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Microorganisms play an important role in plant growth and development. In particular, endophytic fungi is one of the important kinds of microorganisms and has a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship with host plants. Endophytic fungi have many substantial benefits to host plants, especially for woody plants, such as accelerating plant growth, enhancing stress resistance, promoting nutrient absorption, resisting pathogens and etc. However, the effects of endophytic fungi on the growth and development of woody plants have not been systematically summarized. In this review, the functions of endophytic fungi for the growth and development of woody plants have been mainly reviewed, including regulating plant growth (e.g., flowering, root elongation, etc.) by producing nutrients and plant hormones, and improving plant disease, insect resistance and heavy metal resistance by producing secondary metabolites. In addition, the diversity of endophytic fungi could improve the ability of woody plants to adapt to adverse environment. The components produced by endophytic fungi have excellent potential for the growth and development of woody plants. This review has systematically discussed the potential regulation mechanism of endophytic fungi regulating the growth and development of woody plants, it would be of great significance for the development and utilization of endophytic fungi resource from woody plants for the protection of forest resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Munitions are one of the most critical and sensitive assets in the military supply chain, and its supply in the battlefield can greatly affect the result of the war. Historical data show that military forces are often provided either too much or too little ammunition because of the lack of visibility. This paper introduces the Munitions Visibility Management System that contains two parts, an organizational system and a technological system. The former one is from the administrative angle to standardize and control, and the latter one is from the technological angle to integrate and implement technologies needed. It gives a new way in studying the management of munitions.

Quinoxalin-2(1H)-one based design and synthesisproduced several series of aldose reductase (ALR2) inhibitor candidates.In particular, phenolic structure was installed in the compounds forthe combination of antioxidant activity and strengthening the abilityto fight against diabetic complications. Most of the series 6showed potent and selective effects on ALR2 inhibition withIC50values in the range of 0.032–0.468 μM,and 2-(3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-fluoro-2-oxoquinoxalin-1(2H)-yl)acetic acid (6e) was the most active.More significantly, most of the series 8revealed notonly good activity in the ALR2 inhibition but also potent antioxidantactivity, and 2-(3-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxystyryl)-2-oxoquinoxalin-1(2H)-yl)acetic acid (8d) was even as strong asthe well-known antioxidant Trolox at a concentration of 100 μM,verifying the C3 p-hydroxystyryl side chain as thekey structure for alleviating oxidative stress. These results thereforesuggest an achievement of multifunctional ALR2 inhibitors having bothpotency for ALR2 inhibition and as antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Targeting aldose reductase and oxidative stress with quinoxalin-2(1 H )-one derivatives having a 1-hydroxypyrazole head as the bioisosteric replacement of carboxylic acid. Methodology & results: Aldose reductase inhibition, selectivity and antioxidant potency of all the synthesized compounds were evaluated, and binding modes were studied by molecular docking. Most of the derivatives showed potent and selective aldose reductase inhibition, and among them 13d was the most active (IC 50  = 0.107 μM), suggesting success of the bioisosteric strategy. Phenolic 3,4-dihydroxyl compound 13f showed strong antioxidant ability even comparable to that of the well-known antioxidant Trolox. Conclusion: The present study identified the excellent bioisostere of the 1-hydroxypyrazole head group along with phenolic hydroxyl and vinyl spacer in C3 side chain on constructing quinoxalinone-based multifunctional aldose reductase inhibitors.