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IntroductionThe recognition of culture and context as pivotal influences on the developmental trajectory of young children has been underscored by numerous developmental theories. Localized knowledge is essential for comprehending cultural universality with specificity for early childhood development (ECD).MethodsThirteen focus group discussions were conducted with professionals, caregivers, and teachers from four regions in China. Thematic content analysis was employed to identify patterns and themes, followed by coding to identify more conceptual units of meaning.ResultsThe findings reveal distinct culture-based skills across four domains of ECD in China. These highlight a local culture that embraces a comprehensive, dynamic, and staged perspective on the development of young children. This study elucidates the multidimensional impact of the environment on young children’s development, with a focus on children’s behavioral characteristics and temperament traits, ECEC practices, and ECEC beliefs that transcend identity, culture, and the economy.DiscussionThis study contributes to the assessment of ECD for future cultural comparisons and enhances the scientific understanding of the interplay between developmental skills in young children and diverse cultural expectations and backgrounds.

Abstract Multi‐layered plasmonic nanostructures are able to highly promote the near‐field confinement and effectively activate analytes, which are of predominate significance but are extremely challenging. Herein, the semi‐open Au core@carved AuAg multi‐shell superstructure nanoparticles (multi‐Au@Ag‐Au NPs, multi = mono, bi, tri, tetra, and penta) are reported with a high designability on electromagnetic field and capability of effectively capturing analytes. By controlling synthetic parameters such as the number of galvanic exchange and Ag growth, multi‐Au@Ag‐Au NPs are successfully obtained, with tunable layer numbers and asymmetric nanoholes. Due to collective plasmon oscillations of multi‐layered built‐in nanogaps, the electromagnetic field strength of a single penta‐Au@Ag‐Au entity reach 48841. More importantly, the penta‐Au@Ag‐Au NPs show a remarkable light‐harvesting capability, which is adaptive to different Raman lasers, supporting high‐diversity detection. Additionally, the structural specificity allows analytes to be sufficiently captured into interior hotspots, and further achieve highly sensitive detection with limit of detection down to 3.22 × 10−12 M. This study not only provides an effective pathway for integrating abundant hotspots and activating target molecules in single plasmonic superstructure, but stimulates advancements in SERS substrates for various applications.

In the work, the cryogenic and room temperature drawing behaviors of Cu–Te alloy with a wide range of accumulative drawing true strain up to 1.1 are systematically investigated. For the first time, the storage of geometrically necessary dislocations (GND) and statically stored dislocations (SSD), occurrence of deformation twinning, as well as their respective roles in strain hardening in the drawn Cu–Te alloy at cryogenic and room temperature have been studied. The results show that the liquid nitrogen temperature drawn (LNT-D) Cu–Te alloy presents higher yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength than the room temperature drawn (RT-D) Cu–Te alloy. Microstructural investigation reveals that cryogenic wire drawing of Cu–Te alloy promotes the formation of simultaneous twinning and shear bands, accompanied by the fragmentation of Cu2Te phase. The LNT-D Cu–Te alloy exhibits planar slip characteristics, while RT-D Cu–Te alloy presents wave slip characteristics. Compared with RT-D Cu–Te alloy, the higher YS of LNT-D Cu–Te alloy can be mainly attributed to dislocation strengthening and twinning strengthening, which account for 76.25–80.45% and 4.79–4.91% of the total YS respectively. During room temperature drawing, both GND and SSD play an important role in the hardening of Cu–Te alloy. During cryogenic temperature drawing, work hardening is predominantly through rapid multiplication of SSDs.

Abstract We conducted a mesocosm experiment to examine how ocean acidification (OA) affects communities of prokaryotes and eukaryotes growing on single‐use drinking bottles in subtropical eutrophic waters of the East China Sea. Based on 16S rDNA gene sequencing, simulated high CO2 significantly altered the prokaryotic community, with the relative abundance of the phylum Planctomycetota increasing by 49%. Under high CO2, prokaryotes in the plastisphere had enhanced nitrogen dissimilation and ureolysis, raising the possibility that OA may modify nutrient cycling in subtropical eutrophic waters. The relative abundance of pathogenic and animal parasite bacteria also increased under simulated high CO2. Our results show that elevated CO2 levels significantly affected several animal taxa based on 18S rDNA gene sequencing. For example, Mayorella amoebae were highly resistant, whereas Labyrinthula were sensitive to OA. Thus, OA may alter plastisphere food chains in subtropical eutrophic waters.

Conventional electrophoretic color displays require a permanent electric field, increasing power consumption. Here, the authors report an electrically responsive photonic crystal with switchable bistable states by particle rearrangement for low power consumption displays.

The increasing enhancement in the modulation accuracy of spatial light modulators has garnered significant attention towards real-time control technology for light fields based on these modulators. It has been demonstrated that this technology possesses a remarkable capability to generate vector beams with arbitrary complex amplitude distributions. Nevertheless, past studies indicate that the generation of only one vector beam at a time has been observed. The simultaneous generation of numerous vector light fields can give rise to several challenges, including compromised picture quality, limited single-mode operation, and intricate optical path configurations. In pursuit of this objective, we present a novel methodology that integrates the coding methodology of modified off-axis interferometric holography with the idea of optical superposition. This technique facilitates the concurrent generation of several vector beams. In this study, we present a demonstration of the simultaneous creation of twelve vector beams using a single spatial light modulator (SLM) as a proof of concept. Significantly, this technology has the ability to generate an unlimited quantity of vector light fields concurrently under the assumption that the resolution of the SLM does not impose any limitations. The findings indicate that the imaging quality achieved by this technology is of a high standard. Furthermore, it is possible to separately control the beam waist radius, topological charge, polarization order, and extra phase of each beam.

C34H76N4O16Ti4, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 10.0452(6) Å, b = 16.9053(8) Å, c = 14.6374(8) Å, β = 108.029(6)°, V = 2363.6(2) Å3, Z = 2, R gt(F) = 0.0678, wR ref(F 2) = 0.2126, T = 293(2) K.

The blooms of coccolithophores are usually terminated by their viruses. However, little has been documented on the interplay between the host with virus under different environmental conditions. We investigated the relationship of Emiliania huxleyi (BOF92) and its virus (EhV99B1) after the coccolithophorid had acclimated to different levels of salinity (S35: 35‰; S25: 25‰) and CO2 (AC: 400 μatm; HC: 1000 μatm) for about 15 generations. Our results showed that the virus infection decreased the growth of E. huxleyi along with decreased photochemical efficiency and photosynthetic carbon fixation under all the combinations of the treatments. Lowered salinity exacerbated the impacts of the viral infection on the growth and photosynthetic performance of E. huxley. The elevated pCO2 appeared to have alleviated the impacts of the viral infection on its photosynthetic performance with enhanced levels of Fv/Fm, by about 49% under S35 and by about 16% under S25, respectively. Nevertheless, the elevated pCO2 enhanced the virus burst size by about 18% under the high and by about 46% under the low levels of salinity, respectively. It is concluded that reduced salinity under the elevated pCO2 exacerbates the impact of the virus on E. huxleyi, leading to the highest burst sizes and the lowest photosynthetic carbon fixation, and the enhanced photochemical efficiency and increased levels of Chl a under the elevated pCO2 could have facilitated the energy supply for the virus multiplication in the infected cells of E. huxleyi.

It is difficult to diagnose necrotizing fasciitis early. In addition, untimely or incorrect treatment worsens the disease, which may then develop into severe necrotizing fasciitis. A retrospective analysis of the clinical data of 35 patients with severe necrotizing fasciitis admitted to the Burn Department of Gansu Provincial Hospital from 1 January 2015, to 1 January 2020, and the etiology, causes and diagnosis of their aggravated conditions was performed. Thirty cases were directly or indirectly related to trauma, 4 cases were pressure sores caused by long-term paraplegia, and 1 case was from mosquito bites on the left side of the chest. The preliminary diagnosis of 24 patients was unclear, and these cases were misdiagnosed as cellulitis or skin infections; 11 patients were diagnosed at the early stage, but due to the incorrect treatment or failure of timely treatment, their condition was further aggravated and developed into critical necrotizing fasciitis. 1. The diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis mainly depends on clinical manifestations, and early diagnosis is key; 2. When the patient has local trauma accompanied by local inflammation, fever or hypothermia, necrotizing fasciitis should be highly suspected, and a differential diagnosis should be made between necrotizing fasciitis and cellulitis. The affected tissue should be thoroughly debrided and drained to avoid necrosis spreading to the distal limb along the fascial space. 3. Necrotizing fasciitis should be treated with systemic comprehensive treatment, rational use of antibiotics, correction of water and electrolyte disturbance, early active and thorough debridement and effective wound closure.

Nannochloropsis Oceanica (N. Oceanica), a microalga was used to derive a nitrogen-rich macroporous carbon (NMC) by a controlled carbonization process. The as-prepared NMC was employed to successfully fabricate a silk fabric-based flexible dopamine (DA) sensor for a broad detection range (0.02–2500 μM) and an extremely low limit of detection (0.006 μM). This ranks the best among all reported plain biochar-based ones. The sensing enhancement mechanism is attributed to the rich nitrogen atoms for a bi-atomic matching-catalysis scheme between catalytic centers and reaction sites of DA. The macroporous carbon can engages fast mass-transport but more importantly renders more robust than a meso/micropore structure for superior flexibility. This work offers a fresh thought to fabricate a highly stable and flexible sensor by using macroporous carbons but with rich nitrogen as catalysis centers for unique catalysis scheme.

In this study, the two-phase flow coordination characteristics between α and β phases of H62 brass made by up-drawing continuous casting are investigated based on the upsetting process. An in situ and new research method for two-phase flow is put forward, and the two-phase flow and grain refinement characteristics are observed under different deformation conditions. The results show that α phase flows fast under 400 °C, β phase is pulled and overridden by α phase under this temperature. When the temperature increases to 500 °C, which is higher than β phase transition temperature, the flow velocity of β phase increases, and the deformation of β phase is found to bulge. The flow of β phase is more sensitive to low deformation rates than α phase. The deformation amount has a more significant impact on β phase than α phase, and the deformation of β phase promotes the grain fragmentation and refinement of α phase accompanied by huge β phase bulging obviously. Under the conditions of high temperature, low deformation rate, and large deformation amount, both phase α and β of up-drawing continuous casting brass alloy are broken and the grains are refined. Based on the two-phase flow characteristic, numerical simulation is used to obtain the optimal continuous extrusion parameters of the H-shaped wire of up-drawing continuous casting H62 brass. Then, the optimized complex cross-section wire is prepared by continuous extrusion experiment. This research aims to provide guidance for the complex processing of two-phase alloys.

Expensive instruments and complicated data processing are often required to discriminate solvents with similar structures and properties. Colorimetric sensors with high selectivity, low cost, and good portability are highly desirable to simplify such detection tasks. Herein, we report the fabrication of a photonic crystal sensor based on the self-assembled resorcinol formaldehyde (RF) hollow spheres to realize colorimetric sensing of polar solvents, including homologs and isomers based on the saturated diffusion time. The diffusion of solvent molecules through the photonic crystal film exhibits a unique three-step diffusion profile accompanied by a dynamic color change, as determined by the physicochemical properties of the solvent molecules and their interactions with the polymer shells, making it possible to accurately identify the solvent type based on the dynamic reflection spectra or visual perception. With its superior selectivity and sensitivity, this single-component colorimetric sensor represents a straightforward tool for convenient solvent detection and identification.

A novel experimental setup for the generation of arbitrary vector beams is proposed. The system major includes two reflective liquid crystal spatial light modulators (RLC-SLM) and a polarizing beam splitting prism. Moreover, this method is not limited by the wavelength of light wave and the pixel size of SLM. Theoretical analysis shows that when Gaussian beam or a plane beam is illuminated on a computer-generated hologram (CGH) specially designed in this work, the complex amplitudes of the vector field’s two orthogonal polarization components may be changed by modifying the encoding parameters, resulting in a vector beam with arbitrary complex amplitude and polarization in the output field. The experimental results also show that the two independent coding channels of the device have good polarization-selective imaging ability, which greatly improves the flexibility of generating arbitrary vector beams.

An invisible photonic crystal (PC) pattern encrypted at the dry state and decrypted by solvent is a new anticounterfeiting material system, but its diversity and complexity in response are still required to be increased to enhance the anticounterfeiting effect. Herein, a triple‐state invisible pattern encrypted in hollow‐silica/polyurethane (h‐SiO2/PU) film with two decryption mechanisms is developed based on the asymmetric solvent response of h‐SiO2/PU with different SiO2 shell thicknesses. The pattern is printed via etching SiO2 shell in the designed region, which creates an etched “pattern” containing thin‐shell h‐SiO2 particles and an unetched “background” containing thick‐shell particles. Different from the traditional invisible PC patterns, the current system possesses triple states, including a “dry” invisible state composed of two close inverse opal structures, a “wet” invisible state composed of inverse opals filled with water, and an ethanol‐soaking visible state due to the prevention of solvent diffusion by the thicker shell. The invisible patterns are reversibly and randomly switched among these three states, which suggest that they are decrypted from the dry invisible state through selective solvent infiltration or from the wet invisible state through selective extraction. Such increased diversity and complexity make this invisible PC pattern ideal material for anticounterfeiting applications.

The impact hardening gel (IHG) reinforced Kevlar fabric composite is a new type of protective material prepared by Kevlar fabric as dispersed phase and IHG as matrix. In this paper, IHG was strengthened by SiO2 and T-ZnOw particles, and then the Kevlar fabric was compounded by dipping and sandwich lamination. With the help of rheological testing and yarn pull-out testing, the relationship between microscopic shear rate and the macroscopic linear velocity was established. To verify the enhancement effect of the material, the low velocity impact testing was used to analyze the impact response and damage morphology. And the energy dissipation mechanism of the material was obtained. As a result, the reinforcing particles significantly increased the energy storage modulus of IHG, and the friction between the fibers of Kevlar/IHG impregnated composites. The structure-optimized sandwich material had a significant energy absorption effect, which was 41.9% higher than that of the untreated Kevlar fabric. This provided the theoretical basis and reference for the optimal development of lightweight anti-impact flexible protection materials.

Little empirical research is available on the evaluation of affective objectives under the New Curriculum Reform in China. This study investigated 1563 volunteers from three lower secondary school students in Gansu Province, China, to explore the factor structure of affective objectives and to assess students' affective attainments in the context of western rural China. The final affective objectives questionnaire was able to put forth a statistically valid three-factor model that provides solutions for nine affective objectives: bravery, self-confidence, independence, fairness, integrity, forgiveness, gratitude, love of learning and aesthetic. The affective objectives with the best performance in these rural students were gratitude, independence and integrity, while the three lowest rated were forgiveness, bravery and confidence. Male students rated themselves statistically higher on confidence, bravery and love of learning, whereas female students rated themselves statistically higher on independence, fairness and aesthetic. Comparing different grade groups revealed that seventh-grade students reported higher scores than eighth- and ninth-grade students for confidence, integrity, love of learning and aesthetic, whereas ninth-grade students rated slightly higher than eighth-grade students on bravery and gratitude.

In this paper, the resonance response of piezoelectric vibration energy harvester (VEH) driven by bounded noise is discussed through the quasi-conservative stochastic averaging method. A nonlinear transformation based on the total energy is firstly established to transform piezoelectric VEH system from an electromechanical coupled nonlinear system into a single-degree-offreedom (SDOF) system. Then the SDOF system is rewritten as It ˆo stochastic system about the energy and residual phase under the case of p:q resonance through the quasi-conservative stochastic averaging method. And the joint probability density function (JPDF) of the stationary response is obtained by solving the corresponding two-dimensional Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov (FPK) equation using the finite difference method. Meanwhile, the mean-square electric voltage and the mean output power are further analytically given through the JPDF. Finally, the resonance response of piezoelectric VEH system is analyzed in detail in case of the primary resonance, and the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation technique is adopted to validate the effectiveness of the finite difference method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]