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This study aimed to investigate the material composition and transformation during composting of different kinds of livestock and poultry manures. Fresh cow manure (R1), pig manure (R2), and chicken manure (R3) were used as raw materials, and 10% corn stalk was selected as the leavening agent for aerobic static composting. The following results were obtained. After 30 days of aerobic composting, the mass reduction index of the R1, R2, and R3 piles was 48.94%, 47.94%, and 52.94%, respectively. Especially in the first stage (0–10 days) of the composting reaction, the mass reduction indices of the R1, R2, and R3 piles were significant, which were 21.45%, 22.73%, and 23.73%, respectively. During the composting process, the percentage of dissolved organic carbon in TC showed a downward trend, decreasing to 51.33% ± 1.25%, 57.35% ± 3.21%, and 52.34% ± 2.15%, for R1, R2, and R3, respectively. The percentage of ammonia nitrogen (AN) in total nitrogen (TN) in the piles R1, R2, and R3 first showed an increasing trend and then decreased, showing the highest values of 7.38%, 8.11%, and 9.22%, respectively.

Agriculture is fundamental for food production. The aim of modern agriculture is to improve or maintain food quality and production without exerting any negative influence on the environment. However, crops grow in a complex environment, and they suffer adverse effects from external factors. Non-biological factors (e.g., drought, low temperature, high temperature, heavy metals) can cause abiotic stress in plants, resulting in physiological injuries in plants and eventually leading to reduced plant productivity. To combat abiotic stress, plants have developed complex defense mechanisms in their growing stages. Therefore, understanding these defense mechanisms can help prevent crop yield losses. In this study, a bibliometric analysis of abiotic stress was conducted based on the Web of Science database. Different aspects of publications, including publication type, research field, journal type, country and its institutions, frequencies of keyword occurrence, and plant species in abiotic stress research, were analyzed. Results showed that abiotic stress research is flourishing worldwide, and the number of publications is increasing yearly. The journals selected by authors to publish their outputs are all related to plants, with the Journal of Experimental Botany being the most influential. From a global perspective, countries are in close cooperation on abiotic stress research. According to the results of keyword analysis, rice, wheat, tobacco, maize, and tomato are the most studied plant species. And drought, high salt, active oxygen, and heavy metals are found to induce abiotic stress more than other factors. In conclusion, sustained efforts have been made by the scientific community in the field of abiotic stress with the purpose of understanding, regulating, and controlling the negative effects of abiotic stress on plants.

Receptor endocytosis is important for signal activation and transduction. However, how a receptor interprets conflicting signals to adjust cellular output is not clearly understood. During plant development, the family of EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR (EPF) peptides fine-tunes stomatal patterning through ERECTA-family receptor kinases. Using genetic, cell biological, and pharmacological approaches, we report here that ERECTA-LIKE1 (ERL1), the major receptor restricting stomatal differentiation, undergoes dynamic subcellular behaviors in response to different signal inputs. ERL1 is constitutively recycled, whereas its activation by EPF1 peptide induces rapid internalization to multivesicular bodies (MVB). In contrast, the dominant-negative ERL1 resides predominantly in plasma membrane. The co-receptor, TOO MANY MOUTHS (TMM), is essential for EPF1-induced ERL1 internalization but dispensable for EPFL6-induced ERL1 internalization. The peptide antagonist of EPF1, Stomagen/EPFL9, triggers retention of ERL1 in the endoplasmic reticulum. Our study elucidates that multiple related yet unique peptides specify cell fate by deploying the differential subcellular dynamics of a single receptor.

With the rapid development of the high performance computer system, the high speed interconnection technology has become a hotspot of this field. Traditional electrical interconnection cannot meet the needs of the high speed data transmission. Therefore, optical interconnection technology was brought forward. Based on the study and analysis of the present optical interconnection networks, a new inter-processor optical interconnection fabric named PIBOS was put forward, which included the single-stage PIBOS and the multi-stage PIBOS. Simulation results showed that compared to other optical interconnection networks, the PIBOS interconnection network can reduce the packet latency and improve the throughput.