Search

The identification of jets originating from quarks and gluons, often referred to as quark/gluon tagging, plays an important role in various analyses performed at the Large Hadron Collider, as Standard Model measurements and searches for new particles decaying to quarks often rely on suppressing a large gluon-induced background. This paper describes the measurement of the efficiencies of quark/gluon taggers developed within the ATLAS Collaboration, using √s = 13 TeV proton–proton collision data with an integrated luminosity of 140 fb−1 collected by the ATLAS experiment. Two taggers with high performances in rejecting jets from gluon over jets from quarks are studied: one tagger is based on requirements on the number of inner-detector tracks associated with the jet, and the other combines several jet substructure observables using a boosted decision tree. A method is established to determine the quark/gluon fraction in data, by using quark/gluon-enriched subsamples defined by the jet pseudorapidity. Differences in tagging efficiency between data and simulation are provided for jets with transverse momentum between 500 GeV and 2 TeV and for multiple tagger working points.

The spaces Ap,qs(ℝn)with A ∈ {B, F}, s ∈ ℝ and 0 p,qs(ℝn) in terms of atoms or wavelets culminating finally in universal frame representations of tempered distributions f ∈ S′(ℝn). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTOur world is wonderful because of the normal but negligibly small baryonic part (i.e. atoms) although unknown dark matter and dark energy dominate the Universe. A stable atomic nucleus could be simply termed as ‘strong matter’ since its nature is dominated by the fundamental strong interaction. Is there any other form of strong matter? Although nuclei are composed of 2-flavoured (i.e. up and down flavours of valence quarks) nucleons, it is conjectured that bulk strong matter could be 3-flavoured (with additional strange quarks) if the baryon number exceeds the critical value, Ac in which case quarks could be either free (so-called strange quark matter) or localized (in strangeons, coined by combining ‘strange nucleon’). Bulk strong matter could be manifested in the form of compact stars, cosmic rays, and even dark matter. This trinity will be explained in this brief review that may impact dramatically on today’s physics, particularly in the era of multi-messenger astronomy after the discovery of gravitational wave.

There are various theories of elementary particles, although there is still no single complete theory. The main concepts, types and mechanisms of the interaction of elementary particles were considered in this article. The study of the internal structure of protons is one of the topical issues of elementary particles physics. The article considers the different types of interactions between of protons. The results of the interaction of particles in some energies are graphically described. Experimental verification of theoretical calculations is also of great importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unclear verse "Three Quarks for Muster Mark!", introduced by James Joyce (1882--1941) to his novel entitled Finnegans Wake (first published in 1939), was a literary source for the English word quark denoting 'an elementary particle with a fractional electric charge that is part of a proton, neutron or other interacting elementary particle'. The American physicist Murray Gell-Mann, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1969, was the first researcher to introduce the English word quark into scientific terminology as early as in 1964. After accepting his hypothesis of quarks in the world science, most physicists adopted the English term quark as standard in the physical terminology of most international languages (e.g. French quark, German Quark, Italian quark, Polish kwark, Portugal quark, Russian ..., Spanish cuark, Turkish kuark, Ukrainian ... 'an elementary particle') and it quickly became a widely recognized internationalism. It is not commonly known that Joyce's verse facetiously imitated loud cries of German dairy women: Drei Mark für muster Quark! (literally "Three Marks for an excellent curd!"). In other words, E. quark 'an elementary particle' is motivated by the German term Quark m. 'weiser Käse / curd, white cheese', metaphorically 'trifle, nonsense, trash, worthless thing', which -- according to most German and Slavic etymologists -- represents an obvious Slavic borrowing (especially a Polish or Lower Sorbian loanword), cf. Pol. twaróg, dial. kwaruk m. 'curd, white cheese' (< Proto-Slavic *tvarogъ m. 'id.'). It is suggested that the specialized term kwark represents the so called back-borrowing in the Polish language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we use the approach recently introduced by Barros to study hadron spectra and some quark confinement properties in a Schwarzchild-like space–time generated by a nongravitational field. As a starting point, for the nongravitational field, we make the choice of a strong Yukawa-like field whose associated potential is a generalized Yukawa-like potential, typical of strong interactions. Then, from the latter field, the energy momentum tensor is constructed, the Einstein field equations are solved and the curvature function of the Schwarzchild metric is obtained. The correspondence principle applied to the Schwarzchild metric has enable us to construct the Dirac equation in the latter space. The resolution of the coupled differential equations of Dirac made it possible to obtain the energy spectrum of the strong interaction. The latter is obtained in a more general form than in the previous investigations. Then, the energy spectrum, masses and confinement radius of few hadrons are estimated and compared with experimental data and other theoretical studies. In most considered cases, our predictions are found to be in good agreement with experimental data. The good agreement observed between our outcomes and the experiment can be attributed to the choice of our potential, which has more free parameters than in past studies with the same approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we determine eigen energies, eigenfunctions and statistical properties of non-relativistic heavy quarkonia interacting with the extended Cornel potential within a space-time generated by a cosmic-string. We extend the Cornel potential by adding the inverse square potential plus the quadratic potential. We have calculated the energy eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenstates using the Extended Nikiforov-Uvarov (ENU) method. Then, based on the equation of energy spectra, the thermodynamic properties like partition function, entropy, free energy, mean energy and specific heat capacity are calculated within the space-time of a cosmic-string. In the next step, we investigate the influence of the cosmic-string parameter on quantum states of heavy quarkonia and their statistical properties.

Abstract Nonlinear feedback shift register (NFSR) is one of the most important cryptographic primitives in lightweight cryptography. At ASIACRYPT 2010, Knellwolf et al. proposed conditional differential attack to perform a cryptanalysis on NFSR-based cryptosystems. The main idea of conditional differential attack is to restrain the propagation of the difference and obtain a detectable bias of the difference of the output bit. QUARK is a lightweight hash function family which is designed by Aumasson et al. at CHES 2010. Then the extended version of QUARK was published in Journal of Cryptology 2013. In this paper, we propose an improved conditional differential attack on QUARK. One improvement is that we propose a method to select the input difference. We could obtain a set of good input differences by this method. Another improvement is that we propose an automatic condition imposing algorithm to deal with the complicated conditions efficiently and easily. It is shown that with the improved conditional differential attack on QUARK, we can detect the bias of output difference at a higher round of QUARK. Compared to the current literature, we find a distinguisher of U-QUARK/D-QUARK/S-QUARK/C-QUARK up to 157/171/292/460 rounds with increasing 2/5/33/8 rounds respectively. We have performed the attacks on each instance of QUARK on a 3.30 GHz Intel Core i5 CPU, and all these attacks take practical complexities which have been fully verified by our experiments. As far as we know, all of these results have been the best thus far.

n the course of work the integral representation of π 0 -meson form-factor of π 0 → γγ process has been obtained within relativistic quark model based on point form of Poincar´e-invariant quantum mechanics taking into account anomalous magnetic moments of κu and κd quarks. The parameters obtained using pseudoscalar density constant gπ± , current masses of u- and d-quarks as well as decay constant π ± → ℓ ±νℓ were used for numerical modeling of Fπ0γ(t) form-factor in time-like region. Similar calculations for π 0 → γγ decay characteristics with reference to quark structure in point form of Poincaré-invariant quantum mechanics have been carried out for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of Things (IoT) applications are critical for the fast delivery of health information/data in different environments. The wireless sensor network (WSN) can be used within IoT applications to collect this information in the electronic-health sector. However, the essential drawback of WSN and health applications is ensuring that patient and healthcare provider data/information is protected. In addition, exchanging keys and joining the network is the first/most important line of defense to protect health information. Amid all this, the previous search has introduced many key exchange protocols but still suffers from security and performance issues for WSNs and user devices. In this research, we propose a new protocol for exchanging keys and joining the network using security algorithms that are Elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman (ECDH) and QUARK hash (qh). We focused on applying lightweight and high-security techniques to reduce the burden on WSN resources, by adopting a solid methodological approach to support security first and performance second. The security analysis is simulated with the Scyther tool, and the results indicate that our protocol is able to block key exchange attacks known in the existing research. Furthermore, we carried out a comparison with the results of the recent search in terms of performance, our protocol provides better performance results than the results of the existing search. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we use the concept of conformable fractional derivative to study the nonrelativistic radial Schrödinger equation. We suggest an extended version of the Cornell potential as the quark–antiquark interaction of light and heavy mesons. We generalize the asymptotic iteration method to the fractional domain. The latter is used to calculate the energy eigenvalues, as well as the effect of the fractional order ν on energy spectra. To test the applicability of our model, we use the obtained results to reproduce the mass spectra of some light and heavy mesons such as b b ̄ , c c ̄ , c s ̄ , b ̄ c , b q ̄ and b s ̄ quarks. The mass spectra are obtained at different values of the fractional order parameter ν and were compared with experimental results and other relevant theoretical works. Using the wave function, we calculated the decay constants for heavy-light D 0 , D + , D s + , B − , B ̄ 0 and B ̄ s 0 mesons. Our results are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data, and improved in comparison with other theoretical previsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) is a hadron-accelerator facility that aims to provide secondary beams of kaons, pions, neutrinos, muons, and others together with the primary proton beam for investigating a wide range of science projects. High-energy hadron physics can be studied by using high-momentum beams of unseparated hadrons, which are essentially pions, and also primary protons. In this report, possible experiments are explained on color transparency and generalized parton distributions (GPDs). These projects are complementary to lepton-scattering experiments at Jefferson Laboratory (JLab), COMPASS/AMBER, and future electron-ion colliders. Thank to hadron-beam energies up to 30 GeV, J-PARC is a unique facility to investigate the transition region from the hadron degrees of freedom to the quark-gluon degrees of freedom. It is suitable for finding mechanisms of the olor transparency. Such color-transparency studies are also valuable for clarifying the factorization of hadron production processes in extracting the GPDs from actual measurements. These studies will lead to the understanding of basic high-energy hadron interactions in nuclear medium and to clarifications on the origins of hadron spins, masses, and internal pressure mechanisms.

The looming discovery of two particles predicted earlier is especially interesting due to the fact that the value of the mass of one of them enters the formulas for the W, Z and H boson masses. This particle is a muon of the leptonic family with a mass of ≈26.2 GeV/c2. A proposition that W, Z and H bosons are compound particles acquires an ever increasing confidence. As a result, these bosons might lose their status of elementary particles, with the questions arising whether the boson with a mass of ≈125 GeV/c2 is a Higgs boson and whether the Higgs field is real or not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlinear feedback shift register (NFSR) is one of the most important cryptographic primitives in lightweight cryptography. At ASIACRYPT 2010, Knellwolf et al. proposed conditional differential attack to perform a cryptanalysis on NFSR-based cryptosystems. The main idea of conditional differential attack is to restrain the propagation of the difference and obtain a detectable bias of the difference of the output bit. QUARK is a lightweight hash function family which is designed by Aumasson et al. at CHES 2010. Then the extended version of QUARK was published in Journal of Cryptology 2013. In this paper, we propose an improved conditional differential attack on QUARK. One improvement is that we propose a method to select the input difference. We could obtain a set of good input differences by this method. Another improvement is that we propose an automatic condition imposing algorithm to deal with the complicated conditions efficiently and easily. It is shown that with the improved conditional differential attack on QUARK, we can detect the bias of output difference at a higher round of QUARK. Compared to the current literature, we find a distinguisher of U-QUARK/D-QUARK/S-QUARK/C-QUARK up to 157/171/292/460 rounds with increasing 2/5/33/8 rounds respectively. We have performed the attacks on each instance of QUARK on a 3.30 GHz Intel Core i5 CPU, and all these attacks take practical complexities which have been fully verified by our experiments. As far as we know, all of these results have been the best thus far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) is a hadron-accelerator facility that aims to provide secondary beams of kaons, pions, neutrinos, muons, and others together with the primary proton beam for investigating a wide range of science projects. High-energy hadron physics can be studied by using high-momentum beams of unseparated hadrons, which are essentially pions, and also primary protons. In this report, possible experiments are explained on color transparency and generalized parton distributions (GPDs). These projects are complementary to lepton-scattering experiments at Jefferson Laboratory (JLab), COMPASS/AMBER, and future electron-ion colliders. Thank to hadron-beam energies up to 30 GeV, J-PARC is a unique facility to investigate the transition region from the hadron degrees of freedom to the quark-gluon degrees of freedom. It is suitable for finding mechanisms of the olor transparency. Such color-transparency studies are also valuable for clarifying the factorization of hadron production processes in extracting the GPDs from actual measurements. These studies will lead to the understanding of basic high-energy hadron interactions in nuclear medium and to clarifications on the origins of hadron spins, masses, and internal pressure mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy mesons and doubly heavy baryons with the dynamic properties governed by the light quark motion relative to the fixed center of forces are studied within the Heavy Quark Effective Theory. The distribution amplitudes of the hadrons in question are compared, model functions of these amplitudes for the doubly heavy baryons are introduced, and their scale dependence is investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The octonion algebra is analyzed using a formalism that demonstrates its use in color quark confinement. In this study, we attempt to write a connection between octonion algebra and SU(3) c group generators, as well as color quarks representation. We demonstrated the glueballs construction in the extended octonionic color field and also proposed the prerequisite for octonion color confinement of hadrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of Things (IoT) applications are critical for the fast delivery of health information/data in different environments. The wireless sensor network (WSN) can be used within IoT applications to collect this information in the electronic-health sector. However, the essential drawback of WSN and health applications is ensuring that patient and healthcare provider data/information is protected. In addition, exchanging keys and joining the network is the first/most important line of defense to protect health information. Amid all this, the previous search has introduced many key exchange protocols but still suffers from security and performance issues for WSNs and user devices. In this research, we propose a new protocol for exchanging keys and joining the network using security algorithms that are Elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman (ECDH) and QUARK hash (qh). We focused on applying lightweight and high-security techniques to reduce the burden on WSN resources, by adopting a solid methodological approach to support security first and performance second. The security analysis is simulated with the Scyther tool, and the results indicate that our protocol is able to block key exchange attacks known in the existing research. Furthermore, we carried out a comparison with the results of the recent search in terms of performance, our protocol provides better performance results than the results of the existing search.

In view of upcoming more stringent air quality limits and the ambition to align with the WHO guidelines, nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) pollution from traffic and other sources will remain a problem in the EU. To assess the impact of traffic measures and emission reductions in other sectors on NO 2 -concentrations, an EU-wide high-resolution NO 2 source apportionment web-application was developed. The application allows users to define scenarios in a user-friendly way and quickly visualize the NO 2 -concentrations at measurement stations and in cities. The user can configure a new Euro 7/VII emission standard and additionally define urban access regulations scenarios in cities. To capture the spatial scales of NO 2 pollution, the SHERPA source-receptor model was used in combination with the QUARK kernel dispersion model. The first model considers long-distance impacts, the latter considers the strong concentration gradients close to roads. This paper focuses on the methodology, a follow-up paper describes the web-application. • We present a method for fast sectoral and spatial NO 2 source apportionment. • The road transport sector is considered in high detail and at 100-m resolution. • The impact of a new vehicle emission standard for NO x can be simulated. • The effect of urban access regulations can be simulated in 948 European cities. • NO 2 concentration effects are visualized at measurement stations and over cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we explore the influence of quark–antiquark confinement on the deflection angle within the framework of nonlinear electrodynamic (NED) black holes. To achieve this, we establish the appropriate optical spacetime metric and subsequently determine the Gaussian optical curvature. Utilizing the Gauss–Bonnet theorem, we investigate the impact of quark–antiquark confinement on the deflection angle exhibited by NED black holes. Additionally, we delve into the effects of a cold non-magnetized plasma medium and also axion-plasmon on gravitational lensing. Our findings highlight the significance of the axion-plasmon effect on the optical properties of NED black holes, particularly its influence on gravitational lensing. This exploration is particularly relevant in the context of the axion's potential role as a dark matter candidate. The multifaceted interplay between quark–antiquark confinement, nonlinear electrodynamics, and plasma dynamics provides a nuanced understanding of gravitational lensing phenomena. These insights contribute to ongoing research in dark matter studies and offer avenues for further theoretical and observational investigations in astrophysics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is investigated the top quark decay (t) two bodies using the spectator model. Is analyzed the decay (t→bW⁺) calculated theoretically the width of decay and decay fraction of the particle whose result is compared with the experimental data of the table Particle Data group. The model prediction on the decay process can be considered good as a first approach to this class of decay. This type of analysis is particularly important because it allows one hand, familiarize students with the decays of particles and on the other, open a space to introduce topics of particle physics in the introductory courses at university level.

Quark cheese is a fermented soft fresh cheese categorised under acid-rennet coagulated cheeses. In this study, alternative raw materials such as kefir and yayik buttermilk were used to produce Quark cheese in comparison with the cheese produced by the acidification of skim milk with mesophilic lactic culture. Samples were kept individually under 35 °C and 100 °C for coagulum formation. Obtained cheeses, were evaluated in terms of some physicochemical, microbiological and sensorial properties in addition to the volatile and peptide profiles. Quark produced from kefir and buttermilk was determined to have preferred properties directly affect the cheese characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this informal memoir, the author describes his passage through a golden age of elementary particle physics. It includes not only his career trajectory as a theoretical physicist but also his excursions into experimental physics and particle accelerator theory. While his successes are highlighted, some unsuccessful efforts are included in the narrative as well. Those "losers" were arguably as pleasurable as the less-frequent "winners." Since retirement, the author has become interested in gravitation theory and cosmology—a new golden age. This activity is also briefly described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) network, the threats of information insecurity are increasing so there have been many proposals for IOT security, however, so far there is no one that is truly effective and comprehensive. In our previous research, we have focused on Lightweight encrypt, with the primary goal of simplifying loops of encryption algorithms, reducing computation requirements, and reducing energy consumption, the system is still safe, integrated into the new protocols of the IoT network. In this article, we proposed a comprehensive security solution including the improved DTLS in Transmission Layer, the improved Quark and the improved Overhearing in Sensor Layer. Our solution include location diagram, improvements to decrease resource consumption of the DTLS and the Quark for adapting to low-energy network. After proposed theoretical basis, our team set up simulating experiments in Contiki Operating System to deploy comprehensive security including DTLS, Quark and Overhearing as well as simulate a DoS Attack by Botnet and UDP Flood. Our team measuring criterions of WSN performance such as PDR, Latency and Energy Consumption and the their results proved the stable operation of WSN with installing this comprehensive security solution and suffering a simulated DoS Attack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the free parameters in the Standard Model (SM) — a quantum field theory which has successfully elucidated the behaviors of strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions of all the known fundamental particles, come from the lepton and quark flavors. The discovery of neutrino oscillations has proved that the SM is incomplete, at least in its lepton sector; and thus the door of opportunity is opened to exploring new physics beyond the SM and solving a number of flavor puzzles. In this review article we give an overview of important progress made in understanding the mass spectra, flavor mixing patterns, CP-violating effects and underlying flavor structures of charged leptons, neutrinos and quarks in the past twenty years. After introducing the standard pictures of fermion mass generation, flavor mixing and CP violation in the SM extended with the presence of massive Dirac or Majorana neutrinos, we briefly summarize current experimental knowledge about the flavor parameters of quarks and leptons. Various ways of describing flavor mixing and CP violation are discussed, the renormalization-group evolution of flavor parameters is illuminated, and the matter effects on neutrino oscillations are interpreted. Taking account of possible extra neutrino species, we propose a standard parametrization of the 6 × 6 flavor mixing matrix and comment on the phenomenological aspects of heavy, keV-scale and light sterile neutrinos. We pay particular attention to those novel and essentially model-independent ideas or approaches regarding how to determine the Yukawa textures of Dirac fermions and the effective mass matrix of Majorana neutrinos, including simple discrete and continuous flavor symmetries. An outlook to the future development in unraveling the mysteries of flavor structures is also given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple relations between the masses of the two lightest up and down quarks were obtained on the basis of the simple physically based model compatible with the present-day theory of strong interactions, i.e. with quantum chromodynamics. Relations between the u and d quark masses, on one hand, and nucleon and pion masses, on the other hand, are also established. Thus, the obtained in such a way elementary formula mu/md = 1/(1+√2), relating u and d quark masses, appears to be in excellent agreement with a number of theoretical calculations of the ratio mu/md of the lightest quark masses. The u and d quark masses mu = 1.903 MeV, md = 4.594 MeV, calculated with the help of the obtained relations, are also in very good agreement with the modern evaluations and calculations of these quantities. The average of the u and d quark masses m̅ud = ΔMπ/√2 ≅ 3.248 MeV, obtained in the proposed approach, is in good agreement with previous calculations too.