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Unani medicine relies on drugs of natural origin for the treatment of various medical conditions. It is practised throughout Asia and particularly in India. The rich natural drug asset of Unani medicine includes both single and compound drugs. Habb-e-Azaraqi is a polyherbal Unani formulation used clinically since decades for the management of various neurological disorders like facial palsy, paralysis, gout and arthritis. The explicit nature of Habb-e-Azaraqi rationalizes its use in nervine disorders. The main ingredient of Habb-e-Azaraqi is Azaraqi mudabbar (detoxified Strychnos nux-vomica L.) which is known for its diverse medicinal uses. This review highlights the traditional uses of Habb-e-Azaraqi, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of its ingredient. Keyword: Habb-e-Azaraqi; Facial palsy; Paralysis; Strychnos nux-vomica; Unani medicine

Science has uncovered much about SARS-CoV-2 and made extraordinary and unprecedented progress on the development of COVID-19 vaccines, but there is still great uncertainty as the pandemic continues to evolve. We are simply moving to a new phase of the pandemic. Tiryaq Wabai, is on the polyherbal medicine used for centuries by Unani doctors as preventative medicine in epidemics. It consists of three ingredients: Sibr (Aloe barbadensis), Zafran (Crocus sativus), and Mur-Makki (Commiphora myrrh). All the three ingredients of Tiryaq Wabai have various pharmacological activities like immunomodulatory, antitussive, expectorant, and antiviral activity which provide a strong basis for its prophylactic use for covid-19 infection. Further, research on this important prophylactic Unani formulation Tiryaq Wabai in Covid-19 is the need of the hour. Keywords: Tiryaq; Epidemic; Covid-19; Unani medicine

Introduction: The rhizomes of medicinal plant Darunaj-aqrabi (Doronicum hookeri C.B. Clarke ex Hook.f.) (Family Asteraceae) has long been used in Unani system of medicine (USM) as Cardiac tonic (invigorative and exhilarant), nervine tonic, carminative, protective of the foetus, antidotary etc. in different dosage forms. It is included in specific drugs for heart and is much valuable for palpitation. Because of having antidotal characteristics and protective (corrective) attributes, the rhizomes are generally used in compound formulations having tonic effects for the body. Aim of the review: The study aims to reflect the importance of Darunaj-aqrabi in USM. This review provides essential data focusing on traditional use, phytochemistry, and pharmacological profile, thereby identifying research gaps and future opportunities for investigation and development of this plant. Materials and methods: All available information related to Darunaj-aqrabi in the internationally accepted scientific databases including Pub Med, Science Direct, Scopus, Sci Finder, Google Scholar, Microsoft academy and Web of Science were searched. Additional information was gathered from the classical text of USM on Herbs, Unani Pharmacopoeia, and so on. Results: The literature supported its use traditionally in formularies or by rural people as a digestive, carminative, protective of the foetus, cardiotonic, stomach tonic, liver tonic, lithotriptic, antidote etc. Its extract showed antibacterial, antifungal, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant activity. The main phytochemical constituents are alkaloids; saponins; flavonoids, photoactive thiophenes, sesquiterpene alcohol, paralianchol and its acetophenone derivatives. There is limited data available on this plant. Conclusion: The contemporary pharmacological studies showed the anti-microbial, antifungal, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant activity of Darunaj-aqrabi. However, most of the aspects of this herb have still not been identified. Along with this, there are inadequate details on the phytochemistry and toxicological profile. Due to the extensive traditional uses of Darunaj-aqrabi, more research on pharmacological activities, phytochemistry, toxicity and adverse effects tend to be required to determine its medicinal values.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Ammi majus L. (Aatrilal) a member of the family Apiaceae, is native to Egypt and widely distributed in Europe, the Mediterranean, and West Asia. It has been used for the treatment of various dermatological disorders particularly vitiligo in the Unani system of Medicine for ages. In traditional medicine, fruits are used as an emmenagogue as well as a diuretic, blood purifier and to treat leprosy, urinary and digestive disorders. Aim of the review This paper aims to highlight the medicinal properties of Aatrilal in view of its temperament and phytoconstituents; to signify its potential in the treatment of vitiligo and other ailments as mentioned in Unani system of medicine and also to explore its phytochemistry, pharmacological and clinical studies. Materials and methods Aatrilal was explored in classical Unani literature for its temperament (mizaj), medicinal properties and therapeutic uses. Published works available on PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were referred to collect all the available information regarding its phytochemicals and pharmacological studies. All relevant articles up to 2020 were referred including 15 classical Unani books, 15 English books, 72 research, and 3 review papers. The plant's scientific names were validated using ‘The Plant List’ ( www.theplantlist.org ). Standard Unani Medical Terminology published by Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine in collaboration with the World Health Organization was used to describe the appropriate Unani terminologies. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants and different indexed journals were consulted for botanical and English names. Results Aatrilal has been used in traditional medicine for ages. Due to controversies in its identity, it was adulterated and substituted with many drugs. The real identity of Aatrilal is now established as the fruit of A. majus L. Despite having numerous pharmacological activities, it is considered the first-line drug for the treatment of vitiligo. It is a rich source of furanocoumarins (xanthotoxin, also known as 8-methoxypsoralen, bergapten, imperatorin, isopimpinellin) with other compounds viz. flavonoids, terpenoids, proteins, essential oil constituents, etc. It has been reported for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, antiviral, cytotoxic, and many other activities. Clinical trials have shown the therapeutic potential in vitiligo and other skin disorders. Conclusion Based on the available literature, it can be concluded that Aatrilal is a drug that has been effectively used in Unani system of medicine for centuries to treat the cases of vitiligo and other dermatological disorders. It has been studied extensively for its phytopharmacological properties. Raw extracts of A. majus form the crux of the main research. Many potentially bioactive compounds are included in the essential oil, but to our knowledge, no detailed studies of its biological activity are yet available. Therefore, our suggestion is to focus future research on essential oil and its ingredients.