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Abstract Crude oil, the backbone of modern industry, holds unparalleled significance as a global energy cornerstone. Unlocking its potential hinges on effective pretreatment techniques, ensuring purity, and maximizing efficiency. This study extends the established Spherical Fuzzy Set paradigm to explore the domain of Disc Spherical Fuzzy Sets (D-SFSs) in critical decision-making for crude oil preparation. Investigating D-SFSs within the Aczel Alsina norm, the research employs comparison rules, conversion rules, and distance metrics. Primary operations of the Aczel Alsina norm in D-SFSs are examined, laying the groundwork for introducing unique aggregation operations within this framework. The paper’s primary aim is to propose a hybrid method, termed MEREC-SWARA-MARCOS-D-SFSs Multiple Attribute Group Decision Making, which integrates the aforementioned aggregation procedures. A case study on crude oil pretreatment validates the effectiveness of the proposed method. Furthermore, a comprehensive comparison with CoCoSo underscores the reliability of the method. This study represents a significant stride in enhancing decision-making by providing a robust framework to tackle complex situations, particularly in the critical domain of crude oil pretreatment.

Introduction: Intraductal papilloma is an exceptionally rare condition in the pediatric population, particularly among males in infancy and early childhood, typically most prevalent among women aged between 35 and 55 years presenting as sanguineous or serosanguineous nipple discharge and a discrete breast mass. Despite its historical classification as benign, emerging research indicates a potential for malignant transformation, prompting a reevaluation of its clinical significance. Case presentation: We present the case of a healthy 8-month-old male infant with a right subareolar breast swelling that appeared non tender, well-circumscribed, smooth, mobile, rubbery, without any associated nipple discharge or regional lymphadenopathy, clinically measuring 10 × 10 mm in diameter, and exhibited a bluish green hue with no associated changes in overlying skin. Ultrasound confirmed presence of a right retro areolar breast mass, characterized as a multiseptated complex cyst-like structure with tubular anechoic formations within, measuring 21 x 20 × 6 mm. The findings were suggestive of possible duct ectasia classified as Bi-Rads Category 3 with a benign probability. Due to parental concern for increase in size over 2 months, the mass was resected under general anesthesia through a subareolar incision. Microscopic analysis confirmed dilated cystic ducts and an intraductal papilloma with calcifications. The patient recovered well from the operation, and follow-up at nine months, he has experienced no recurrences. Conclusion: Although rare, this case underscores the importance of including intraductal papilloma in the differential diagnosis of breast nodules in male infants.

This study focuses on optimizing offshore drilling operations through Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM). It recognizes MCDM as a crucial framework for evaluating alternatives in the complex offshore drilling landscape. The objective is to identify the most suitable alternative among four approaches: Advanced Drilling Technologies, Drilling Process Optimization, Human Factors and Safety Enhancement, and Environmental Impact Mitigation. Evaluation criteria include Operational Efficiency, Safety Performance, Environmental Impact, and Cost-effectiveness. The research aims to contribute insights and recommendations for stakeholders in the offshore oil and gas industry. In the field of information aggregation and fusion, there is a growing interest among researchers in the domain of probabilistic linguistic expression sets, which are particularly effective in consolidating uncertain data. This article aims to explore various methodologies for information aggregation using probabilistic linguistic expressions. To achieve this goal, we have introduced procedural principles based on the Dombi (D) framework, specifically designed for managing probabilistic linguistic term elements (PLTEs). These principles are firmly grounded in both the product and sum of Dombi operations. As a result, we have developed a range of techniques for probabilistic linguistic aggregation, including entities such as the Probabilistic Linguistic Dombi Average (PLDA) and the Probabilistic Linguistic Dombi Geometric (PLDG). Additionally, we have created weighted aggregation operators (AOs) such as PLDWA and PLDWG, along with ordered AOs like PLDOWA and PLDOWG. By utilizing the D $\tau $ -norm and $\tau $ -conorm, we have designed versatile aggregation tools that support information reinforcement in both ascending and descending directions. Furthermore, we provide a comparative analysis between our proposed methodologies and the MARCOS approach. Additionally, we offer a detailed explanation of the distinctive attributes associated with these operators. Through the application of PLDA, PLDG, PLDWA, PLDWG, PLDOWA, and PLDOWG, we present strategies for effectively integrating probabilistic linguistic term sets (PLTs) into the realm of MCDM.

In this research, we introduce a significant advancement in decision-making methodologies by proposing the Combine Compromise Solution Approach. This innovative method addresses the complexities inherent in multi-criteria decision-making scenarios, particularly in optimizing logistics within the oil and gas supply chain. Through our exploration of circular spherical fuzzy sets, we investigate various algebraic operations without detailing the research methodology. Our primary contribution lies in the practical application and effectiveness of the Combine Compromise Solution Approach, exemplified through a case study on logistics optimization. By presenting insights gleaned from this approach and conducting a comparative analysis against alternative methods, we demonstrate its utility and potential impact in real-world contexts. This research not only offers immediate practical solutions but also paves the way for future investigations into the broader applications of circular spherical fuzzy sets in decision-making processes, thus advancing the field significantly.

Background: Despite extensive research over the decades, cancer therapy is still a great challenge because of the non-specific delivery of chemotherapeutic agents, which could be overcome by limiting the distribution of chemotherapeutic agents toward cancer cells. Objective: To reduce the cytolytic effects against cancer cells, graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles (NPs) can load anticancer medicines and genetic tools. Methodology: During the current study, folic-acid-conjugated graphene oxide (Fa-GO) hybrid mucoadhesive chitosan (CS)-based hydrogel beads were fabricated through an “ion-gelation process”, which allows for regulated medication release at malignant pH. Results: The fabricated chitosan–alginate (SA-CS) hydrogel beads were examined using surface morphology, optical microscopy, XRD, FTIR, and homogeneity analysis techniques. The size analysis indicated that the size of the Fa-GO was up to 554.2 ± 95.14 nm, whereas the beads were of a micrometer size. The folic acid conjugation was confirmed by NMR. The results showed that the craggy edges of the graphene oxide were successfully encapsulated in a polymeric matrix. The mucoadhesive properties were enhanced with the increase in the CS concentration. The nanohybrid SA-CS beads exhibited good swelling properties, and the drug release was 68.29% at pH 5.6 during a 24 h investigation. The accelerated stability study, according to ICH guidelines, indicated that the hydrogel beads have a shelf-life of more than two years. Conclusions: Based on the achieved results, it can be concluded that this novel gastro-retentive delivery system may be a viable and different way to improve the stomach retention of anticancer agents and enhance their therapeutic effectiveness.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a micro vascular disorder that is on a rapid increase in number of diagnosed and undiagnosed cases, and it is estimated that approximately 191 million people may be suffering from this disorder by year 2030. It affects major vital organ and organ systems of the body, and is frequently accompanied with neuropathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular disorders and retinopathy. The quality of life of diabetic patients is significantly impacted by diabetic neuropathy. Aims and Objectives: To investigate the difference in peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness between normal population and Type-II diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy using optical coherence tomography. Materials and Methods: Between May 2021 and May 2022, this case control research was conducted at Skims MCH Bemina SRINAGAR. Out of 400 eyes, 200 eyes belonged to healthy people and 200 eyes to Type II diabetics who did not have diabetic retinopathy. Age and gender were the same for both groups. Results: Mean age of study population was 47.05±5.47 years. Mean peripapillary RNFL thickness was 126.98±10.07 μm in Group-A (normal persons), and 120.77±5.41 μm in Group-B (Type-II diabetes). Between the two groups, there was a statistically significant difference in mean RNFL thickness as well as RNFL thicknesses in each quadrant (P=0.001). Conclusion: The diagnosis of any disease based on RNFL thinning must take into consideration the fact that diabetic patients have thin RNFL in comparison to normal persons.

This study seeks to assess the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in the southern part of Thal Desert of Pakistan. The primary focus lies in identifying potential sources of contamination and evaluating their impact on groundwater and the ecosystem. Groundwater samples were collected from diverse sources including shallow hand pumps, tubewells, and dug wells, with depths ranging from 11 to 28 m. A comprehensive analysis was performed to scrutinize the physical, chemical, and microbial attributes of the samples. Utilizing visual aids like the Piper, Durov, and Gibbs diagrams, as well as Pearson correlation, scatter plots, Schoeller diagrams, and pie charts, the study evaluated the groundwater quality and its suitability for consumption. Results indicate that mineral infiltration from rainfall, domestic waste, and industrial effluents significantly affects groundwater quality, leading to widespread salinity. Weathering processes and ion exchange were identified as key factors contributing to elevate levels of bicarbonates, sodium, magnesium, and chloride ions. Employing the Water Quality Index (WQI) on 40 groundwater samples, findings reveal that 52.5% of samples demonstrated poor to not suitable quality, with 27.5% categorized as poor, 2.5% as very poor, and 22.5% not suitable consumption. Conversely, 47.5% of samples showcased good to excellent quality, with 25% rated as good and 22.5% as excellent. These findings provide valuable insights for hydrogeologists to develop appropriate strategies for water treatment and address any concerns related to groundwater quality.

The groundwater resources in different areas of Pakistan are heading towards depletion along with the deterioration of quality due to over-abstraction and urbanization. The main focus of this study is to map the current hydrostratigraphical and hydraulic conditions of the late Quaternary aquifers in the central part of Thal Doab of Punjab Plains. To achieve the target, a comprehensive approach was employed combining geophysical investigations using electrical resistivity surveys (ERS) and physiochemical analysis of groundwater specimens collected from the study area. Careful calibration of resistivity models was performed by comparing them with lithologs to ensure their accuracy. The current groundwater conditions were assessed through thirty vertical electrical soundings (VES) using the Schlumberger electrode configuration up to 300m of AB/2. The interpreted results revealed the presence of four to six geo-electric sublayers comprising the intermixing layers of clay, silt, sand, gravel, and kankar inclusions. These layers exhibited very low (230 Ω-m) resistivity zones at various depth intervals. The developed 2D/3D models of aquifer systems identify the promising areas of good/fresh quality groundwater in the regions characterized by medium to very high resistivity mainly within the sand with gravel layers. However, lower resistivity values indicate the presence of marginally suitable/fair and saline/brackish groundwater showing the existence of fine sediments such as clays/silts. Additionally, twenty groundwater samples were collected to assess various parameters including pH, TDS, arsenic, fluoride, iron, nitrate, and nitrite. The spatial distribution of these parameters was visualized using 2D maps. The suitability of the groundwater for drinking consumption was evaluated in accordance with WHO guidelines.

Cell-based liver therapies utilizing functionally stabilized engineered hepatic tissue hold promise in improving host liver functions and are emerging as a potential alternative to whole-organ transplantation. Owing to the ability to accommodate a large ex vivo engineered hepatocyte mass and dense vascularization, the mesenteric parametrial fat pad in female nude mice forms an ideal anatomic microenvironment for ectopic hepatocyte transplantation. However, the lack of any reported protocol detailing the presurgical preparation and construction of the engineered hepatic hydrogel, fat pad surgery, and postsurgical care and bioluminescence imaging to confirm in vivo hepatocyte implantation makes it challenging to reliably perform and test engraftment and integration with the host. In this report, we provide a step-by-step protocol for in vivo hepatocyte implantation, including preparation of hepatic tissue for implantation, the surgery process, and bioluminescence imaging to assess survival of functional hepatocytes. This will be a valuable protocol for researchers in the fields of tissue engineering, transplantation, and regenerative medicine.Key features• Primary human hepatocytes transduced ex vivo with a lentiviral vector carrying firefly luciferase are surgically implanted onto the fat pad.• Bioluminescence helps monitor survival of transplanted hepatic tissue over time.• Applicable for assessment of graft survival, graft-host integration, and liver regeneration.Graphical overview

Liver cancer is a high mortality cancer, and its increasing prevalence is a concern worldwide. Current treatment modalities for liver cancer include chemotherapy and immunotherapy. These therapies provide symptomatic relief and help prolong the lives of patients but are not an absolute cure. In this paper we have explored an alternative approach, drug repurposing, to identify drugs for treating liver cancer. Databases like PubMed, ScienceDirect, and JSTOR were used for literature mining, and the PRISMA 2020 systemic review guidelines were followed to identify drugs that have been trialed for repurposing in liver cancer. The protein receptors and target protein classes of all the drugs were identified using the Swiss Target Prediction tool. Further, the biological interactions and pathways followed by the drugs were studied via protein interaction networks using Cytoscape. Molecular pathways such as Bile acid receptor activity, Inosine-5′-monophosphate (IMP) dehydrogenase activity, JUN kinase activity, Nitric-oxide synthase activity, and Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activity were observed to be influenced by these drugs. The fact that the genes targeted by these repurposed drugs are common with the differentially expressed genes in liver cancer is an excellent starting point to verify the current hypothesis.

Background: Leptadenia pyrotechnica Forssk. Decne is a member of family Apocynaceae and locally known as ‘Khipp’. It is found in dry, sandy habitat of Pakistan and in several other regions around the world including Asia, Tropical Africa, Western Gulf and Mediterranean countries. It has nutritional value, containing 4 % lipids, 23 % proteins, 28 % carbohydrates, 4 % fibers, vitamin E and several minerals. Traditionally, this plant has been used by several communities for pain, different inflammatory and kidney disorders. Ethno-botanical studies have reported the use of L. pyrotechnica in nephrolithiasis, kidney disorders and induction of diuresis, which requires a detailed pharmacological study to validate the folkloric use of L. pyrotechnica as diuretic. Methods: The 70 % methanolic L. pyrotechnica (Lp.Cr) extract was prepared and qualitatively checked for the presence of various phytochemicals. Phenolic, flavonoid, tannin and saponin contents were quantified. GC-MS analysis of Lp.Cr was also performed. Antioxidant potential of Lp.Cr was evaluated by DPPH, ABTS and nitrite radical scavenging assays. CUPRAC and FRAP assay described the reducing potential of Lp.Cr. Diuretic activity was performed in both acute and prolonged models at different doses followed by the estimation of electrolytes, urea and creatinine levels. The mechanism of diuresis was described by pre-treatment with atropine, l-NAME, indomethacin and carbonic anhydrase inhibition. Results: Lp.Cr. indicated high phenolic and flavonoid contents which correlated with good antioxidant activity. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of 104 compounds from different phytochemical classes. Diuretic activity was performed at 10–300 mg/kg concentrations where the dose of 100 and 300 mg/kg showed good diuretic and saluretic activity comparable to furosemide. Lp.Cr exhibited diuresis both in acute and prolonged study protocols which can be attributed to carbonic anhydrase inhibition, effect on prostaglandins and cholinergic pathways. Conclusion: L. pyrotechnica contained several phytochemicals and exhibited good antioxidant activity. It induced diuresis and saluretic activity which was comparable to furosemide at higher doses. Diuretic activity can be attributed to carbonic anhydrase inhibition, prostaglandin synthesis and cholinergic pathways.

This study investigates 2D bioconvection magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) flow and heat transfer of the non-Newtonian (Casson) nanofluid model. The phenomenon of Brownian motion and thermophoresis containing gyrotactic microorganisms over a nonlinear surface is demonstrated pictorially under the simultaneous impact of thermal radiation and velocity slip. Herein, the flow is electrically conducting where different cases and the effect of convergence parameters such as chemical reactions and heat generation/absorption are studied. The transformed ODEs are tackled numerically by employing the Bvp4c scheme. This method contains three-stage Lobatto IIIa collocation formula that provides continuous solutions up to fifth-order accuracy. The salient features of relevant flow parameters are illustrated through tables and graphs, and the current results are compared with the previous ones, which claim considerable agreement. The main finding reveals an increase in the thermophoresis parameter (Nt) and radiation (R) parameters, uprising the temperature profile which leads to enhancement in the thermal boundary layer. Also, the impact of the magnetic parameter (M) shows decrement in the velocity profile because there exists a Lorentz force that suppresses fluid motion. The friction factor and local Nusselt number decrease for higher values of the Casson parameter (β), whereas increment is illustrated for the suction parameter (S).

Anaphylaxis is a rapid-onset, life-threatening allergic reaction that needs immediate medical intervention. Typically, immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated, these reactions necessitate skin testing for assessing drug hypersensitivity. A 31-year-old woman with cervical carcinoma, scheduled for a total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy under general anesthesia (GA), experienced preoperative urticaria and palpitations, during a blood transfusion. Administering intravenous (IV) pheniramine, ranitidine, and dexamethasone resolved symptoms, allowing surgery under GA. However, post atracurium injection, she developed generalized urticaria and mild hypotension. IV pheniramine and hydrocortisone stabilized her, prompting surgery deferral for an allergology workup. The skin testing was performed, and all drugs tested negative. To prevent non-IgE-mediated reactions, a preoperative regimen of pheniramine 25 mg, prednisolone 50 mg, and famotidine 20 mg was recommended. Subsequently, surgery was performed under GA, using propofol and rocuronium, with the whole perioperative period remaining uneventful. This case underscores the imperative role of skin testing in elucidating perioperative drug usage amid suspected or encountered drug allergies.

Design methodologies for approximation of medium to large-scale accelerators have largely relied on search-based design space exploration. Due to the enormously sized solution space, Artificial Intelligence (AI) based heuristic search has remained one of the most common techniques to explore cost and performance trade-offs. As a sub-class of AI techniques, Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) has recently shown great potential as an intelligent stochastic search algorithm to solve computational problems with large branching factors. MCTS employs reinforced learning that combines past statistics and stochastic processes to traverse new paths in the search tree. Inspired by the success of MCTS in the games domain (AlphaGo), it has been recently applied to explore the solution space of approximate circuits. In this paper, a modified MCTS-based intelligent search technique is proposed that can handle huge search space for approximation of fairly large benchmark circuits. The proposed learning-based heuristic for MCTS directs the search towards deeper nodes in the search tree resulting in a rather asymmetric tree to efficiently utilize the search budget on the exploration of more promising nodes in the design space. The modified MCTS algorithm is based on reinforced learning where an agent uses past information to improve the overall gain. Experimental results confirm that the proposed heuristics can reach out to deeper nodes in the search tree which account for larger area savings in the context of approximate computing. The modified search algorithm enables 34.23% more area savings than the original search algorithm.

Islam demarcates between permissible and forbidden things to be consumed by humans as food in Quran and Sunnah. The Covid-19 pandemic is also speculated to be caused by the consumption of non-permissible food-items in Islam. In this article a review of Halal (lawful) and Haram (unlawful) foods in the light of Islamic Shariah is given.

Abstract In the present investigation, the direct reduction of magnetite and hematite powder with and without 5% bitumen at various temperatures has been studied in a hydrogen atmosphere. The prepared samples were fired in the temperature range of 673–1373 K to observe the weight loss and to find the effect of the bitumen in the samples. The microstructural results show that bitumen mixed with iron ore powder exhibited a more porous structure with cracks after reduction at 773 K and 973 K respectively. At temperatures above 1073 K, the carbon present in bitumen contributed to an enhanced rate of reduction of iron oxide samples. It was observed that, the reactivity of samples was affected by the level of impurities, crystal structure, binder, and composition of the reducing agent. Graphical Abstract

Novelcoronavirus-19 has created a challenging situation for developed as well as developing countries to sustain economic stability. There are a lot of controversies for policymakers to formulate an effective policy for reviving economic stability and minimizing the economic effects of this pandemic. The present study focuses on the internal mechanism of the Sustainability Oriented Innovation System and its subsequent effects on economic stability in most innovative economies. For empirical analysis of the most innovative countries (12 countries) high-income, middle-income, low-income, and lower-middle-income countries are selected. The Sustainability Oriented Innovation System is represented through the innovation input index and innovation output index. Economic stability is measured through the GDP growth rate of respective countries. A set of panel data was developed for the period of 11 years and Fixed Effect Methods were used to ascertain the empirical findings. The outcomes indicate that innovation is the main force of economic stability. The study’s results are important to policymakers to promote, stimulate and support economic stability through their strategies. Future studies may focus on the effects of the Sustainability Oriented Innovation System on economic stability in regional blocks like the EU, ASEAN, and G-20 countries.

Seismic numerical modeling technique provide most suitable way for the simulation of wave propagation through subsurface rocks and play an essential role in seismic interpretation, seismic inversion and in evaluating and designing a seismic survey. In order to delineate subsurface more precisely, different approaches are proposed for numerical modeling in which the solutions of Biot’s poroelastic equation are given by using reflectivity, finite element and finite difference algorithms. In current study, a finite difference forward modeling method is proposed to quantify the variation in wave properties during its propagation in a poroelastic media exhibiting mesoscopic heterogeneity due to the existence of three phase fluids. The Biot’s poroelastic wave equations are resolved and a generalized finite difference technique in time domain (FDTD) is used to examine seismic responses in a poroelastic media saturated with three phase fluids. So that the ability to detect geo-fluids through forward modeling technique can be improved. The accuracy of the simulation will lay a good foundation for the follow up work and will enhance our understandings about wave propagation through multi-phase poroelastic media and will also assist in detection and discrimination between fluids of different nature. Also, the proposed approach is of great significance for imaging and prediction of subsurface structures and distribution of fluids.

Introduction: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is related to increased risk of stroke. However, very few studies analyzed association of LVH assessed by Echocardiography (Echo) in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke separately. Aims & Objectives: To determine the association of left ventricular hypertrophy on echocardiography with hemorrhagic or non-hemorrhagic stroke. Place & Duration of Study: Study was done in Department of Cardiology Shaikh Zayed Hospital Lahore for six months from 01-01-2019 to 30-06-2019. Material & Methods: Total 190 patients, fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected. All patients underwent for echo and LVH was noted. Left ventricular posterior wall (PW) and inter ventricular septum (IVS) thickness>11mm in males and >10mm in females labeled as LVH. Results: Results of this study showed that risk of LVH was 1.66 times higher among patients who presented with Hemorrhagic: 57.9% vs Non-hemorrhagic stroke: 34.7%. Elderly age group patients (RR: 1.85), female patients (RR:2.53), overweight patients (RR:2.38), longer duration of stroke (RR:2.42) and diabetic patients had higher association with LVH in hemorrhagic stroke. Conclusion: It was observed in this study that patients having hemorrhagic stroke had higher association of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) as compared to Non- Hemorrhagic stroke. Further studies are needed in this domain to address the association between LVH and hemorrhagic stroke.

Abstract Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the novel coronavirus-infected millions globally. Despite a wide range of advised options for the treatment of COVID-19, a single strategy to tackle this pandemic remains elusive, thus far. That is why we are conducting a clinical trial to find out the efficacy of iodine complex to clear a viral load of severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) along with a reduction in time taken to alleviate symptoms. Method The proposed study is a placebo-controlled, add-on, randomized trial using parallel group designs. This is a closed-label and adaptive with sample size reassessment, multi-centered design with a 1:1:1:1 allocation ratio and superiority framework. It will be conducted in Shaikh Zayed Post-Graduate Medical Complex, Ali Clinic, and Doctors Lounge, Lahore, Pakistan. This study will have three arms of mild to moderately symptomatic COVID-19 patients (50 patients in each) which will receive ionic-iodine polymer complex with 200 mg of elemental iodine: interventional arm A will have encapsulated, arm B will receive suspension syrup form, arm C will get throat spray, while arm X will be standard care with placebo. Data will be collected on self-constructed, close-ended questionnaires after obtaining written consent. Data will be analyzed using SAS version 9.4. COVID-19 patients will be monitored by RT-PCR and HRCT (high-resolution computed tomography) chest. In addition to these, the duration of the symptomatic phase and mortality benefits will be analyzed in both groups. Discussion The study is designed to measure the superior efficacy of the iodine complex as an add-on in treating COVID-19-positive patients with mild to moderate symptoms. This combination is hypothesized to improve various parameters like rapid viral load reduction, clinical and radiological improvement, lower mortality, and reduction in hospitalization. The trial will aid in devising a better strategy to cope with COVID-19 in a relatively inexpensive and accessible way. The implications are global, and this could prove itself to be the most manageable intervention against COVID-19 especially for patients from limited-resource countries with deprived socioeconomic status. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04473261 . Registered on July 16, 2020.

Objective: To assess the disease activity after treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in rheumatoid arthritis patients at a tertiary care hospital of Rawalpindi. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Rheumatology, Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jun to Nov 2021. Methodology: A total of 197 adult patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis and with symptoms of dyspepsia were inducted into this study. First, the disease activity was measured considering parameters such as clinical swollen and tender joints count, disease activity scores 28(DAS-28), visual analogue scale (VAS) and laboratory parameters like erythrocyte sedimentation rate at the start as the baseline. Then, these were repeated after six months, and the differences between the two groups were compared. Results: At the start of the study, patients who were positive for H. pylori had markedly more swollen and tender joint counts and raised ESR values than those in the negative group. In addition, the disease activity score of 28 and pain scores was markedly raised in the positive group. After H. pylori eradication, the H. pylori-positive patients differed significantly (p

Introduction: Oilfield development’s primary objective has changed in recent years as a result of a deeper focus on oilfield exploration and possible reservoir oil extraction. These days, the distribution and characteristics of residual oil are hot topics.Methodology: This research study provides a physical simulation of the remaining oil distribution in the third-order architectural unit in the beach reservoir. Based on the reservoir geometry and compositional sequence, the third-order architecture unit in a beach sand reservoir can be divided into three types: layered, plate-like, and trough-like architecture units.Results and Discussion: A water-flooding simulation experiment is performed to find the distribution pattern of remaining oil (shortened as RO and used hereafter) and the controlling effect of the mudstone interlayer. The simulation results revealed that in the layered architecture unit with reverse-graded bedding, RO is mainly distributed between interlayers and accumulates at the bottom in fine-grain sands. The horizontal distribution of the mudstone interlayer has a profound effect on blocking the longitudinal migration of fluid. Second, in the plate-like architecture unit with uniform grain size, RO is mainly found in the middle portion of the model, separated by clay interlayers, with irregular presence of RO in the upper and lower part of the model. The oblique distribution of the clay interlayer has a significant effect on blocking the lateral migration of the fluid. Thirdly, in the trough-like architectural unit with normal-graded bedding, the RO is mainly distributed on top of the model in fine-grain sands and on the ridge-like parts formed by the interlayer’s intersection.Conclusion: A trough-like clay interlayer can promote fluid movement. RO distribution patterns from the current experiment can be used to explore the remaining oil in beach sand reservoirs of similar oilfields.

The early Eocene carbonate reservoir, Sui Main Limestone (SML), is the largest gas reservoir in Pakistan. In the Qadirpur area, more than 30 wells have been drilled, some of which have been declared dry or abandoned due to poor reservoir characteristics or facies variation. The aim of this work is to re-evaluate the reservoir characteristics and facies identification of Sui Main Limestone by using petrophysical analysis and rock physics modeling in the Qadirpur field in the Middle Indus Basin of Pakistan. The reservoir characterization of carbonate rocks is difficult because of their complex pore networking. The well data on five exploratory wells drilled in this gas field are used. The log-derived porosity varies in a very large range of 2%–36%, with an average of 14%–34%. The average porosity of the clean carbonate intervals is 10%–14% and thus has the capacity to accumulate hydrocarbon. The high porosity value indicates the presence of micro-fractures in Sui Main Limestone. These micro-fractures and secondary pores are well interconnected and allow the pore fluids to communicate. The secondary porosity is mainly due to the presence of vuggs and fractures in Sui Main Limestone. The volume of shale varies from 11%–38% in the wells. The net pay zones have hydrocarbon saturation in the range of 40%–70%, which is mainly gas. Using wireline log response, the formation is divided into three facies: limestone, shale, and shaly limestone. This comprehensive work may help improve the prediction of the reservoir quality in heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs and optimize field development.

Tioconazole (TCZ) is a broad-spectrum fungicidal BCS class II drug with reported activity against Candida albicans, dermatophytes, and certain Staphylococci bacteria. We report the use of TCZ-loaded transethosomes (TEs) to overcome the skin’s barrier function. TCZ-loaded TEs were fabricated by using a cold method with slight modification. Box–Behnken composite design was utilized to investigate the effect of independent variables. The fabricated TEs were assessed with various physicochemical characterizations. The optimized formulation of TCZ-loaded TEs was incorporated into gel and evaluated for pH, conductivity, drug content, spreadability, rheology, in vitro permeation, ex vivo permeation, and in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity. The fabricated TCZ-loaded TEs had a % EE of 60.56 to 86.13, with particle sizes ranging from 219.1 to 757.1 nm. The SEM images showed spherically shaped vesicles. The % drug permeation was between 77.01 and 92.03. The kinetic analysis of all release profiles followed Higuchi’s diffusion model. The FTIR, DSC, and XRD analysis showed no significant chemical interactions between the drug and excipients. A significantly higher antifungal activity was observed for TCZ-loaded transethosomal gel in comparison to the control. The in vivo antifungal study on albino rats indicated that TCZ-loaded transethosomal gel showed a comparable therapeutic effect in comparison to the market brand Canesten®. Molecular docking demonstrated that the TCZ in the TE composition was surrounded by hydrophobic excipients with increased overall hydrophobicity and better permeation. Therefore, TCZ in the form of transethosomal gel can serve as an effective drug delivery system, having the ability to penetrate the skin and overcome the stratum corneum barrier with improved efficacy.

Introduction: Chronic hemodialysis (HD) ends up with right ventricular (RV) dysfunction and increased pulmonary hypertension (PHTN). Left to right shunt in dialysis patients due to arterio-venous fistula (AVF) causes chronic volume overload, independent of rise in body water leading to worsening RV overload and RV dysfunction (RVD). Aims & Objectives: To determine the prevalence of RV dysfunction & pulmonary hypertension and its relationship to the number of dialysis sessions in patients of ESRD. Place and duration of study: Department of Cardiology & Nephrology, Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore for one year from March 2016 - March 2017. Material & Methods: This cross-sectional analytical hospital based study enrolled 145 Patients of End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) on regular 4-hours HD sessions at two or more times per week for at least 3 months. Echocardiography (Echo) with 2-D, M (Motion) Mode & Doppler studies were done. RV dysfunction by TAPSE value less than 15mm & PHTN by Systolic pulmonary artery pressure >35 mm Hg or tricuspid regurgitation velocity (VTR) ?2m/s at rest were noted. Data was analyzed on SPSS version 20. Results: RV dysfunction was seen in 40.7% (59) of patients and the frequency rose across the 4 dialysis session groups (13.8%, 37.3%, 51.7% & 100%, p

Introduction: Pleural effusions due to various pulmonary and extra pulmonary causes are common clinical problems. Some pleural diseases require therapeutic pleurocentesis to decompress the pleural space like in malignant and benign pleural effusions, pyothorax, chylothorax, pneumothorax, complicated parapneumonic effusion and haemothoraces. Traditionally large bore tubes have been used with trocar or through blunt dissection. Nowadays small-bore catheters are gaining popularity, as they are less painful and believed to be equally efficacious as compared to large bore tubes. Aims & Objectives: To compare the success rate of small bore tubes with standard large bore chest tubes in therapeutic pleural drainage and to compare complications rate between small bore and large bore drains. Place and duration of study: The study was conducted at Department of Pulmonology of FPGMI, Shaikh Zayed Hospital, during one year (2015-2016). Material & Methods: Total 152 patients who required therapeutic evacuation of pleural space suffering from pneumothorax, empyema, parapneumonic and malignant effusion, were enrolled and underwent therapeutic drainage with small bore (< 20 F size) and large bore tubes (> 20 F size), randomized by lottery method. Results: The mean duration of drain placement for large bore drain was 7.9±3.8 days, which was significantly higher than small bore drains with a mean value of 3.0±1.6 days (p-value

Abstract Objectives The study objective is to quantify the effectiveness of ivermectin (subcutaneous/oral IVM) in the presence or absence of zinc (Zn) for clinical and radiological improvement in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with moderate severity. Trial design This quadruple-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial will be a multiarmed multi-centered study with superiority framework. Participants Quinquagenarian and sexagenarian patients with moderate COVID-19 symptoms and positive severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus -2 (SARS-CoV-2) PCR will be included. Participants with co-morbidities and pregnant women will be excluded. Patient recruitment will be done in Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex, Doctors Lounge and Ali Clinic in Lahore (Pakistan). Intervention and comparator The registered patients will be allocated in 6 groups (30 participants each). Patients will be taking subcutaneous IVM at 200 μg/kg/48 h (Arm A) or subcutaneous IVM at 200 μg/kg/48 h and oral Zn 20mg/8 h (Arm B) or oral IVM at 0.2 mg/kg/day (Arm C) or oral IVM at 0.2 mg/kg/day and oral Zn 20mg/8 h (Arm D) or alone oral Zn 20mg/8 h (Arm E) or placebo alone (Arm X). Patients in all arms will receive standard care and respective placebo (empty capsule 8 hourly and/or subcutaneous normal saline 2ml/48 h). Main outcomes Primary endpoints will be duration of symptomatic phase and SARS-CoV-2 clearance along with high resolution CT (HRCT) chest score and clinical grade scale (CGS) on day 6. 30-day mortality will be documented as a secondary endpoint. SARS-CoV-2 clearance will be calculated by second PCR on day 7. HRCT chest score will be measured by the percentage and lung lobes involvement on day 6 with a maximum score of 25. CGS will be recorded on a seven-point scale; grade 1 (not hospitalized, no evidence of infection and resumption of normal activities), grade 2 (not hospitalized, but unable to resume normal activities), grade 3 (hospitalized, not requiring supplemental oxygen), grade 4 (hospitalized, requiring supplemental oxygen), grade 5 (hospitalized, requiring nasal high-flow oxygen therapy and/or noninvasive mechanical ventilation), grade 6 (hospitalized, requiring ECMO and/or invasive mechanical ventilation) and grade 7 (death). Randomisation A simple lottery method will be used to randomly allocate scrutinized patients in 1:1:1:1:1:1 ratio in 6 groups. Blinding (masking) Patients, primary care physicians, outcome assessors and the data collection team will be blinded. Numbers to be randomised (sample size) 180 participants will be randomized into six arms with five investigational and one placebo group. Trial Status Institutional Review Board Shaikh Zayed Post-Graduate Medical Complex, Lahore, Pakistan has approved the protocol (version 2.3) with ID SZMC/IRB/Internal0056/2020. The trial was approved on July 14, 2020, and enrolment started on July 30, 2020. The estimated completion date is October 30, 2021. Trial registration Clinical Trial has been retrospectively registered on www.clinicaltrials.gov with registration ID NCT04472585 dated July 16, 2020. Full protocol The full protocol is attached as an additional file, accessible from the Trials website (Additional file 1). With the intention of expediting dissemination of this trial, the conventional formatting has been eliminated; this Letter serves as a summary of the key elements of the full protocol. The study protocol has been reported in accordance with the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Clinical Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) guidelines.

Abstract Objectives Considering the therapeutic potential of honey and Nigella sativa (HNS) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, the objective of the study is defined to evaluate the prophylactic role of HNS. Trial design The study is a randomized, placebo-controlled, adaptive clinical trial with parallel group design, superiority framework with an allocation ratio of 1:1 among experimental (HNS) and placebo group. An interim analysis will be done when half of the patients have been recruited to evaluate the need to adapt sample size, efficacy, and futility of the trial. Participants All asymptomatic patients with hospital or community based COVID-19 exposure will be screened if they have had 4 days exposure to a confirmed case. Non-pregnant adults with significant exposure level will be enrolled in the study High-risk exposure (10min without face protection) Moderate exposure (10min with face protection) Subjects with acute or chronic infection, COVID-19 vaccinated, and allergy to HNS will be excluded from the study. Recruitment will be done at Shaikh Zayed Post-Graduate Medical Institute, Ali Clinic and Doctors Lounge in Lahore (Pakistan). Intervention and comparator In this clinical study, patients will receive either raw natural honey (0.5 g) and encapsulated organic Nigella sativa seeds (40 mg) per kg body weight per day or empty capsule with and 30 ml of 5% dextrose water as a placebo for 14 days. Both the natural products will be certified for standardization by Government College University (Botany department). Furthermore, each patient will be given standard care therapy according to version 3.0 of the COVID-19 clinical management guidelines by the Ministry of National Health Services of Pakistan. Main outcomes Primary outcome will be Incidence of COVID-19 cases within 14 days of randomisation. Secondary endpoints include incidence of COVID-19-related symptoms, hospitalizations, and deaths along with the severity of COVID-19-related symptoms till 14th day of randomization. Randomisation Participants will be randomized into experimental and control groups (1:1 allocation ratio) via the lottery method. There will be stratification based on high risk and moderate risk exposure. Blinding (masking) Quadruple blinding will be ensured for the participants, care providers and outcome accessors. Data analysts will also be blinded to avoid conflict of interest. Site principal investigator will be responsible for ensuring masking. Numbers to be randomised (sample size) 1000 participants will be enrolled in the study with 1:1 allocation. Trial Status The final protocol version 1.4 was approved by institutional review board of Shaikh Zayed Post-Graduate Medical Complex on February 15, 2021. The trial recruitment was started on March 05, 2021, with a trial completion date of February 15, 2022. Trial registration Clinical trial was registered on February 23, 2021, www.clinicaltrials.gov with registration ID NCT04767087 . Full protocol The full protocol is attached as an additional file, accessible from the Trials website (Additional file 1). With the intention of expediting dissemination of this trial, the conventional formatting has been eliminated; this Letter serves as a summary of the key elements of the full protocol. The study protocol has been reported in accordance with the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Clinical Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) guidelines.

Mawlānā Luṭfullah Jahāngīrī, born on September 28, 1906, was a renowned scholar of Pakistan. He played a significant part in ceasing the role of Qadiyanis and declared them as non-Muslim in the Law of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. He was the only son of the famous religious scholar Maulana Abdul Haq. Maulana Lutfullah studied at the famous school The Darul Uloom Deoband, Delhi. He taught at the Islamic University of Banori Town and he was entitled a Sheikh. He preached the Finality of Prophethood and became successful in it because at that time Qadiyaniyat was widespread in the region. In 1953 he was sent to Rawalpindi Jail. He played a vital role in Delhi Muradabad Dialogue as well as in the dialogue with Qadianis in the Zaida District in Swabi and also in the districts of Mardan. He also received the title of Lutfullah Peshawari by Sheikh ul Hadiths Maulana Zarwali khan. He was considered one of the famous scholars of the Deoband Era. He passed away on 8th August 1983.

The representative heuristic and overconfidence are cognitive biases that influence the decisions of the investors in the stock market. Overconfident investors tend to rely on representative heuristic for decision making under uncertainty. Investors overestimate their knowledge and think that past performance is the best indicator to measure the future performance of a company. Investors who are overconfident and use representative heuristics overreact to any new information that arrives in the market, and it affects their decisions. To measure the presence of overconfidence and representative heuristic in decisions making of investors trading at Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX), we have used primary as well as stock market secondary data. Primary data was collected from 446 retail investors, and secondary data was collected from 301 companies listed in 35 sectors of PSX. We have found a significant effect of overconfidence and representative heuristic on the decision making of investors and the trade volume of the stock market. This paper adds to the literature of behavioral finance concerning the role of overconfidence as a mediator between representative heuristic and investment decisions. The evidence documented in this paper is first known to measure the role of mediator between representative heuristic and investment decisions.

The main objective of this study is to examine the effect of self-sacrificial leadership on organizational citizenship behavior within the health sector through a moderated mediation approach. The study has been conducted on nurses working in public hospitals in Sargodha, Pakistan, and data have been collected through a questionnaire survey method. In this study, psychological empowerment is used as a moderator, and psychological wellbeing is used as a mediator between self-sacrificial leadership on organizational citizenship behavior based on the fundamental premise of Conservation of Resource (COR) theory. The data have been analyzed through Partial Least Square Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) to examine the hypotheses. Empirical results demonstrated that psychological well-being plays a significant and positive mediating role in the relationship between self-sacrificial leadership and organizational citizenship behavior. The results further explain that nurses’ psychological empowerment moderates the mediating effect of psychological well-being between self-sacrificial leadership and organizational citizenship behavior. This study adds to a better understanding of the role of self-sacrificial leadership in encouraging organizational citizenship behavior.

Abstract Objectives The objective of the study is to measure the efficacy of ionic-iodine polymer complex [1] for clinical and radiological improvement in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Trial design The trial will be closed label, randomized and placebo-controlled with a 1:1:1:1 allocation ratio and superiority framework. Participants All PCR confirmed COVID-19 adult patients including non-pregnant females, with mild to moderate disease, will be enrolled from Shaikh Zayed Post-Graduate Medical Complex, Ali Clinic and Doctors Lounge in Lahore (Pakistan). Patients with any pre-existing chronic illness will be excluded from the study. Intervention and comparator In this multi-armed study ionic-iodine polymer complex with 200 mg of elemental iodine will be given using three formulations to evaluate efficacy. Patients will be receiving either encapsulated iodine complex of 200 mg (arm A), iodine complex syrup form 40 ml (arm B), iodine complex throat spray of 2 puffs (arm C) or empty capsule (arm D) as placebo; all three times a day. All the 4 arms will be receiving standard care as per version 3.0 of the clinical management guidelines for COVID-19 established by the Ministry of National Health Services of Pakistan. Main outcomes Primary outcomes will be viral clearance with radiological and clinical improvement. SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR and HRCT chest scans will be done on the admission day and then after every fourth day for 12 days or till the symptoms are resolved. RT-PCR will only be shown as positive or negative while HRCT chest scoring will be done depending on the area and severity of lung involvement [2]. Time taken for the alleviation of symptoms will be calculated by the number of days the patient remained symptomatic. 30-day mortality will be considered as a secondary outcome. Randomisation Stratification for initial COVID-19 status (or days from initial symptoms as a proxy), age groups, gender, baseline severity of symptoms and co-morbidities will be used to ensure that the study arms remain balanced in size for the 1:1:1:1 allocation ratio. Randomization will be done using the lottery method. As patients are being admitted at different times, they will be recruited after obtaining their voluntary written informed consent following all standard protocols of the infection, control and disinfection. Blinding (masking) This is a quadruple (participants, care providers, investigators and outcomes assessors) blinded study where only the study’s Primary Investigator will have information about the arms and their interventions. Numbers to be randomised (sample size) 200 patients will be randomized into four groups with three experimental and one placebo arm. Trial Status Protocol Version Number is 2.3 and it is approved from IRB Shaikh Zayed Hospital with ID SZMC/IRB/Internal0056/2020 on July 14th, 2020. The recruitment is in progress. It was started on July 30, 2020, and the estimated end date for the trial is August 15, 2021. Trial registration Clinical Trial has been retrospectively registered on www.clinicaltrials.gov with registration ID NCT04473261 dated July 16, 2020. Full protocol The full protocol is attached as an additional file, accessible from the Trials website (Additional file 1). With the intention of expediting dissemination of this trial, the conventional formatting has been eliminated; this Letter serves as a summary of the key elements of the full protocol. The study protocol has been reported in accordance with the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Clinical Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) guidelines.

Purpose: To describe the visual and anatomical outcomes in a patient with a full-thickness macular hole and Best vitelliform macular dystrophy. Methods: The authors present a case of a large spontaneous macular hole with associated posterior pole detachment in a patient with a history of Best vitelliform macular dystrophy including clinical course and surgical outcome. Patient: The patient presented with a history of blurred central vision. He was known to have Best vitelliform macular dystrophy. Examination revealed BCVA 6/36 (0.78 logMAR) and a full-thickness macular hole (1,102 µm) with a shallow posterior pole detachment extending to the vascular arcades. He underwent phacovitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade. Internal limiting membrane (ILM) peel was prohibited due to a very adherent posterior hyaloid membrane (PHM). Results: The patient developed type 2 closure. He had oil removal in 14 months combined with PHM and ILM peel. Two months postoperatively, he had further reduction of the foveal defect and the retina remained flat. Final BCVA was 6/24 (0.60 logMAR). Conclusion: Macular holes with Best disease are rare and are thought to be due to rupture of a cyst in the vitelliform stage or atrophy in later stages. This case outlines that closure of the macular hole, flattening of the detachment, and improvement in visual acuity is possible with vitrectomy and ILM peeling.

The middle sub-member (Es3z) within the third member (Es3) of the Eocene Shahejie formation is the main source of the generation and accumulation of hydrocarbons in the lacustrine deltas of Bonan depression. Exploration and research work in different blocks is carried out separately. Types of sedimentary facies, and their vertical and lateral evolution in Es3z are not studied in detail. To fill this knowledge gap, we did a detailed analysis of facies and lithological characteristics through integrative studies of cores, well logs and seismic data. Identification of sedimentary structures and lithology of the reservoir zone from cores are calibrated with high-quality well logs and seismic data. Depositional facies in Es3z reservoirs are identified through analysis of sedimentary structures, grain size, log’s trends and seismic sections. Es3z was deposited in the fan delta front setting where five facies associations are found, among them distributary channels consisting of MCS, CSg, PCSs, MS, RCL, WCS, PBSs, RCS and GBS lithofacies, natural levee containing DFs, and furthermore, sheet sand are associated to CBS and SSM lithofacies. GM, GGM and DGM lithofacies are related to inter-distributary deposits, whereas mouth bars consist of PLS, CS and CFS. Depositional history, flow direction of the sediments, and facies distribution are investigated through detailed facies mapping and cross-section profiling to show that the sediments were sourced from southeast to northwest. We found thicker succession of sedimentary profiles towards north and north-west directions. Belt distributary channel deposits, covering a wide range of areas, act as potential reservoirs along with mouth bar deposits, while mudstones in interdistributary channels act as a good source and seal rocks. The methodology adopted has great potential to explore the reservoirs of fan delta front in lacustrine deltas.

The debilitated attention in post-harvest management of lotus rhizomes (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn) is of serious concern to the food industry. Far too often, exposure to mechanical damage during post-harvest handling, transportation, and valorisation of lotus rhizomes scores low in its quality and leads to post-harvest losses, hence the detailed profiling of this biomaterial is much needed. In this study, the data for physical and mechanical/ engineering properties of lotus rhizomes of varying sizes were generated to facilitate its utilisation in designing post-harvest and processing machinery and also planning its processing and valorisation. Lotus rhizomes were classified into different sizes for assessing the requirement of grading and sorting devices in the future. The significant difference (P

The paper traces the concept of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in the SharÊ‘ah and law in general. The details of various modes of ADR (Arbitration, Mediation, Conciliation Negotiation, TaÍkÊm and ØulÍ) have been left aside, owing to the fact of concentration on the issue under investigation. In this work, focus, therefore, remains on ADR’s meaning, evolution, legal status, need and significance in both systems; with minute details. It also discusses the origin of ADR in the modern law, the various stages through which it has been passed, the era of invention of the phrase ‘ADR’ and the advantages of this mechanism of dispute resolution, both for the state and individual/individuals. As a complementary requirement, Pakistani Legal System has also been analyzed profoundly in the ADR perspective. It also discovers the similitude of term ‘ADR’ in the SharÊ‘ah. A comprehensive tabulated comparison between ADR and formal litigation is made in the present work, followed by a comprehensive conclusion of the issue under investigation. In addition, content analysis technique of qualitative research method has been used for the critical analysis of the secondary data, available on the concept of ADR and TaÍkÊm, both in the conventional and Islamic law respectively.

This work probes the notion of ÎulÍ with its minute details, in the context of ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution). It discovers the generic term IÎlÉh as one of the corresponding SharÊ‘ah’s phenomenon to ADR of the conventional law. It argues that the mechanism and structure provided by the SharÊ‘ah for resolution of disputes through informal techniques is highly simple, easily understandable, vastly practicable, more expeditious in bringing finality to the issue, and above all, it is free of cost. It determines the criterion of fitness of a case for ÎulÍ and explores that ÎulÍ could be affected both in civil and criminal areas including major issues of the ×udËd offenses. The work also covers the details of the subject in Pakistani legal system, with special reference to the efficacy of Pakistani Statutes, and efficiency of the learned judges on the subject. Legal effects of ÎulÍ, both in the SharÊ‘ah and law, have been discussed comprehensively. Proposals and suggestions for improvement also form part of this work. Being the very common and efficient method in legal research so far, the qualitative research technique has been adopted in the present work, where the content analysis of the secondary data, available in the SharÊ‘ah and law on the subject under investigation, has been made with minute details.