were corrected through hierarchical ordered probit model in order to reflect the respondents' self-reported health condition based on the same standard, making the result suitable for comparison. Data from our research discovered that the level of health condition of females was lower than that of males among the residents living in Hangzhou and the higher income they received, the better health condition they had. Thus, the health vignettes seemed very essential in the survey on health condition.

To study the feasibility of a simple random sampling on surveys at the community level and to evaluate the quality of samples under survey.A simple random sample of households was taken, based on the electronic listings of community households from Gongshu and Xiacheng districts of Hangzhou city. One of the adults aged 18 to 64 years in the sampled households was identified with KISH method to finish a questionnaire survey. More than 500 people from the sample size was required in each district.Of 950 sampled households in Xiacheng district, 511 (53.8%) finished the survey while 506 (36.7%) out of the 1380 sampled households in Gongshu district did. The proportions of non-response due to the following reasons as: none with eligible age in the households, relocation of the original household, mass relocation of the community, and errors in the household listings etc. were 38.3% and 43.5% respectively, in the two districts. Proportions attributed to non-response and refusal to response of sampled household or individual were 8.0% and 19.9% respectively. No statistical significant differences in age and gender were found between the surveyed samples and the population in the sampled households, or in gender between the populations in the sampled households and in Hangzhou city. However, the population in the sampled households showed a more aging population structure than the population in Hangzhou city.In a geographically limited area, using a simple random sampling method to do the survey is feasible, based on the electronic listings of household. Enough time spent during the household visit guarantees the interviewers to get a representative sample of the sampling frame. There is an urgent need for the timeliness, completeness and accuracy of electronic household listings to be improved.

Ascertained the rotation-angle equation of plate-cam with flat-bottom follower according to layout tolerance, established relationship between the error and cam rotation-angle. Realized the changeable angle-step segmentation and the layout error of every interpolation equals to the given tolerance. In the condition of the allowed precision, interpolation times are the minimum and the production efficiency is the highest. Experiment showed that when the layout tolerance was 0.005mm, the straight line interpolation numbers in the rising course were 126, and the maximum speed, the maximum acceleration, the maximum saltus and the maximum rotation-angle-step were respectively 0.24m/s, 2.78m/s2, | −32.68m/s3 | and 1.326°. The interpolation numbers in the return course were 97, and the maximum speed, the maximum acceleration, the maximum saltus and the maximum rotation-angle were respectively |−0.32m/s|, | −4.94m/s2 |, 77.47m/s3 and 1.545°. On the basis of interpolation points obtained by the straight line interpolation and using arc interpolation can reduce the layout error. Each connections spot of arcs was tangential and the actual layout was smoothing.

To explore the relationship between air pollution and acute onset of cerebral hemorrhage in Hangzhou.Time-stratified case-crossover study was used to analyze the effect of aerosol optical depth (AOD), PM(10), SO(2) and NO(2) on the acute onset of cerebral hemorrhage. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in relation to an increase of one unit of AOD and 10 microg/m(3) of air pollutants.After adjusted temperature and relative humidity, the ORs of acute onset of cerebral hemorrhage by a unit increase in AOD at a 2 day-lag were 1.727 (95%CI: 1.103 - 2.703) in first half year and 2.412 (95%CI: 1.230 - 4.733) at a 2 day-lag in spring. For a 10 microg/m(3) increase in SO(2), the ORs were 1.119 (95%CI: 1.019 - 1.229), 1.230 (95%CI: 1.092 - 1.386), 1.254 (95%CI: 1.076 - 1.460) in the whole year (2 day-lag), in first half year (2 day-lag) and in spring (2 day-lag), respectively. NO(2) exposure in first half year (2 day-lag) was associated with cerebral hemorrhage, with OR as 0.841 (95%CI: 0.734 - 0.964). However, there were no statistical significances for AOD, SO(2), NO(2) in the rest time-periods (P0.05). Additionally, no association was found between PM(10) and the acute onset of cerebral hemorrhage in any time-periods (P0.05).Our data showed that there was association between air pollution and the acute onset of cerebral hemorrhage, especially in spring and in the first half of the year.

To explore the risk factors of injuries among school aged children from migrant workers' families, in Hangzhou.A cross-sectional survey on 3582 students from eight separate schools in which, four were set for migrant workers' families and the other four were for families of permanent residents. Stratified cluster random sampling method was used. Data was analyzed by unconditional univariate and multivariate logistic regression methods under SPSS 13.0.The incidence rate of injury did not show statistical difference between children of migrant workers or from the permanent residents. The incidence rate of multiple injuries was higher in children from the migrant workers' families. The incidence rates on electric shock occurred at the primary school, drowning among boys at the secondary school and scald/crash/cutting by knives in girls at secondary schools were seen higher among children from the of migrant workers. Results from multivariate analysis showed that factors as gender (OR = 1.20), age (6 - 9 years: OR = 0.70, 10 - 12 years: OR = 1.45), fond of playing Pingpong (OR = 1.35), history of injuries by pets (OR = 1.41), skills on swimming (OR = 1.22), no history of being threatened (OR = 0.68), having harmonious family relations (OR = 0.69) and owning a house by family (OR = 0.76) appeared to be the major one that related to the occurrence of injury.Personal behavior as well as family and social environment seemed to be factors affecting the occurrence of injuries among children from the migrant workers' families.

To investigate the short-term effect of particulate matter in air on the mortality of stroke.Using time-stratified case-crossover study design, an association was examined between stroke mortality and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of10 microm (PM10) of 2002 - 2004 in Hangzhou city. Meanwhile, the acute health effect of other gaseous pollutants (sulfur dioxide, SO2 and nitrogen dioxide, NO2) was also analyzed.A total of 9906 deaths of stroke were included. The crude stroke mortality was 83.54 per 100 000. After being adjusted for meteorological factors, when an increase of 10 microg/m3 in PM10, SO2 and NO2 in three days was noticed, it appeared that the increases of mortality of stroke were 0.56% (95% CI: 0.14%-0.99%), 1.62% (95% CI: 0.26% - 3.01%) and 2.07% (95% CI: 0.54% - 3.62%) respectively. There was no distinct association in multi-pollutant models. In sensitivity analysis, the associations were found in all single-pollutant models but not statistically significant in multi-pollutant models after replacing the missing values.It is suggested that the short-term elevation in PM10 as well as SO2 and NO2 daily concentrations were related to the increase of stroke mortality in Hangzhou city.

Discussed ordinary image processing technology of inverted tooth chain board, including noise reduction, image segmentation, edge detection and contour extraction etc.. Put forward a new kind of sub-pixel arithmetic for edge orientation of circle. The arithmetic first did edge detection to image by Canny arithmetic, so as to enhance primary orientation precision of edge, then calculated gradient direction, and then interpolated gradient image (image that was detected by Sobel arithmetic) along gradient direction, last obtained sub-pixel orientation of edge. Performed two kinds of least-square fitting methods for line edge to getting its sub-pixel orientation, from analysis and experiments, the orientation error of improved least-square linear fitting method was one quarter of ordinary least-square linear fitting error under small difference of orientation time. The sub-pixel orientation of circle made resolution of CCD increase 42 tines, which enhanced greatly orientation precision of image edge. For the need of quick on-line inspection next step, integrated the whole environment containing image preprocess, Hough conversion of line, setting orientation & direction of image, sub-pixel orientation of line and circle, output of calculation result. The whole quick processing course performed without operator, processing tine of single part is less than 0.3 second. The sub-pixel orientation method this paper posed fits precision orientation of image, and integration calculation method ensure requirement of quick inspection, and lays the foundations for on-line precision visual measurement of image.