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Abstract Crude oil, the backbone of modern industry, holds unparalleled significance as a global energy cornerstone. Unlocking its potential hinges on effective pretreatment techniques, ensuring purity, and maximizing efficiency. This study extends the established Spherical Fuzzy Set paradigm to explore the domain of Disc Spherical Fuzzy Sets (D-SFSs) in critical decision-making for crude oil preparation. Investigating D-SFSs within the Aczel Alsina norm, the research employs comparison rules, conversion rules, and distance metrics. Primary operations of the Aczel Alsina norm in D-SFSs are examined, laying the groundwork for introducing unique aggregation operations within this framework. The paper’s primary aim is to propose a hybrid method, termed MEREC-SWARA-MARCOS-D-SFSs Multiple Attribute Group Decision Making, which integrates the aforementioned aggregation procedures. A case study on crude oil pretreatment validates the effectiveness of the proposed method. Furthermore, a comprehensive comparison with CoCoSo underscores the reliability of the method. This study represents a significant stride in enhancing decision-making by providing a robust framework to tackle complex situations, particularly in the critical domain of crude oil pretreatment.

This study focuses on optimizing offshore drilling operations through Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM). It recognizes MCDM as a crucial framework for evaluating alternatives in the complex offshore drilling landscape. The objective is to identify the most suitable alternative among four approaches: Advanced Drilling Technologies, Drilling Process Optimization, Human Factors and Safety Enhancement, and Environmental Impact Mitigation. Evaluation criteria include Operational Efficiency, Safety Performance, Environmental Impact, and Cost-effectiveness. The research aims to contribute insights and recommendations for stakeholders in the offshore oil and gas industry. In the field of information aggregation and fusion, there is a growing interest among researchers in the domain of probabilistic linguistic expression sets, which are particularly effective in consolidating uncertain data. This article aims to explore various methodologies for information aggregation using probabilistic linguistic expressions. To achieve this goal, we have introduced procedural principles based on the Dombi (D) framework, specifically designed for managing probabilistic linguistic term elements (PLTEs). These principles are firmly grounded in both the product and sum of Dombi operations. As a result, we have developed a range of techniques for probabilistic linguistic aggregation, including entities such as the Probabilistic Linguistic Dombi Average (PLDA) and the Probabilistic Linguistic Dombi Geometric (PLDG). Additionally, we have created weighted aggregation operators (AOs) such as PLDWA and PLDWG, along with ordered AOs like PLDOWA and PLDOWG. By utilizing the D $\tau $ -norm and $\tau $ -conorm, we have designed versatile aggregation tools that support information reinforcement in both ascending and descending directions. Furthermore, we provide a comparative analysis between our proposed methodologies and the MARCOS approach. Additionally, we offer a detailed explanation of the distinctive attributes associated with these operators. Through the application of PLDA, PLDG, PLDWA, PLDWG, PLDOWA, and PLDOWG, we present strategies for effectively integrating probabilistic linguistic term sets (PLTs) into the realm of MCDM.

In this research, we introduce a significant advancement in decision-making methodologies by proposing the Combine Compromise Solution Approach. This innovative method addresses the complexities inherent in multi-criteria decision-making scenarios, particularly in optimizing logistics within the oil and gas supply chain. Through our exploration of circular spherical fuzzy sets, we investigate various algebraic operations without detailing the research methodology. Our primary contribution lies in the practical application and effectiveness of the Combine Compromise Solution Approach, exemplified through a case study on logistics optimization. By presenting insights gleaned from this approach and conducting a comparative analysis against alternative methods, we demonstrate its utility and potential impact in real-world contexts. This research not only offers immediate practical solutions but also paves the way for future investigations into the broader applications of circular spherical fuzzy sets in decision-making processes, thus advancing the field significantly.

The groundwater resources in different areas of Pakistan are heading towards depletion along with the deterioration of quality due to over-abstraction and urbanization. The main focus of this study is to map the current hydrostratigraphical and hydraulic conditions of the late Quaternary aquifers in the central part of Thal Doab of Punjab Plains. To achieve the target, a comprehensive approach was employed combining geophysical investigations using electrical resistivity surveys (ERS) and physiochemical analysis of groundwater specimens collected from the study area. Careful calibration of resistivity models was performed by comparing them with lithologs to ensure their accuracy. The current groundwater conditions were assessed through thirty vertical electrical soundings (VES) using the Schlumberger electrode configuration up to 300m of AB/2. The interpreted results revealed the presence of four to six geo-electric sublayers comprising the intermixing layers of clay, silt, sand, gravel, and kankar inclusions. These layers exhibited very low (230 Ω-m) resistivity zones at various depth intervals. The developed 2D/3D models of aquifer systems identify the promising areas of good/fresh quality groundwater in the regions characterized by medium to very high resistivity mainly within the sand with gravel layers. However, lower resistivity values indicate the presence of marginally suitable/fair and saline/brackish groundwater showing the existence of fine sediments such as clays/silts. Additionally, twenty groundwater samples were collected to assess various parameters including pH, TDS, arsenic, fluoride, iron, nitrate, and nitrite. The spatial distribution of these parameters was visualized using 2D maps. The suitability of the groundwater for drinking consumption was evaluated in accordance with WHO guidelines.

This study seeks to assess the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in the southern part of Thal Desert of Pakistan. The primary focus lies in identifying potential sources of contamination and evaluating their impact on groundwater and the ecosystem. Groundwater samples were collected from diverse sources including shallow hand pumps, tubewells, and dug wells, with depths ranging from 11 to 28 m. A comprehensive analysis was performed to scrutinize the physical, chemical, and microbial attributes of the samples. Utilizing visual aids like the Piper, Durov, and Gibbs diagrams, as well as Pearson correlation, scatter plots, Schoeller diagrams, and pie charts, the study evaluated the groundwater quality and its suitability for consumption. Results indicate that mineral infiltration from rainfall, domestic waste, and industrial effluents significantly affects groundwater quality, leading to widespread salinity. Weathering processes and ion exchange were identified as key factors contributing to elevate levels of bicarbonates, sodium, magnesium, and chloride ions. Employing the Water Quality Index (WQI) on 40 groundwater samples, findings reveal that 52.5% of samples demonstrated poor to not suitable quality, with 27.5% categorized as poor, 2.5% as very poor, and 22.5% not suitable consumption. Conversely, 47.5% of samples showcased good to excellent quality, with 25% rated as good and 22.5% as excellent. These findings provide valuable insights for hydrogeologists to develop appropriate strategies for water treatment and address any concerns related to groundwater quality.

This study investigates 2D bioconvection magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) flow and heat transfer of the non-Newtonian (Casson) nanofluid model. The phenomenon of Brownian motion and thermophoresis containing gyrotactic microorganisms over a nonlinear surface is demonstrated pictorially under the simultaneous impact of thermal radiation and velocity slip. Herein, the flow is electrically conducting where different cases and the effect of convergence parameters such as chemical reactions and heat generation/absorption are studied. The transformed ODEs are tackled numerically by employing the Bvp4c scheme. This method contains three-stage Lobatto IIIa collocation formula that provides continuous solutions up to fifth-order accuracy. The salient features of relevant flow parameters are illustrated through tables and graphs, and the current results are compared with the previous ones, which claim considerable agreement. The main finding reveals an increase in the thermophoresis parameter (Nt) and radiation (R) parameters, uprising the temperature profile which leads to enhancement in the thermal boundary layer. Also, the impact of the magnetic parameter (M) shows decrement in the velocity profile because there exists a Lorentz force that suppresses fluid motion. The friction factor and local Nusselt number decrease for higher values of the Casson parameter (β), whereas increment is illustrated for the suction parameter (S).

Seismic numerical modeling technique provide most suitable way for the simulation of wave propagation through subsurface rocks and play an essential role in seismic interpretation, seismic inversion and in evaluating and designing a seismic survey. In order to delineate subsurface more precisely, different approaches are proposed for numerical modeling in which the solutions of Biot’s poroelastic equation are given by using reflectivity, finite element and finite difference algorithms. In current study, a finite difference forward modeling method is proposed to quantify the variation in wave properties during its propagation in a poroelastic media exhibiting mesoscopic heterogeneity due to the existence of three phase fluids. The Biot’s poroelastic wave equations are resolved and a generalized finite difference technique in time domain (FDTD) is used to examine seismic responses in a poroelastic media saturated with three phase fluids. So that the ability to detect geo-fluids through forward modeling technique can be improved. The accuracy of the simulation will lay a good foundation for the follow up work and will enhance our understandings about wave propagation through multi-phase poroelastic media and will also assist in detection and discrimination between fluids of different nature. Also, the proposed approach is of great significance for imaging and prediction of subsurface structures and distribution of fluids.

Introduction: Oilfield development’s primary objective has changed in recent years as a result of a deeper focus on oilfield exploration and possible reservoir oil extraction. These days, the distribution and characteristics of residual oil are hot topics.Methodology: This research study provides a physical simulation of the remaining oil distribution in the third-order architectural unit in the beach reservoir. Based on the reservoir geometry and compositional sequence, the third-order architecture unit in a beach sand reservoir can be divided into three types: layered, plate-like, and trough-like architecture units.Results and Discussion: A water-flooding simulation experiment is performed to find the distribution pattern of remaining oil (shortened as RO and used hereafter) and the controlling effect of the mudstone interlayer. The simulation results revealed that in the layered architecture unit with reverse-graded bedding, RO is mainly distributed between interlayers and accumulates at the bottom in fine-grain sands. The horizontal distribution of the mudstone interlayer has a profound effect on blocking the longitudinal migration of fluid. Second, in the plate-like architecture unit with uniform grain size, RO is mainly found in the middle portion of the model, separated by clay interlayers, with irregular presence of RO in the upper and lower part of the model. The oblique distribution of the clay interlayer has a significant effect on blocking the lateral migration of the fluid. Thirdly, in the trough-like architectural unit with normal-graded bedding, the RO is mainly distributed on top of the model in fine-grain sands and on the ridge-like parts formed by the interlayer’s intersection.Conclusion: A trough-like clay interlayer can promote fluid movement. RO distribution patterns from the current experiment can be used to explore the remaining oil in beach sand reservoirs of similar oilfields.

The early Eocene carbonate reservoir, Sui Main Limestone (SML), is the largest gas reservoir in Pakistan. In the Qadirpur area, more than 30 wells have been drilled, some of which have been declared dry or abandoned due to poor reservoir characteristics or facies variation. The aim of this work is to re-evaluate the reservoir characteristics and facies identification of Sui Main Limestone by using petrophysical analysis and rock physics modeling in the Qadirpur field in the Middle Indus Basin of Pakistan. The reservoir characterization of carbonate rocks is difficult because of their complex pore networking. The well data on five exploratory wells drilled in this gas field are used. The log-derived porosity varies in a very large range of 2%–36%, with an average of 14%–34%. The average porosity of the clean carbonate intervals is 10%–14% and thus has the capacity to accumulate hydrocarbon. The high porosity value indicates the presence of micro-fractures in Sui Main Limestone. These micro-fractures and secondary pores are well interconnected and allow the pore fluids to communicate. The secondary porosity is mainly due to the presence of vuggs and fractures in Sui Main Limestone. The volume of shale varies from 11%–38% in the wells. The net pay zones have hydrocarbon saturation in the range of 40%–70%, which is mainly gas. Using wireline log response, the formation is divided into three facies: limestone, shale, and shaly limestone. This comprehensive work may help improve the prediction of the reservoir quality in heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs and optimize field development.

The middle sub-member (Es3z) within the third member (Es3) of the Eocene Shahejie formation is the main source of the generation and accumulation of hydrocarbons in the lacustrine deltas of Bonan depression. Exploration and research work in different blocks is carried out separately. Types of sedimentary facies, and their vertical and lateral evolution in Es3z are not studied in detail. To fill this knowledge gap, we did a detailed analysis of facies and lithological characteristics through integrative studies of cores, well logs and seismic data. Identification of sedimentary structures and lithology of the reservoir zone from cores are calibrated with high-quality well logs and seismic data. Depositional facies in Es3z reservoirs are identified through analysis of sedimentary structures, grain size, log’s trends and seismic sections. Es3z was deposited in the fan delta front setting where five facies associations are found, among them distributary channels consisting of MCS, CSg, PCSs, MS, RCL, WCS, PBSs, RCS and GBS lithofacies, natural levee containing DFs, and furthermore, sheet sand are associated to CBS and SSM lithofacies. GM, GGM and DGM lithofacies are related to inter-distributary deposits, whereas mouth bars consist of PLS, CS and CFS. Depositional history, flow direction of the sediments, and facies distribution are investigated through detailed facies mapping and cross-section profiling to show that the sediments were sourced from southeast to northwest. We found thicker succession of sedimentary profiles towards north and north-west directions. Belt distributary channel deposits, covering a wide range of areas, act as potential reservoirs along with mouth bar deposits, while mudstones in interdistributary channels act as a good source and seal rocks. The methodology adopted has great potential to explore the reservoirs of fan delta front in lacustrine deltas.

Pakistan has large freshwater reservoirs and Satluj river is one of them. Length of river Satluj in Pakistan comprises 329 miles. Through the Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India, three rivers management has been assigned to India, Satluj is one of them.Pakistan with the help of World Bank, has made water reservoirs and link canals to use the river bed of Satluj. The main objective of study was to find out Water Quality Parameters during the present study seasonally. Overall seven factors were selected for the current study; which were temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity and total hardness. All the water quality parameters under investigation revealed their presence in permissible limits as prescribed by National and International quality guidelines (except dissolved oxygen) and fit for aquatic fauna. Dissolved oxygen remained 4 ppm in summer) and (4.5 ppm in winter) at SZ-1. It might be due the less water discharge and the presence of municipal and industrial wastes at Sulemanki Barrage (study zone-1) of the study area. Moreover, the river water of Satluj investigated throughout the research period indicated that water contamination was due to the various anthropogenic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Captive breeding is one of the pre-eminent practices to warrant the future survival of animal and bird species. This study is a first-time report with a long-term analysis of the breeding account and mortality rates of Black Swan at the first National Park in Pakistan i.e., Lal Suhanra National Park, Bahawalpur, established in Pakistan under the Punjab Wildlife Act 1974. We obtained the reproduction and mortality data of captive Black Swans from the park management logs from 2008-2009 to 20162017. During the nine years (2008-2009 to 20162017), breeding output was significantly higher than the mortality rate, especially in cygnets. The results show that the species breeds three times in a year, and the breeding months include December-January, April-May, and October-November. These seasonal variations in breeding and mortality may be due to environmental factors, including climatic conditions, potential management protocols, and disease outbreaks. Further studies are suggested to thoroughly investigate all factors that affect the population of Black Swans in captivity so that proper management can be carried out for their conservation and protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the hazardous effects of lead on the histological and genotoxic parameters of the fish, Oreochromis niloticus. Present work was conducted in a series of three steps. In first step, acute toxicity, LC50 and lethal lead concentration were measured using Probit analysis method. LC50 value and lethal concentration for O. niloticus was measured as 77.673 mgL-1 and 150.924 mgL-1, respectively. In second step, histological changes were assessed by preparing slides of tissues of the gills, liver and kidney of both control and Pb-stressed O. niloticus and examining the respective tissues under the light microscope. The inferences showed significant histological alterations (p<0.05) in the gills of Pb-exposed fish including necrosis, edema, vascular congestion, shortening and curling and lifting of the epithelium of secondary lamella in gills. The cellular degeneration and dilation of sinusoids in liver and loss of hemopoietic tissue, necrosis and edema in kidney was observed. Histomorphometry of the liver showed a decrease in diameter of the central vein and hepatocyte along with an increase in width of sinusoids. The histomorphometry of kidney showed an increase in the diameter of renal corpuscle, glomerulus, proximal and distal convoluted tubules. The nuclear anomalies were studied in the RBCs of fish. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-test was conducted to compare nuclear abnormalities and the frequency of micronuclei among the control and lead-treated fish groups. Results declared an increased micronucleus, notched and de-shaped nuclei frequency, in RBCs of fish exposed to lead as compared to control group.

Dog bites are a major cause for transmission of rabies virus to humans. Pakistan ranks fifth among most rabies affected countries in the world. There are a few regional (ecological) studies that investigated factors that explain geographic disparities in incidence of dog bite injuries. The main objective of this research was to document findings of spatial exploratory data analysis of incidence of reported cases of dog bite in Punjab province of Pakistan (2016-2019). In addition, we have quantified the association between incidence of dog bites and a set of selected socio-economic and demographic variables. District-wise data about reported cases of dog bites from 2016 to 2019 were used to map annual crude incidence per 100,000 of population. There was an obvious spatial variation in incidence of dog bites but there was no evidence of spatial autocorrelation. The risk of dog bite attacks was relatively higher in districts with low human population density (per sq. km), poor literacy rate, more rural population (% of total population), and lower median nighttime lights., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2023 The Author(s).)