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Eight previously undescribed diarylheptanoids (1–8), together with fifteen known analogues (9–23), were isolated from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale. Their structures were unambiguously determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. It is worth mentioning that 1–3 are the first reported structures of diaryl ether heptanoids in Z. officinale, whereas 15–17 were isolated from Zingiber for the first time. Furthermore, a gene enrichment analysis of the interacting targets indicated that diarylheptanoids were mainly associated with the anti-tumor activity by affecting DNA damage signaling pathway. The results showed that 6, 16–19 had remarkable inhibitory effects against five tumor cell lines (A549, HepG2, HeLa, MDA-MB-231, and HCT116) with IC50 values ranging from 6.69–33.46 μM, and showed down-regulating the expression of ATR (ataxia telangiectasia mutated and RAD3-related) and CHK1 (checkpoint kinase 1) levels in HCT116 and A549 cell lines. Our studies not only enrich the structural diversity of diarylheptanoids in nature, but also discover several natural compounds for anti-tumor agents.

Renal fibrosis is a characteristic of diabetic nephropathy, which is a serious complication of diabetes. It has been reported that (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) attenuates renal fibrosis. However, the molecular mechanism of regulation by EGCG in this process remains unclear. Previous studies showed that abnormal activation of Notch signaling contributes to the development of renal fibrosis. Previous studies have demonstrated that EGCG attenuates Notch1 expression. In this study, we found that the levels of fibronectin and Notch1 expression were decreased in human embryonic kidney cells after treatment with EGCG. We also observed that the type II transforming growth factor beta receptor (TGFβRII) and Smad3 pathway were inhibited in kidney cells by treatment with EGCG. In the diabetic kidney, we found that the activation of Notch signaling was attenuated by administration of EGCG. Moreover, TGFβRII and Smad3 phosphorylation could be inhibited by treatment with EGCG in the kidney. These results indicated that EGCG may improve renal fibrosis by targeting Notch via inhibition of the TGFβ/Smad3 pathway in diabetic mice. Our findings provide insight into the therapeutic strategy for diabetes-induced renal fibrosis, and suggest EGCG to be a novel potential medicine for the treatment of chronic kidney disease in patients with diabetes.

Five new phenylpropanoid allopyranosides (1–5), along with five known compounds (6–10) were isolated from the rhizomes of Cimicifuga dahurica. Their structures were established by means of spectroscopic analyses and chemical methods, as well as comparison with literatures. The anti-inflammatory activities of all isolates were evaluated. Compounds 6, 9 and 10 exhibited inhibitory effects on PGE2 production in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages with IC50 values of 19.72, 6.33 and 39.90 µM, respectively.

Phytochemical study on rhizomes of Cimicifuga dahurica resulted in the isolation of nine new neolignan and phenylpropanoid glycosides, cimicifugasides A-E (1, 2, 7-9), cimicifugamides B-D (3-5), shomaside G (6) along with four known compounds (10-13). Their structures were identified by extensive spectroscopic analyses (1D-, 2D-NMR, MS, CD, IR, UV) and chemical methods. Their anti-inflammatory potentials were evaluated by measuring their effects on PGE2 production of LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, and compounds 12 and 13 showed moderate anti-inflammatory activities.

Cimicifuga dahurica (Turcz.) Maxim, which is also regarded as the main origin of "shengma" in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, has been used as cooling and detoxification agents for thousands of years. Our previous phytochemical investigations of C. dahurica extracts (CDEs) led to the isolation of a series of 9, 19-cycloalkane triterpenoids and phenolic acids showing a potential anti-inflammatory activity. However, the chemical profiling of CDEs and the material basis of its anti-inflammatory effect in vivo has not been clarified. In the present study, the CDEs chemical profile and prototype components in rat plasma were identified via ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS). As a result, a total of 106 components were identified or tentatively characterized in CDEs, including 54 triterpenoids, 35 phenolic acids, eight amides and nine other type constituents (39 compounds were confirmed with the reference standards). And 20 prototype components (15 triterpenoids and five phenolic acids) were identified in rat plasma, which potentially related to the anti-inflammatory effects of CDEs. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory activities of the main prototype components were further evaluated by their inhibitory effects on the production of NO, as well as the expressions of iNOS and COX-2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, which indicated that 9, 19-cycloalkane triterpenoids may play an anti-inflammatory role by down-regulating the expression of iNOS.

Eight previously undescribed diarylheptanoids (1-8), together with fifteen known analogues (9-23), were isolated from the rhizomes of

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is highly aggressive, with high rates of early relapse and very poor overall prognosis. Amphiregulin (AREG) is the most abundant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) agonist in MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells, whose proliferation can be inhibited by (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a constituent of green tea that is prone to oxidative polymerization. The effect of dimeric-EGCG, a dimer of oxidized and polymerized EGCG, on MDA-MB-231 cell the proliferation warrants further exploration. In the present study, MTT, flow cytometry, migration scratch, transwell, western blotting, and surface plasmon resonance assays were used to evaluate the effect of dimeric-EGCG on MDA-MB-231 cells and explore the underlying mechanism. MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation and migration were significantly inhibited by dimeric-EGCG at concentrations as low as 10 μM. Levels of EGFR and p44/42 MAPK phosphorylation in MDA-MB-231 cells were significantly reduced by treatment with 10 μM dimeric-EGCG (P < 0.01). In addition, the levels of phosphorylation induced by exogenous AREG were also inhibited by dimeric-EGCG (P < 0.01); however, no significant effects of dimeric-EGCG were observed on epidermal growth factor or transforming growth factor-alpha signaling. Surface plasmon resonance analysis demonstrated that 10 μM dimeric-EGCG bound directly to the extracellular domain of EGFR, competitively inhibiting the binding of AREG to EGFR. These results suggest a novel mechanism underlying the inhibitory effect of dimeric-EGCG on MDA-MB-231 cells, with potential application in the development of drugs for the treatment of TNBC.

Renal fibrosis is a characteristic of diabetic nephropathy, which is a serious complication of diabetes. It has been reported that (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) attenuates renal fibrosis. However, the molecular mechanism of regulation by EGCG in this process remains unclear. Previous studies showed that abnormal activation of Notch signaling contributes to the development of renal fibrosis. Previous studies have demonstrated that EGCG attenuates Notch1 expression. In this study, we found that the levels of fibronectin and Notch1 expression were decreased in human embryonic kidney cells after treatment with EGCG. We also observed that the type II transforming growth factor beta receptor (TGFβRII) and Smad3 pathway were inhibited in kidney cells by treatment with EGCG. In the diabetic kidney, we found that the activation of Notch signaling was attenuated by administration of EGCG. Moreover, TGFβRII and Smad3 phosphorylation could be inhibited by treatment with EGCG in the kidney. These results indicated that EGCG may improve renal fibrosis by targeting Notch via inhibition of the TGFβ/Smad3 pathway in diabetic mice. Our findings provide insight into the therapeutic strategy for diabetes-induced renal fibrosis, and suggest EGCG to be a novel potential medicine for the treatment of chronic kidney disease in patients with diabetes.

A new phenylpropanoid allopyranoside (

Background In diabetes, delayed wound healing is one of the most prominent clinical manifestations and lacks satisfactory therapeutic schemes. Persistent inflammation impairs the healing process which occurs in the late phase of wound healing in diabetes mellitus (DM) mice. It has been report that dendrobium officinale (DE) could decrease inflammation and the NF-κB signaling pathway plays a critical role in regulated inflammation. The aim of the present study is to detect whether DE attenuated inflammation by NF-κB to accelerate wound healing in diabetes. Methods Mice were induced to diabetes by streptozocin (STZ) for 15 days. Two circular 8-mm full-thickness wounds were created on the back and then received DE treatment for 18 days. The percentage of wound healing, re-epithelialization and collagen deposition were calculation to evaluation the effect of DE on wound healing. The expression levels of interleukin (IL)- 1β and TNF-α in the wound site were determined by WB. Macrophage deposition and the type of macrophage were detected by WB and immunohistochemical staining. In addition, the expression of p65 was detected by WB. Results Herein, we observed that the late wound healing could be improved by dendrobium officinale orchid extract (DE) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DM mice. The accumulation of collagen was increased by DE treatment in the skin. We also found that the expression of pro-inflammation cytokines IL-1β, and TNF-α were inhibited by DE treatment in the skin wounds of DM mice. Furthermore, the macrophages accumulation which increased in diabetes wound site, were inhibited by DE treatment in the DM mice wound skin. And the CD163 which is a marker of type 2 macrophage was increased by DE treatment. Moreover, we confirmed that DE could decrease the expression of iNos which is a marker of type 1 macrophage by IHC in the skin wounds. And the levels of p65 and p65 phosphorylation were decreased by DE. Conclusions Wound healing can be improved by DE through NF-κB signaling pathway to attenuated inflammation in STZ-induced diabetic mice.

Lonimacranaldes A and B (1 and 2), along with one biogenetically related intermediate, lonimacranalde C (3), were isolated from the flower buds of Lonicera macranthoides. Characterized by an iridoid structure and an additional C-6 unit with an aldehyde group, compounds 1 and 2 are the first examples of hybrid iridoids possessing an unexpected 6/5/6 fused tricyclic ring system, while compound 3 serves as an important precursor for their generation. The structures of lonimacranaldes A–C (1–3) were revealed by extensive spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction analyses. A plausible biogenetic pathway for them was proposed. Compound 3 showed anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting the production of IL-6 on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells with an IC50 value of 6.33 μM.

Liquid crystalline-molecularly imprinted polymer (LC-MIP) particles were first found to possess the floating behavior on the aqueous medium. Combined with molecular recognition, the LC-MIP was fabricated as a novel class of the controlled-release gastric retentive DDS. The LC-MIP was made using co-polymerization of methacrylic acid, 4-methyl phenyl dicyclohexyl ethylene (LC monomer with vinyl group), and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate with S -amlodipine ( S -AML) as model template drug. The optimum condition of the preparation of LC-MIP has been obtained relying on release behaviors of S -AML from the LC-MIP. The surface morphology of LC-MIP and three corresponding control samples, i.e., template-free LC-NIP, LC-free MIP, and LC-free NIP, were studied. Applying the LF model for the binding isotherm, imprinting factors was 2.80 for the LC-MIP with the crosslinking degree of 20.0%, whereas 6.70 for the LC-free MIP with high levels of crosslinker (80.0%). Furthermore, the phase transition behaviors of LC-based particles as well as drug-loaded LC elastomers were measured by a differential scanning calorimeter and the formed hydrogen bonding between S -AML and LC-MIP was demonstrated by FT-IR spectra. In vivo imaging experiment proved that the floating LC-MIP had significantly longer gastric residence time (>60 min) than the non-floating MIP reference ( In vivo pharmacokinetic study showed a plateau region between 1.5 and 22 h on the plasma concentration from the LC-MIP. In spite of lower imprinting factor, the relative bioavailability of the gastro-floating LC-MIP was 180.5%, whereas only 111.7% of the LC-free MIP. As a conclusion, the LC-MIPs indicated potentials for oral administration due to the innovative combination of floating and controlled release properties.

Ten cycloart-7-ene triterpenoid glycosides, including three new compounds (

A new phenylpropanoid allopyranoside (1) and a new indolinone alkaloid (2) were isolated from the rhizomes of Actaea dahurica (syn. Cimicifuga dahurica). The structures of those two compounds were deduced as cimicifugaside F (1) and 3E,11E-(3-methyl-2-butenylidene acid)-2-indolinone-1-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (2) by detailed analysis of their MS, 1D and 2D NMR data and comparison with literatures. Additionally, the isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on the production of NO by LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.

Ten cycloart-7-ene triterpenoid glycosides, including three new compounds (1–3), were isolated from the roots of Cimicifuga dahurica. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses, chemical methods and comparison with literatures. In addition, the isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on the production of NO, as well as the expressions of iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The results showed that compounds 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8 can reduce the release of NO in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, Western blot analysis indicated that the NO inhibitory effects relied on down-regulating the expression of iNOS, and partially associated with lowering the expression of COX-2.

Magnesium (Mg)-based biometal attracts clinical applications due to its biodegradability and beneficial biological effects on tissue regeneration, especially in orthopaedics, yet the underlying anabolic mechanisms in relevant clinical disorders are lacking. The present study investigated the effect of magnesium (Mg) and vitamin C (VC) supplementation for preventing steroid-associated osteonecrosis (SAON) in a rat experimental model. In SAON rats, 50 mg/kg Mg, or 100 mg/kg VC, or combination, or water control was orally supplemented daily for 2 or 6 weeks respectively. Osteonecrosis was evaluated by histology. Serum Mg, VC, and bone turnover markers were measured. Microfil-perfused samples prepared for angiography and trabecular architecture were evaluated by micro-CT. Primary bone marrow cells were isolated from each group to evaluate their potentials in osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. The mechanisms were tested in vitro. Histological evaluation showed SAON lesions in steroid treated groups. Mg and VC supplementation synergistically reduced the apoptosis of osteocytes and osteoclast number, and increased osteoblast surface. VC supplementation significantly increased the bone formation marker PINP, and the combination significantly decreased the bone resorption marker CTX. TNFα expression and oxidative injury were decreased in bone marrow in Mg/VC/combination group. Mg significantly increased the blood perfusion in proximal tibia and decreased the leakage particles in distal tibia 2 weeks after SAON induction. VC significantly elevated the osteoblast differentiation potential of marrow cells and improved the trabecular architecture. The combination supplementation significantly inhibited osteoclast differentiation potential of marrow cells. In vitro study showed promoting osteoblast differentiation effect of VC, and anti-inflammation and promoting angiogenesis effect of Mg with underlying mechanisms. Mg and VC supplementation could synergistically alleviate SAON in rats, indicating great translational potentials of metallic minerals for preventing SAON.

Lonimacranaldes A and B (1 and 2), along with one biogenetically related intermediate, lonimacranalde C (3), were isolated from the flower buds of

Thirteen new sesquiterpenoids, arteannoides F-R (1-13), along with 13 known analogues (14-26), were isolated from the dried aerial parts of Artemisia annua L. Their structures, including absolute configurations, were unambiguously determined by a combination of physical data analyses (HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR, and ECD) as well as the crystal structures of 1, 5, 6, 15, 19, and 23. Among the isolated compounds, 1 features an unusual 11-oxatricyclo[6.2.1.04,9]undecan-2-ene ring system, 5 possesses an uncommon 4,11-ether bridged tricyclic framework, whereas 6 is a new eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoid formed via rearrangement of its carbon backbone. The systemically anti-inflammatory activities of all isolates were evaluated by measuring their inhibitory effects on PGE2, NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Moreover, the structure activity relationships of some compounds are summarized, this study will provide new structural templates for discovering potential anti-inflammatory agents.

The research discusses the channel structure of modern agricultural engineering demonstration sites in Guangzhou. It analyzes the strategies of channel competition, personnel combination, transportation combination and terminal network construction. Enterprises adapt different marketing channel strategies on the basis of the type of the market. The research has made certain achievement and has certain guiding significance.

Familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis (FHHNC) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the CLDN16 or CLDN19 genes, encoding claudin-16 and claudin-19 in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop. In patients with claudin-19 mutations, severe ocular involvement (macular coloboma, pigmentary retinitis, nystagmus, or visual loss) has been described. In this report, we presented a 12-year-old girl with rickets, polyuria, and polydipsia. She was the daughter of consanguineous parents, and she had a history of recurred hypocalcemic and hypomagnesemic tetany. On physical examination, bilateral horizontal nystagmus and severe myopia were detected. Laboratory examination revealed hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis, and renal stone. A clinical diagnosis of FHHNC caused possibly by claudin-19 mutation was decided with the ocular findings. DNA analysis revealed a novel homozygous missense mutation c.241C>T in the CLDN19 gene. In conclusion, in a patient with hypomagnesemia, hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis, and ocular findings, a diagnosis of FHHNC caused by claudin-19 mutation should be considered. This is the first study of FHHNC in Chinese population. Our findings of the novel mutation c.241C>T in exon 2 add to the list of more than 16 mutations of CLDN19 gene reported.

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical features of two families with distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) and mutations in the pathogenic gene SLC4A1. METHODS: Family investigation, medical history collection, and measurement of biochemical parameters were performed to analyze the clinical phenotype and genetic characteristics of dRTA. Direct sequencing was used to detect SLC4A1 gene mutations. RESULTS: Three patients in these two families (two of them were mother and son) were diagnosed with dRTA with typical clinical features, including short stature, metabolic acidosis, alkaline urine, hypokalemia, and nephrocalcinosis. SLC4A1 gene analysis showed that all the three patients had a pathogenic missense mutation R589H (c.1766G > A). The child in family 1 had a de novo mutation of SLC4A1, and the child in family 2 had an SLC4A1 gene mutation inherited from the mother, which met the characteristic of autosomal dominant inheritance. CONCLUSIONS: This study reports the R589H mutation in SLC4A1 gene in families with hereditary dRTA for the first time in China. Clinical physicians should perform gene detection for patients suspected of hereditary dRTA to improve the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

Six new monoterpene glycosides, named 6'-O-nicotinoylalbiflorin (1), 4'-O-vanillylalbiflorin (2), paeonidanin L (3), paeoniflorigenin-1-O-β-d-xyloside (4), 6'-(2-hydroxypropanoyl)-paeoniflorin (5), oxylactiflorin (6), together with 16known ones (7-22) were isolated from the 70% ethanol extract of Paeoniae Radix. Their structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic analysis (1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS, IR and UV), chemical evidences and comparison with literatures. The inhibitory effects of all the isolates were evaluated against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated PGE2 production in RAW 264.7 macrophages.

Frontal polymerization was successfully applied, for the first time, to obtain molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). The method provides a solvent-free polymerization mode, and the reaction can be completed in 30 min. By this approach, MIPs were synthesized using a mixture of levofloxacin (template), methacrylic acid, and divinylbenzene. The effect of template concentration and the amount of comonomer on the imprinting effect of the resulting MIPs was investigated. The textural and morphological parameters of the MIP particles were also characterized by mercury intrusion porosimetry, nitrogen adsorption isotherms, and scanning electron microscopy, providing evidence concerning median pore diameter, pore volumes, and pore size distributions. The levofloxacin-imprinted polymer formed in frontal polymerization mode showed high selectivity, with an imprinting factor of 5.78. The results suggest that frontal polymerization provides an alternative means to prepare MIPs that are difficult to synthesize and may open up new perspectives in the field of MIPs.

In this paper, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) coating grafted to a trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM) core material for CEC was reported. The core monolith was prepared with a solution of 20% (w/w) TRIM in a mixture of porogen and a polymerization precursor, which can generate a stable electroosmotic flow due to the formation of ionizable groups after postpolymerization hydrolization. Graft polymerization took place on the resultant TRIM monolith with a mixture of template, methacrylic acid, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. Strong recognition ability (selectivity factor was 5.83) for S-amlodipine and resolution of enatiomers separation (up to 7.99) were obtained on the resulting grafted imprinted monolith in CEC mode. The influence of CEC conditions on chiral separation, including the composition of mobile phase, pH value, and the operating voltages was studied. These results suggest that the method of grafted polymerization reported here allows a rapid development of MIP monolith once core materials with desired properties are available, and is a good alternative to prepare CEC-based monolithic MIPs.

Osteopetrosis is a group of genetic bone disorders. Mutations in the chloride channel 7 gene (CLCN7) lead to chloride channel defect, which results in autosomal dominant osteopetrosis type II (ADO-II), autosomal recessive osteopetrosis (ARO), and intermediate autosomal recessive osteopetrosis (IARO). In the present study, we identified seven novel mutations of the CLCN7 gene and reported the first case of IARO with compound heterozygous mutation in Chinese population. Osteopetrosis is a heritable bone disorder due to the deficiency of or function defect in osteoclasts. Mutations in the CLCN7 lead to chloride channel defects, which result in osteopetrosis with diverse severity ranging from asymptomatic or relatively mild symptoms in ADO-II to the very severe phenotype in ARO. Heterozygous mutations in CLCN7 are associated to ADO-II, while homozygous and compound heterozygous mutations in CLCN7 may result in ARO and IARO. To date, a total of 24 mutations in CLCN7 were identified in ADO-II, and only 3 mutations were identified in IARO. In the present study, we reported seven unrelated ADO-II patients and one IARO patient from Chinese population and elucidated the characteristics of CLCN7 gene mutations in these patients. All 25 CLCN7 exons and exon-intron boundaries from genomic DNA were amplified and sequenced in eight affected individuals suffering from ADO-II/IARO. The clinical, biochemical, and radiographic analysis were evaluated to compare the differences between ADO-II and IARO both in genotype and phenotype. The results showed that there were seven novel CLCN7 mutations identified in these ADO-II/IARO patients, including six heterozygous missense mutations (p.L224R, p.S290Y, p.R326G, p.G347R, p.S473N, and p.L564P) and a novel splice mutation (p.K691FS). The compound heterozygous mutations (p.L224R and p.K691FS) were firstly observed in one IARO patient. The present study would enrich the database of CLCN7 mutations and improve our understanding of this heritable bone disorder.

Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (PHO) is a hereditary bone disease characterized by digital clubbing, periostosis, and pachydermia. The HPGD gene encoding 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase and SLCO2A1 encoding one type of prostaglandin transporter were found to be responsible for PHO. Mutations of either gene would lead to increased level of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which might contribute to the constellation of the symptoms. The aim of the study was to analyze the HPGD gene and the clinical characteristics in nine patients with the diagnosis of PHO. Nine patients, (eight males and one female) including two siblings and seven sporadic cases, were enrolled in the study. Clinical features were summarized, and blood and urine samples were collected. Sanger method was used to sequence the HPGD gene to detect mutations. Urinary PGE2 and prostaglandin metabolite (PGE-M) levels for each patient were measured and compared to the healthy controls. A recurrent c.310_311delCT mutation was identified in all patients, of which six were homozygous, two were heterozygous, and one was compound heterozygous with this mutation and a novel heterozygous missense mutation c.488G>A (p.R163H). The levels of PGE2 in urine were much higher than normal in all patients, along with lower PGE-M levels. In conclusion, nine PHO patients were characterized by typical clinical manifestations including digital clubbing, periostosis, and pachydermia. A common mutation and a novel mutation in HPGD gene were identified to be responsible for the disease, and c.310_311delCT mutation is likely to be a hot-spot mutation site for Asian PHO patients.

Supermacroporous poly(methacrylic acid-butyl methacrylate-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monoliths with the pore size up to 5–10 μm were successfully prepared in a ternary polymeric porogens utilizing viscoelastic effect. High concentration (over 20 mg/mL) of polystyrene (PS) in porogen was used to achieve the desirable characteristics of the monolithic capillary. Modification of the co-porogen composition, i.e., the content of dimethyl sulfoxide and isooctane, enabled tailoring of the supermacropore structure with a wide range of pore size. The effects of the amount of polymer porogen and molecular weights of PS on the formation of supermacropore were also studied. In preliminary applications, the separations of alkyl phenones and alkylbenzenes were achieved on the supermacropore columns using a mode of capillary electrochromatography. The study demonstrated successfully the ability of polymer porogen to form supermacropore monolith via viscoelastic phase separation

In this paper, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) coating grafted to a trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM) core material for CEC was reported. The core monolith was prepared with a solution of 20% (w/w) TRIM in a mixture of porogen and a polymerization precursor, which can generate a stable electroosmotic flow due to the formation of ionizable groups after postpolymerization hydrolization. Graft polymerization took place on the resultant TRIM monolith with a mixture of template, methacrylic acid, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. Strong recognition ability (selectivity factor was 5.83) for S-amlodipine and resolution of enatiomers separation (up to 7.99) were obtained on the resulting grafted imprinted monolith in CEC mode. The influence of CEC conditions on chiral separation, including the composition of mobile phase, pH value, and the operating voltages was studied. These results suggest that the method of grafted polymerization reported here allows a rapid development of MIP monolith once core materials with desired properties are available, and is a good alternative to prepare CEC-based monolithic MIPs.