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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lidocaine for patient controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) in patients who underwent open hepatectomy.A retrospective analysis.A total of 281 patients who underwent open hepatectomy from July 2018 to December 2018 were included. All patients were assigned into two groups: the lidocaine group (PCIA consisted of lidocaine, sufentanil, tramadol and granisetron) and the control group (PCIA consisted of sufentanil, tramadol and granisetron). The postoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) and complications (including respiratory depression, hypotension, nausea and vomiting, pruritus, numbness of the corners of the mouth, dizziness) between the groups were compared.There were no significant differences between the characteristics, duration of surgery and anesthesia, and recovery of postoperative activity between the two groups. In the first 3 days after the operation, the postoperative VAS score of the lidocaine group was lower than that of the control group at resting state, while after activity, the postoperative VAS contrast results were completely opposite. In particularly, the resting state at 48 hours (h) (1.05 ± 1.25 vs 1.57 ± 1.54) after surgery and the activity state at 72 h (3.02 ± 1.51 vs 2.2 ± 1.66) after surgery (P0.05). The incidence of mouth numbness and dizziness were significantly increased in the lidocaine group (P0.05).The addition of lidocaine in PCIA was not beneficial to improve the pain during activities and increased the incidence of perioral numbness and dizziness.

The water oxidation reaction (WOR) is a bottleneck in water splitting. Though many catalysts have been developed for this reaction, cost-effective, robust and efficient electrocatalysts based on non-precious metals are still highly desired. Herein reported are the synthesis, characterization and electrocatalytic properties of a dicopper(II) complex of the tetrapyridyl ligand N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,4-butanediamine (tpbn) and 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy), [Cu2(tpbn)(bpy)2](ClO4)4·2CH3COCH3 (1). The X-ray single crystallography analysis revealed that the tpbn ligand bridges two copper(II) centers located in a square pyramidal environment composed of one bpy ligand as well as two pyridyl and one amino groups of a tpbn. Complex 1 was a molecular electrocatalyst for WOR in 0.1 M NaOAc–NaOH solutions of pH 11.0–14.0. It was demonstrated that the incorporation of the ancillary ligand bpy into the tpbn-bridged dicopper(II) complex is crucial for the stabilization of the catalytic system and the enhancement of the activity. This work provided an alternative to achieve robust homogeneous catalytic systems with better performance.

Herein reported are the catalytic properties of the composites derived from complex [Cu 2 (tpbn)(CH 3 OH) 4 (ClO 4 ) 2 ](ClO 4 ) 2 ( 1 ) of tetrapyridyl ligand N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-pyridyl-methyl)-1,4-butanediamine (tpbn). Complex 1 was a precursor of the composites catalytically active for water oxidation and CO 2 reduction reactions. Under the anodic potential of +1.20 V vs. Ag/AgCl, composites deposited on tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) electrodes from the solutions of complex 1 at pH 9.0–13.5 are highly active for water oxidation reaction (WOR). In contrast, under the cathodic potential of −1.20 V vs. Ag/AgCl, the species deposited on the copper surface from the solutions of complex 1 at pH 6.7 can efficiently catalyze CO 2 reduction to CO. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the composites on ITO and Cu surfaces were particulate materials. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and x-ray-excited Auger electron spectroscopy (XAES) analysis revealed that the composites mainly contain cuprous oxide (Cu 2 O) and copper oxide (CuO) in different ratios, which showed different catalytic activity to water oxidation and CO 2 reduction reactions in copper-free aqueous solutions under low overpotentials. This work demonstrated that metal complexes are good candidates for preparing robust, noble-metal-free catalysts for reactions relevant to renewable energy sources.

Titanium alloy Ti6Al4V has poor machinability, which leads to high unit cutting force and cutting temperature, rapid tool failure. In this study, the effect of the cutting speed, feed rate and cooling condition on cutting force and cutting temperature is critically analysed by turning experiment. At the same time, the relationship is established among tool wear, cutting force and cutting temperature. This investigation has shown that cutting speed is the decisive factor which increasing cutting force and cutting temperature. In the process of turning, tool wear results in high amounts of heat and mechanical stress, which leads to serious tool wear. The Minimal Quantity Lubrication reduces the frictional condition at the chip-tool, decreases cutting force and cutting temperature, and delays the tool failure.

Based on the biological purification technology combined with the engineering measures, the enhanced nitrogen purification biological experiment is implemented in Wenyu River in Beijing. The water in the river mainly is the outflow from the sewage treatment plant, in which the ammonium (NH4-N) has been effectively removed for the deeply nitrification, while treatment of the nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) and total nitrogen (TN) is incomplete due to the denitrification. The water has low C/N value and has poor biodegradability. In this study, aiming at the water feature of low C/N and poor biodegradability, the effective way to strengthen denitrification by some enhanced techniques, such as increasing the microorganisms number and biodegradability (ie, improved nitrogen ratio), changing denitrification rates and so on, has been studied. The experimental results show that under the condition of water flow (Q) as 15 ~ 27L/hr, hydraulic detention time as (HRT) 10 ~ 18h, concentration of nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) as 12.20 ~ 31.44mg / L, and total nitrogen (TN) as 14.50 ~ 34.71 mg / L, the removal rates of NO3-N and TN are over 30%.

Construction cost risk management is an essential part of construction cost management,especially in the context of the ‘triple overrun’ that has been rampant across China over the last few years,i.e. the cost overrunning the budget,the budget overrunning the budgetary estimate, and the budgetary estimate overrunning the initial estimate. Since traditional methods of calculating construction reserve funds fail to serve the purpose of curbing the ‘triple overrun’,we deem it necessary to establish a quantitative, rational, and accurate calculation and analytical model to measure basic reserve funds. This paper aims to provide an analytical model based on the VaR technique, where parameters are determined by VaR’s three key factors, and a standard VaR process of analyzing basic reserve funds is set up. The model proves to be effective in our case study when basic reserve funds predicted by the model well match the actual ones,which is shown clearly by the Q-Q plot curves and CDF curves.

As a research hotspot, microwave technology is employed to measure grains moisture. Microwave devices based on various frequency bands appear in some measurement systems. These applications have no a theoretical foundation. This paper provides the principle of microwave technology used in moisture measurement. The factors, detection depth, horizontal and vertical resolutions, which are crucial to select the working frequency, are expounded. This paper also sets forth current application frequencies in moisture measurement systems. At the end, an advisable experiment framework is built to help select the frequency band preliminary for the moisture measurement.

This paper provides an automatic barn-entering system for grains. Based on the technologies of microwave and PLC, the system may detect the grain moisture on line and control the directions of grain flows on conveyor. For the flows with moisture below the specified threshold, the grains may be made their way into the barn, otherwise rechannel the direction automatically and not permitted into the barn.Thus can avoid effectively grains' from going mouldy due to the high moisture content.

Background Lower pole kidney stones typically have poor rates of spontaneous clearance from the body. Some studies have suggested that diuresis, percussion and inversion therapy could be beneficial for people with lower pole kidney stones following shock wave lithotripsy. There is however controversy about the relative benefits, harms, and efficacy of these interventions for the management of lower pole kidney stones. Objectives To identify the benefits and harms of percussion, diuresis, and inversion therapy to facilitate the passage of lower pole kidney stones following shock wave lithotripsy. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Renal Group's specialised register up to 27 November 2013 through contact with the Trials' Search Co-ordinator using search terms relevant to this review. Selection criteria All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs looking at the benefits and harms of percussion, diuresis, and inversion therapy for aiding passage of lower pole kidney stones following shock wave lithotripsy were sought for assessment. The first phases of randomised cross-over studies were also eligible for inclusion. Data collection and analysis Two authors independently assessed study quality and extracted data. Results were expressed as relative risk (RR) for dichotomous outcomes and mean difference (MD) or standardised mean difference (SMD) for continuous data with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Main results We identified two small studies (177 participants) for inclusion and analysis. One study (69 participants) compared percussion, diuresis and inversion therapy following shock wave lithotripsy versus observation-only after shock wave lithotripsy. This study reported significantly higher stone-free rates in the intervention group (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.82) and a significant reduction in stone burden (MD -3.30, 95% CI -3.58 to -3.03) compared to the observation-only group. They reported no significant differences in complication rates (RR 3.00, 95% CI 0.12 to 76.24). The second study (108 participants) compared percussion, diuresis, and inversion therapy plus shock wave lithotripsy with shock wave lithotripsy therapy alone. This study reported significantly higher stone-free rates in the intervention group (RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.80) and a significant reduction in stone burden (MD -0.30, 95% CI -0.04 to -0.56) compared to the control group. They reported no significant differences in complication rates (RR 2.54, 95% CI 0.10 to 63.72). For both studies selection bias was unclear; there was high risk of bias for performance bias; and detection, attrition and reporting bias were low. Authors' conclusions Limited evidence from two small studies indicated that percussion, diuresis, and inversion therapy may be safe and effective therapies to assist clearance of lower pole kidney stone fragments following shock wave lithotripsy. Methodological quality in both studies was assessed as moderate. Further well-designed and adequately powered studies are required to inform clinical practice.

Remote sensing is an effective tool to monitor oil spills. The theory of oil spill remote sensing is based on the differences between oil slick and other environmental objects. For optical sensor, the ability of different bands to find oil film at sea is different. Oil spill object could be intensified by composing appropriate bands. In addition, image enhancements could also strengthen oil spill features. For SAR, image characteristics of oil spill are crucial to oil detection. Applications show that sensors loaded on satellite can find oil slick at sea. Optical sensor and SAR have their own advantages, and play different roles in oil spill remote sensing. It is necessary to integrate them to establish an all-weather, omnidirectional 3-D monitoring network for monitoring oil spills and illicit vessel discharges.

Oil spills are seriously affecting marine ecosystem and cause political and scientific concern. In order to implement an emergency in case of oil spills, it is necessary to monitor oil spill using remote sensing. Techniques for monitoring oil spills includes optical, microwave, and radar approaches using aircraft or satellites. However, Satellites have wider coverage and lower price. Recent years, with more sensors launching, correctness and real time of oil spills monitoring using satellites are improved. Based on many successful experiences in oil spills monitoring, sensitivities of different bands to different oil types are analyzed using AVHRR and TM data, and methodologies to extract oil spills information, especial oil thickness, are presented. In addition, with regard to requirements of customers, position, area, drifting trajectory and velocity can be calculated, which supports marine oil spill fast emergency response effectively. It is believed that it is possible to establish an oil spill monitoring network using satellite covering main sea area in China.

To examine the distribution of fluorouracil in gastric cancer (CA), lymph node (LN), normal gastric mucosa (NG), peritoneum (PE), greater omentum (GO) and lesser omentum (LO) by preoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy with Co-fluorouracil liposome (Co 5-Fu), and offer an experimental basis for clinic practice.Ninety-six gastric cancer patients were divided into four groups: Co 5-Fu i.v. injection group (Co 5-Fu i.v.), Co 5-Fu intraperitoneal perfusion group (Co 5-Fu i.p.), 5-Fu i.v. injection group (5-Fu i.v.) and intraperitoneal perfusion group (5-Fu i.p.) given on day-2, day-1 and 60 minutes before operation. Fluorouracil concentration in all tissues collected during operation were examined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).The fluorouracil concentration in the tissues in Co 5-Fu i.p. group was significantly higher than that in Co 5-Fu i.v. or 5-Fu i.p. group (P0.05 or P0.01), and that in 5-Fu i.p. group was greatly higher than that at 5-Fu i.v. group (P0.01). In Co 5-Fu i.p. group, the concentration of drug in LN, CA, PE, NG, GO and LO decreased gradually with the former 3 tissues significantly higher than the latter 3 tissues (P0.01), and adjacent lymph node was the highest. In Co 5-Fu i.v. group, the ranking was LN, CA, NG, PE, GO and LO with the former 3 tissues significantly higher than the latter 3 tissues (P0.01) and showing tumor tissues higher than the other tissues (P0.01). In 5-Fu i.p. group, the ranking was PE, LN, CA, NG, GO and LO with the former 2 tissues significantly higher than the latter tissues (P0.01).Co 5-Fu possesses drug targeting, slow release and long effect in gastric cancer tissues and adjacent lymph nodes. Preoperative chemotherapy with Co 5-Fu i.p. is more advantageous than 5-Fu given i.v. or 5-Fu i.p.