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Forte des nombreuses innovations cliniques, technologiques ou stratégiques, la radiothérapie est en évolution permanente, contribuant à des enjeux majeurs de qualité et de sécurité, dans un contexte où il est nécessaire de se conformer à de nouvelles exigences réglementaires. Nous décrivons dans cet article les conditions de mises en œuvre et d'application des exigences d'habilitation, de certification périodique et d'audit par les pairs en France. With numerous clinical, technological or strategic innovations, radiation therapy is constantly evolving, contributing to major quality and safety issues, in a context where new regulatory standards are required. In this article, we will describe the conditions for implementing and applying the requirements for accreditation, periodic certification and peer audit in France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• LNF exhibited a high freezing rate and contributed to small ice crystal forming. • LNF maintained WHC and shear force of Monopterus albus. • LNF alleviated myofibrillar protein denaturation of Monopterus albus. • LNF at −110 °C is more suitable for Monopterus albus than LNF at −50 °C and −80 °C. Monopterus albus is highly susceptible to spoilage due to high protein and moisture contents while frozen storage can effectively prolong the shelf-life. To study the effect of liquid nitrogen freezing (LNF) on quality, microstructure of ice crystal and muscle fiber, and physicochemical properties of proteins, Monopterus albus was frozen at -20 °C by refrigerator (RF, control), -50 °C, -80 °C, and -110 °C by LNF, respectively. The -110 °C LNF exhibited the highest freezing rate among four groups, contributing to the formation of small ice crystals with more uniform distribution and alleviating the damage to muscle fiber. In -110 °C LNF group, protein secondary structure changed relatively subtle, resulting in high protein solubility, Ca2+-ATPase activity, and total sulfhydryl content, as well as low surface hydrophobicity and disulfide bond content. LNF retarded the rise of TVB-N value, prevented the loss of immobilized and free water, and maintained water holding capacity and shear force. In conclusion, -110 °C LNF was recommended a promising freezing process for frozen Monopterus albus due to less alteration of quality and alleviation of protein denaturation. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• After exposed to ammonia environment below 1000 mL m−3 for 6 days, well-packaged boxed non-daily creams showed no ammonia residue. • Boxed non-daily creams with well packaging exposed to ammonia environment below 1000 mL m−3 for 6 days showed no color, odor, sensory evaluation, pH value, peroxide value, and benzo (α) pyren difference compared with the CK group at the same period. • After exposed to ammonia environment below 1000 mL m−3 for 6 days, well-packaged boxed non-daily creams had no food safety risk. Ammonia leakage in food cold storage have adverse impact on the quality of food, which may be related to ammonia concentration and exposure time, but there is a lack of data support. In this paper, the quality of boxed non-dairy cream exposed to ammonia environment (0 (CK), 100, 500, and 1000 mL m −³) at −18 °C for 6 day were evaluated. Results showed that no ammonia residue was detected in the boxed non-dairy cream exposed for 6 days. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the color value, odor, pH value, and sensory score of the non-dairy cream under the four ammonia groups during the same exposure time. And peroxide values was far below the standards limit, and benzo (α) pyrene content of all the cream groups were not detected The results indicated that all the boxed non-dairy cream in this experiment had no quality deterioration and food safety risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper provides a new choice of freezing method by using 20 % ethanol, 20 % propylene glycol, 10 % glycerol, and 10 % sodium chloride aqueous solution as immersion freezing medium. • The freezing rate of IF was 2.66 cm/h, which was 6.33 times higher than that in AF groups. • Compared with AF and BF, the ice crystals were smaller and more uniformly shaped, with properties of lower water migration and less texture softening after cryogenic liquid freezing of IF and LNF group aquatic products. • Immersion freezing showed the same superiority in maintaining the freshness of fish fillets and retaining the protein structure as liquid nitrogen storage. The freezing of aquatic products without causing significant changes in quality is recently attracting much attention. In this study, the effects of air freezing (AF, -20 °C), blast freezing (BF, -35 °C), liquid nitrogen freezing (LNF), and immersion freezing (IF, -35 °C) by 20 % ethanol, 20 % propylene glycol, 10 % glycerol, and 10 % sodium chloride aqueous solutions, respectively, on muscle qualities and myofibrillar protein properties of the red drum were investigated. The results indicated that the freezing rate of IF was 2.66 cm/h, which was 6.33 times higher than that in AF groups. Compared with AF and BF, the ice crystals were smaller and more uniformly shaped, with properties of lower water migration and less texture softening after cryogenic liquid freezing of IF and LNF group aquatic products. Immersion freezing showed the same superiority in maintaining the freshness of fish fillets and retaining the protein structure as liquid nitrogen storage. Overall, IF has similar effects to LNF in maintaining muscle qualities and myofibrillar protein properties. This study describes a new freezing method that uses 20 % ethanol, 20 % propylene glycol, 10 % glycerol, and 10 % sodium chloride aqueous solutions as immersion freezing medium. The multi-compound freezing medium has the potential to be used for the freezing of aquatic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk management has played an important role in Quebec’s health and social services organizations for several years. This process is based on two guiding principles: the just culture and the no-blame concept and is an integral part of the Act respecting healthcare and social services. However, for all its usefulness, the current risk management process has certain limitations and criticisms. To overcome these weaknesses, the association of organizational ethics with the risk management process represents an interesting option. The use of organizational ethics concepts and tools overcomes the limitations of risk management and even optimizes it. Both are organizational processes with many common objectives and links, and both provide tools for decision-making. The combination of organizational ethics and risk management broadens the scope of risk management. To enable the best possible optimization, an analysis grid is proposed, and recommendations are made for the inclusion of ethics in risk management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oncology therapies have repercussions on the quality of life of patients. This quality of life is a cardinal element in the care pathway of patients. We initiated this work to assess the quality of life after mastectomy. Material and method: We carried out a descriptive cross-sectional study over a period of 5 years from January 2016 to December 2020 in the General Surgery Department of the Gabriel Touré University Hospital. We included all patients who had undergone surgery for breast cancer with histological evidence and who had undergone a mastectomy and agreed to answer the questionnaire. Results: The QLQC3O questionnaire is a cancer-specific scale used to establish the quality of life score like many others, but with the difference that it is simpler, easier to use and more widely used. We have recorded 79 cases of mastectomy for breast cancer. The prevalence of mastectomy was 5.8%. The median age was 58 years. Patients had at least one child 92.38%. Non-specific ductal carcinoma was the most common histological type with 87.33%. The side effects of mastectomy affect the area of symptoms were the most difficult stage to bear with p value not significant. These situations have seriously affected self-esteem. Among the side effects affecting quality of life (52 cases), digestive disorders (22 cases) were in the first place, followed by dyspnea (7 cases) and financial difficulties (8 cases) which resulted in the sale of goods. Conclusion: The place of quality of life remains undeniable in the therapeutic strategy and its evaluation improves the therapeutic choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue Académique des Études Sociales et Humaines is the property of Hassif Benbouali University of Chlef and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La norme ISO 15189 évolue. Comme toute évolution elle s'accompagne de nombreux changements autant sur la forme que sur le fond. Certains sont profonds et remettent en cause des modes d'organisation, d'autres sont plus du registre de l'adaptation. Néanmoins une nouvelle approche est proposée pour la gestion des risques. Celle-ci doit remettre au cœur des préoccupations le patient et la qualité du soin. Elle va permettre aux laboratoires d'établir eux même leur politique qualité en intégrant leur particularité et en mettant en place des solutions leurs convenant spécifiquement (plus de liberté dans les solutions). Cependant cette transition va demander un effort à tous tant d'un point de vue de la charge de travail que de l'adaptation à cette approche. Les laboratoires ayant déjà fait face à de nombreux défis par le passé devraient pouvoir relever celui-ci. On peut être optimiste, d'autant que la phase de transition est longue. The ISO 15189 standard is evolving - and like any evolution, this will bring about a number of changes both in form and substance. Some of these changes are structural and thus challenge current organizational models, while others will merely require a measure of adaptation. Nevertheless, a new approach is being proposed, that of risk management. Its core objective is to place the patient and the quality of care at the heart of the procedural framework again. It will enable laboratories to establish their own quality assurance policy by molding it to their specificities and thereby implementing solutions tailored to their needs (allowing for more freedom in the solutions implemented). However, this transition can only move forward with a significant effort from everyone, both in terms of workload and of adaptation to this new approach. Laboratories that have overcome challenges in the past should also be able to overcome this one. Optimism is warranted, especially considering that the transition phase we are faced with will be a lengthy one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Recherches en Sciences de Gestion is the property of ISEOR and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Measures restricting freedom include physical restraints restricting movement and treatment without consent according to the Swiss Civil Code. Patients incapable of consenting to treatments and other measures of care and who are somatically multimorbid in addition to their mental illness are frequently encountered in the geriatric psychiatry inpatient setting. In this group of patients, physical restraints are repeatedly used to prevent falling and to quarantine patients due to infectious diseases. Frequently, treatment is conducted with the apparent agreement of the patient but which are to be recorded as measures restricting freedom due to the inability to give informed consent. The National Association for Quality Development in Hospitals and Clinics (ANQ) has introduced geriatric psychiatry as a separate department category; this differentiation should also be seen as an opportunity and invitation to take a differentiated look at measures restricting freedom in geriatric psychiatry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quality or quality development and the corresponding regulations are becoming increasingly important in the Swiss healthcare system, in particular due to the link with aspects of permission for the provision of services and financing. In doing so, the focus is directed to varying degrees on structural, processual or outcome criteria. Specific quality aspects of the specialist area consultationliaison psychiatry and psychosomatics (CLPP) are compiled and the indicators derived from them are grouped according to the quality criteria mentioned. There are numerous requirements, the implementation of which requires considerable efforts from the service providers, not least because of the shortage of specialists and limited financial resources. The requirements listed should be continuously evaluated and developed as well as sensibly anchored in regulation. Linking quality requirements with corresponding financial aspects within the framework of national tanning structures as well as national and cantonal permission regulations should be sought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the first studies observing pedagogical activities related to quality in translator training, many evolutions have taken place, in training programmes as well as in the professional world. Revision has gained a more streamline position in translation processes, and post-editing more and more visible, aided by the improvement of Neural Machine Translation (NMT) quality. These two activities, which aim at upgrading human translations, for revision, and machine translations, for post-editing, still respond to different expectations, practices and document types. However, the role of the skilled expert is acknowledged in normative texts about both activities, and the sealed barriers that existed before between human translation, assisted translation and machine translation, are increasingly blurred. In this paper, we will endeavour to set an integrated and balanced positioning of post-editing in translation training, leveraging the strengths and weaknesses of human translation as much as machine translation, in order to contribute to the long-lasting value of the professional translation specialist.

Introduction : L’eau est un produit vital pour l’Homme, mais également une source de nombreuses maladies hydriques. La qualité des eaux conditionnées en bouteille et en sachet, généralement produites dans des conditions ne respectant pas les normes techniques et de salubrité, est évaluée dans 4 départements à forte activité économique dans le sud du Bénin. Méthodologie : Au total 70 unités de production dont 64 d’ensachage et 6 de mise en bouteilles d’eau ont été inspectées et leurs échantillons prélevés. Les analyses physico-chimiques ont porté sur le pH, la conductivité électrique, les solides totaux dissous (TDS) grâce à un multimètre portatif (HACH, HQ 4300) et la turbidité (turbidimètre HACH 2100 QiS). Les nitrates et fluorures ont été déterminés par un spectrophotomètre UV-Visible (HACH 3900, Germany). L’analyse bactériologique a porté sur la recherche des germes banals, des coliformes totaux et fécaux ; les bactéries spécifiques telles que E. coli, Pseudomonas, Entérocoques et Staphylococcus aureus. Résultats et Discussion : 70% des eaux conditionnées proviennent de forage sans autorisation d’exploitation préalable. Les risques de contamination identifiés sont l’absence de filtres à charbon obligatoires (64,06%), de lampe UV (42,19%) et d’hygiène (34,37%). Le pH des échantillons d’eaux varie entre 3,94 et 7,74 avec 48,57% de non conformités (norme 6,5-8,5). La teneur moyenne en nitrate des échantillons d’eaux de forage est de 28,6±90 mg/L avec 17,14% de non conformités (norme < 45mg/L). Il est noté une relation entre les valeurs élevées de TDS et de nitrate (> 45mg/L) avec un pH acide de l’eau (p= < 0,05). 100% des unités de production d’eau en bouteille (n=6) ont un forage autonome avec un pH moyen de 5,5±1,2. 83,33% et 33,33% de non-conformités ont été observées pour le pH et les nitrates. Quant à la qualité microbiologique 67,14% des échantillons (n=47) contiennent des germes banals au-delà des normes admises (50UFC/mL) dont 50% (n=3) des eaux embouteillées. Une contamination aux coliformes totaux dans 7,14% (n=5) a été observée avec un échantillon positif à E. coli (1,43%). Conclusion : Cette étude confirme la réalité de la mauvaise qualité des eaux conditionnées, surtout celle en sachet. Il urge que les pouvoirs publics amènent tous les producteurs à respecter les normes afin de protéger la santé des populations.

Introduction : Les disques d’antibiotiques utilisés dans les laboratoires d’analyses médicales proviennent de plusieurs fabricants et fournisseurs et doivent répondre à des exigences strictes de qualité. Cette étude a été entreprise pour évaluer la qualité des disques d’Amoxicilline et d’Amoxicilline + acide clavulanique utilisés au Burkina Faso. Matériel et méthodes : Une enquête sur l’utilisation des disques d’antibiotiques a été réalisée dans 20 laboratoires sites sentinelles de surveillance de la RAM. Des échantillons de disques d’Amoxicilline et d’Amoxicilline + acide clavulanique de quatre fabricants ont été collectés auprès de certains de ces laboratoires et de fournisseurs de disques d’antibiotiques. La qualité des disques d’Amoxicilline et des disques d’Amoxicilline + acide clavulanique a été évaluée en testant leur efficacité sur des souches d’Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 et Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 et en dosant les antibiotiques par chromatographie liquide à haute performance. Résultats : Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 et Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 étaient résistantes à 30,0 % pour les disques d’Amoxicilline + acide clavulanique et 55,6 % pour les disques d’Amoxicilline testés. Par ailleurs, les essais de dosage de l’amoxicilline ont révélé que 22,2% et 45,5% respectivement des disques d’Amoxicilline et des disques d’Amoxicilline + acide clavulanique contrôlés étaient conformes aux spécifications de l’OMS. Aucun échantillon ne contenait une teneur en Acide clavulanique conforme à la spécification. Conclusion : Cette étude révèle que la majorité des disques d’Amoxicilline et d’Amoxicilline + acide clavulanique contrôlés n’était pas conformes aux spécifications de qualité. Son extension à un nombre plus important d’antibiotiques permettra de mieux documenter la qualité des disques d’antibiotiques.

Introduction : La restauration collective connait une évolution particulière dans nos grandes villes ces dernières années avec la vente des plats cuits dans les grandes surfaces. Le présent travail avait pour objectif d’évaluer la qualité microbiologique des plats cuits à base de légumes, poissons et viandes vendus dans les grandes surfaces de la ville de Yaoundé. Méthodologie : L’étude de type descriptif et analytique a été menée de Mars à Août 2022. Trente (30) échantillons de plats cuits à base de légumes, poissons et viandes ont été prélevés dans neuf (9) grandes surfaces. Le dénombrement de la flore mésophile totale a été fait selon la norme ISO 4333 ; celui des coliformes totaux et fécaux selon la norme NF V08-050 – 2009. L’identification des microorganismes par interprétation des caractères morphologiques, structuraux, et biochimiques. Résultats : Des 30 échantillons, seize étaient préparés à base de viande (poulet, bœuf, porc) ; huit étaient à base de légumes (haricot) et six étaient faits à base de poisson. Seulement 11 plats sur 30 présentaient des résultats satisfaisants, soit un pourcentage de conformité de 36,66%. Concernant les non conformités, il ressort que les plats à base de poisson sont majoritaires avec 83,33% (5/6), suivis de ceux à base de viande 62,25% (10/16). Escherichia coli était le germe le plus retrouvé dans les plats (40%) tandis que les salmonelles qui devraient être totalement absents y étaient présentes à 30%. Conclusion : En définitive les plats cuits à base de légumes, poissons et viandes vendus dans les grandes surfaces de la ville de Yaoundé ont une qualité hygiénique non satisfaisante selon les normes NF V08- 050 – 2009 et ISO 4333. Ce travail suggère un renforcement des inspections sanitaires dans les lieux de vente des plats cuits.

This commentary details the shortcomings of the traditional healthcare ethics committee model in modern healthcare and argues for the necessity of professional clinical bioethicists to better meet modern healthcare’s ethics needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L’indicateur synthétique de qualité (ISQ) des systèmes éducatifs a été développé pour la première fois sur la base de données recueillies en 2012 (Gerard, Hugonnier et Varin, 2017). Il se fondait sur cinq critères : l’efficacité, l’efficience et l’équité des systèmes, l’engagement des élèves et celui des enseignant·e·s. Une deuxième évaluation de l’ISQ a été réalisée à partir de données relatives à 2015 (Gerard, Hugonnier et Varin, 2018). Grâce à une troisième évaluation de l’ISQ portant sur des données établies en 2018, la validité de trois importantes hypothèses peut être vérifiée : 1) les systèmes éducatifs n’évoluent pas tous au même rythme ni dans le même sens ; 2) l’ajout de l’engagement des parents en tant que sixième critère a un impact sur la qualité des systèmes éducatifs ; 3) l’ISQ est un indicateur valide et fiable. L’objet de cet article est de tester la validité de ces trois hypothèses.

Introduction. La pasteurisation est destinée à détruire la flore pathogène et la majorité de la flore non pathogène d’altération du lait. Objectif. La présente étude avait pour objectif l’évaluation de la qualité du lait pasteurisé et la vérification du procédé de pasteurisation dans une laiterie. Matériel et méthodes. Cinquante échantillons de lait pasteurisé (20 laits crus et 30 laits reconstitués) ont été prélevés aux points de vente. Dans la laiterie, 70 échantillons ont été réalisés à des temps différents pendant la pasteurisation. L’analyse microbiologique a concerné le dénombrement de la flore totale (FT) à 30°C. Résultats. Quatre-vingt-dix % et 43% des laits crus et reconstitués pasteurisés, respectivement, sont de mauvaise qualité avec une contamination moyenne de 4,95±1,62(x105) UFC.mL-1 et de 1,64±0,38(x105) UFC.mL-1. Pour le dérou-lement de la pasteurisation, il a été observé une baisse significative de la charge en FT entre la charge initiale du lait cru 28,5±8,3(x105) UFC.mL-1 et la charge finale 0,82±0,27(x105) UFC.mL-1 (p=0,001). Les laits obtenus ont été à 78,6% de qualité acceptable et 21,4% de mauvaise qualité. Conclusion. La mauvaise qualité du lait pasteurisé à la vente est due à la mauvaise qualité du lait cru mais probablement aussi à une contamination post-pasteurisation. [Introduction. Pasteurization is intended to destroy the pathogenic flora and the majority of the non-pathogenic flora of milk alteration. Objective. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of pasteurized milk, and to verify the pasteurization process in a dairy industry. Material and methods. Fifty samples of pasteurized milk (20 raw milks and 30 reconstituted milks) were taken at the sale points. In the dairy, 70 samples were taken at different times during pasteurization. The microbiological analysis concerned the total flora (TF) at 30°C. Results. Ninety % and 43% of pasteurized raw and reconstituted milks, respectively, were of poor quality with an average contamination of 4.95±1.62(x105) CFU.mL-1 and 1.64±0.38(x105) CFU.mL-1. For the pasteurization process, a significant decrease in the TF load was observed between the initial raw milk load 28.5±8.3(x105) CFU.mL-1 and the final load 0.82±0.27(x105) CFU.mL-1 (p=0.001). The milks obtained were 78.6% of acceptable quality and 21.4% of poor quality. Conclusion. The poor quality of pasteurized milk for sale is due to the poor quality of raw milk but probably also to post-pasteurization contamination.]

Depuis l'instabilité financière causée par les scandales financiers, l'audit est désormais un mécanisme principal de gouvernance permettant la garantie de la fiabilité des données comptables diffusées. En effet, un audit de qualité constitue un facteur clé de bonne gouvernance garantissant l'image fidèle des états financiers et atténuant l'asymétrie d'information entre les différentes parties prenantes. Néanmoins, une prestation d'audit de mauvaise qualité peut conduire les utilisateurs de l'information financière à la prise de la mauvaise décision. Ce travail de recherche vise à examiner l'importance d'un audit de qualité dans l'assurance d'une bonne gouvernance d'entreprise traduite par une performance financière élevée. Since the financial instability caused by economic collapses, crises and financial scandals (the most important of which occurred in Enron Energy), auditing has become a main corporate governance mechanism by ensuring the reliability of the accounting data disseminated. Indeed, an audit quality is a key factor of good governance by spreading a true and fair view of the financial statements and reducing information asymmetry among different stakeholders. However, poor audit performance can lead users of financial information to make the wrong decision. The purpose of this research is to examine the importance of an audit quality in ensuring good corporate governance translated by high financial performance.

Lorsque les garanties légales ont été scrupuleusement observées, en principe, il y a point à douter d’un procès équitable. Cependant, étant une œuvre humaine, le législateur a encore prévu des moyens constitutifs des garanties particulières que sont les voies de recours, et ainsi juguler toutes élucubrations des juges comme des parties.

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Abstract: Quality standards and regulations are becoming increasingly important and are promoted in the context of the permission to treat, to bill and via financial incentives. In this context, the regulatory frameworks focus to varying degrees on structural, process or outcome criteria. On behalf of the Swiss Society for Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (SGAP), we summarize the quality elements in this document and group the requirements derived from them based on setting (outpatient, intermediate, inpatient) and structural quality criteria (staffing ratio, infrastructure). There is a very extensive requirements matrix, and its implementation requires considerable efforts, not least because of the shortage of specialists and limited financial resources of psychiatric institutions and medical practices. The criteria of the requirements matrix must be further developed and anchored in a "competence-based training in old age psychiatry". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RÉSUMÉRéaliser des jaugeages au bon moment et faire en sorte que ces jaugeages aient la meilleure qualité possible est un facteur important d’amélioration des données hydrométriques. Nous présentons ici un certain nombre d’actions mises en œuvre au sein du service hydrométrie de la DREAL Bretagne pour progresser dans cette voie. Il s’agit notamment de pratiques et de procédures visant à limiter le risque de problème en lien avec matériel déployé sur le terrain. Des outils d’aide à la décision accessibles sur smartphone permettent aussi d’apporter des informations utiles aux équipes opérationnelles afin de cibler plus finement les jaugeages à réaliser.

L’objectif de ce travail est d’améliorer l’offre de transport routier en commun dans la ville de Kinshasa compte tenu de sa précarité. Cette dernière est caractérisée notamment par une voirie dégradée, par un habillage du réseau insuffisant et mal exploité. Son cadre institutionnel et réglementaire est inadapté. Le déficit de l’offre constaté sur le marché de transport est récurrent et demeure préoccupant. Les efforts déployés par les pouvoirs publics pour son redressement sont limités. En 2000, le déficit de l’offre a été de 66 % estimé en 2017 à 70 %. Cette situation est caractérisée par une détérioration continue de la qualité des services rendus aux passagers. Elle est exprimée par la surcharge des bus et les longues files d’attentes des passagers potentiels aux arrêts surtout pendant les heures de pointe. En effet à ces heures, les taux moyens de remplissage des bus dépassent de loin 100 % de la capacité permise et le temps moyen d’attente aux arrêts peut aller au-delà de 60 minutes. La mauvaise gouvernance et le manque de la volonté politique sont à la base de la situation sombre sus évoquée. Les résultats de notre sondage d’opinion auprès des usagers de transport, indiquent globalement l'insatisfaction des usagers de transport. Cette insatisfaction est remarquable surtout aux heures des pointes, dans le sens des cités dortoirs vers le centre-ville le matin et du centre-ville vers les cités dortoirs le soir. L’analyse SWOT du réseau d’exploitation révèle les contre-performances du réseau de transport qui handicapent la fluidité des bus sur la voirie. La modernisation de la voirie de Kinshasa demeure déterminante en vue de booster l’offre de transport de la ville de Kinshasa. L’octroi des subventions aux prestataires tant publics que privés compensent le déficit obtenu à la suite de l’application d’un tarif de transport à caractère social.

Résumé Les services qui produisent les renseignements doivent, pour être efficaces, se fonder sur un certain nombre d’éléments. Parmi ces éléments, s’affiche en tête la qualité des agents de renseignements. CHEF est la qualité exigée pour tous les agents de renseignements. Pour avoir négligé cet élément, les services de renseignements congolais ont eu du mal à prévenir les agressions dont la République Démocratique du Congo a été victime. Abstract Services that produce information must, be effective, based on a number of elements. Among these elements, appears in mind the quality of the information agents. Chief is the quality required for all information agents. For neglecting intelligence services have struggled to prevent aggression whose democratic republic of Congo has been a victim.

La recherche croise les données issues des travaux sur l’indice synthétique de la qualité des systèmes éducatifs (ISQ) et ceux de l’OCDE sur l’identification et l’analyse des mesures de politique éducative prises par les pays. Ce croisement permet, grâce à des analyses de régression multiple, de dégager des ensembles de mesures qui ont un impact, positif ou négatif, sur les variations des scores des critères constitutifs de l’ISQ entre 2015 et 2018. Ces constats sont exposés et discutés.

• Effects of SMF on four kinds of foods were compared from micro and macro scales. • SMF tended to decrease the ice crystals size for four kinds of fruits and vegetables. • Higher SMF intensity did not always produce smaller ice crystals. • Significant effect of SMF on macro-scale quality only appeared in one kind of food. Novel food freezing technology assisted by static magnetic field (SMF) has emerged in recent years. However, few papers have compared the effects of SMF on different kinds of foods under the same experimental conditions. This study investigated the effects of 0 to 45 mT SMF intensities on apple, peach, cucumber and Indian jujube from micro and macro scales. The parameters including ice crystal size, time through -1 ∼ -5 °C, drip loss and texture were compared. The results show that SMF tended to decrease the ice crystals size for four kinds of fruits and vegetables, and the optimal SMF intensity varied with the types of foods. The beneficial effect of SMF on reducing ice crystal size did not always appear in macro-scale freezing. Positive effects of SMF on macro-scale parameters only appeared in Indian jujube, and stronger intensity brought better quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translation proper is rarely the sole activity that translators undertake in today's translation market. Translators regularly function as revisers or post-editors, requiring them to check human or machine translations to make or recommend changes to improve translation quality. Various construct and performance models of and studies into translation competence (TC), translation revision competence (TRC), and post-editing competence (PEC) exist. However, a fundamental question remains unanswered to date: how similar or different TC, TRC, and PEC are. Using indirect translations (L1 Dutch, L2 French), we collected and analyzed translation, translation revision (TR), and post-editing (PE) data from 11 graduate translation trainees. Our exploratory study shows that TRC and PEC appear to have different competences, with trainees performing better for TR than PE. However, TRC and PEC do appear to have a common core, which does not differ significantly across tasks: problem detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Asphodelus tenuifolius (ATO) seeds oils were extracted by three different extraction methods, namely Soxhlet extraction (SE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). The physicochemical properties, fatty acids, sterols, tocols, total phenol content and antioxidant activity of ATO seed were examined and compared. The best extraction yield was from SE (21.97 ± 0.01%), followed by MAE (19.28 ± 0.13%) while that of UAE was the lowest (16.5 ± 0.1%). Analysis of the chemical composition of these oils showed that linoleic acid and β-sitosterol were the main fatty acid and sterol compounds, respectively. A large amount of fatty acids and sterols were not significantly affected by the three extraction methods. Nevertheless, the tocols, the total phenols contents and the antioxidant power showed a variation between these three extracted oils. Based on these results, it was found that this specie has great potential for industrial use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lecturas de Economia is the property of Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Ciencias Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To compare the role and perception of hospital pharmacists in the dispensing of oral cancer drugs (MAVO) in Europe and North America. Method: Descriptive, exploratory and cross-sectional study. Identification of a hospital pharmacist by targeted legal entity. 44 variables were identified and grouped into three themes: demographics (n = 3), perceptions of current practice (n = 31), perceptions of the assignment of nine pharmaceutical tasks (n = 10) and an optimal scenario of care. Questionnaire in English and French on SurveyMonkey®, Palo Alto (CA, USA), tested by five hospital pharmacists and sent by email. Results: Fourteen respondents (14/21, 67 %) provided usable answers (e.g., 7 in Europe: Germany, Austria, Belgium, Spain, France, Netherlands and Switzerland, and 7 in North America: Quebec, Alberta, New Brunswick, Ontario, Manitoba, Prince Edward Island and the United States). Validation of MAVO prescription compliance involves the hospital pharmacist in 12 cases out of 14. A majority of respondents (11/14) do not have enough resources to ensure quality supervision of all patients treated by MAVO. Conclusion: Regardless of the legal entity, a majority of respondents consider that the workload is on the rise and that the resources are insufficient to ensure quality pharmaceutical services and care (i.e., safety and proper use). This exploratory study shows the interest of reflecting on the current model of pharmaceutical practice (hospital against pharmacy) in order to ensure adequate and efficient treatment of cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of African Journal of Reproductive Health is the property of Women's Health & Action Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Accounting Auditing Control / Comptabilité Contrôle Audit (English Edition) is the property of Association Francophone de Comptabilite c/o Solle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The fennel is a typical plant of the Mediterranean region used in traditional pharmacopoeia and as an aromatic spice. This study was interested in an evaluation of the physical, physicochemical and biochemical criteria and the biological activities of the seeds and seeds oils of local (beldi) fennel produced at four stages of maturity in four terroirs of Essaouira province (Central West, Morocco), compared to those of a local fennel produced in a neighboring terroir and an imported fennel. Seeds of different maturity stages and geographic origins were clearly differentiated into homogeneous groups according to studied criteria. The water activity of these seeds is between 0.43 and 0.51 with an average ash content of 6.24 g/100 g of dry matter (DM) containing fairly high contents of potassium, calcium, sodium and baryum. Seed total polyphenols recorded interesting levels ranging between 623.64 and 959.24 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g DM. The antioxidant activity is estimated between 23.53 and 43.83 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g DM. Yields of vegetable and essential oils varied from 8.55 to 16.28 % and from 1.4 to 2.7 %, respectively. However, the high values recorded for free acidity, peroxide index and specific extinction of vegetable oil indicate that it cannot be considered as edible oil. Concerning the essential oil, significant increases in the aroma compounds s-limonene and fenchone were noted during maturity. Besides, the antibacterial activity tests have shown that Staphylococcus aureus is sensitive to the action of this essential oil. Moreover, the quality criteria of the studied fennel seeds and seed oils showed the influence of the geographical origin. These results would make it possible to propose ways of valorizing, quality control and labeling of beldi fennel under a distinctive sign of origin and quality.

La datte, produit stratégique des oasis marocaines contribuant à hauteur de 20 à 60 % dans la formation des revenus des phœniciculteurs, enregistre désormais une production record en dépassant 140 000 tonnes, en raison de l'expansion de la culture du palmier dattier dans le cadre du Plan Maroc Vert (PMV). Il y avait donc une nécessité de renforcer et d’améliorer substantiellement la valorisation post-récolte des dattes marocaines. Les travaux menés par l’Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA, Maroc) contribuent aux objectifs de cette valorisation en réalisant des activités de recherche efficaces en faveur des dattes permettant de réduire les pertes post-récolte, d’améliorer la qualité, de diversifier les produits à base de dattes, de générer une plus-value et de faciliter l'accès au marché. Leur approche est en concordance avec les stratégies nationales du palmier dattier incluant le PMV, basée sur une valorisation appropriée abordant des aspects scientifiques, techniques et de développement, hautement sollicités à l’aval de la chaîne de valeur des dattes. A cet effet, les activités réalisées ont contribué à une meilleure valorisation technologique des dattes à travers des acquis ayant impliqué davantage les différents acteurs soucieux de préserver la biodiversité et le savoir-faire local des dattes, de mettre en avant leur typicité et notoriété, de mener à bien leur projets de valorisation, d’établir et de respecter leur normes de qualité et de satisfaire les préférences des consommateurs. Ces acquis de recherche ont fournie des solutions concrètes et modernes, à même de contribuer à une véritable valorisation ou une agro-industrie des dattes tout en tenant compte de leurs spécificités et celles de leurs terroirs pour un développement durable des oasis marocaines.

Tomatoes are one of the most important crops in Morocco. National tomato production reached 1 231 250 tons in 2019. The sector generates thousands of jobs and is one of the pillars of the country's economy through exports. Hence, it is judicious to search for new varieties with high commercial potential. This study aimed to characterize a collection of four local tomato genotypes (‘Taliouine’, ‘Zagora’, ‘Oufella’ and ‘Cerise or Cherry tomato’) from accessions collected in different regions of Morocco, compared to two commercial genotypes (‘Campbell 33’ and ‘Rio Grande’). The analyses concerned agronomic and growth criteria, sensory criteria and physical and physicochemical criteria (humidity, pH, Brix and color). The obtained results showed a great variability between the studied genotypes. Some genotypes showed interesting performances like ‘Campbell 33’ (number of leaves per branch), ‘Rio Grande’ (number of fruits per plant), ‘Cerise tomato’ (number of fruiting branches per plant) and ‘Taliouine’ (plant height). The three genotypes with the best taste are ‘Campbell 33’, ‘Cerise tomato’ and ‘Oufella’. They also show a high intensity of red color, high skin firmness and high aroma content. Significant variations were also observed for the different physicochemical criteria. Such results will help to identify relevant criteria that can be used for varietal improvement and can also constitute basic criteria to differentiate between tomato accessions.

Prickly pear cladodes could bloom several times during the same season, either naturally or after applying inductive practices such as Scozzolatura technique; this allows extending fruiting season of cactus pear. The study of the effect of the Scozzolatura technique on the quality of the fruits was determined on 10 accessions (Opuntia ficus-indica form ficus-indica) from different regions of the south of Morocco and cultivated in Errachidia Experimental Station (31.91"N 4.44"W). The evaluation of the quality of the fruits was carried out on the morphological characteristics (length, equatorial width, thickness of the bark, depth of the scar of the receptacle, length of the fruit peduncle, diameter of the fruit crown, volume, weight of the fruit, rind and seeds and the number of seeds), physical (firmness) and physicochemical (color, pH and Brix). Certainly, the yield and the unit weight of the fruits following the application the Scozzolatura were lower comparatively to seasonal fruit production. However, several quality traits were found to be significantly different between the seasonal fruits and the fruits of Scozzolatura. The most important traits are the number and weight of seeds, which have decreased on average by 35.7 and 32.8%, respectively. The thickness of the skin and the length of the fruit peduncle significantly increased on average by 10.4% and 57.0%, respectively after the application of the Scozzolatura. The color of the pulp changed completely after the application of the Scozzolatura. As for the physicochemical character, the pH was reduced, the Brix degree increased by three to five units compared to the seasonal fruit. As a result, the fruits of Scozzolatura were superiorly of better quality.

The transformation of cow milk to butter and cream is one of the many possibilities for diversifying dairy products. In this context, the aim of this study is to contribute in evaluating the effect of milking time on the physicochemical characteristics and fatty acids profile of milk, cream and butter. The study of physicochemical composition showed that milk contained an average of 12.3 % dry matter, 3.4 % of fat and 3.3 % of total nitrogenous matter. The pH and acidity were 6.66 and 16.01°D. For butter, the average contents of water (15.2 %), fat (83.1 %) and non-fat dry matter (1.75 %) comply with the requirements of international standards and Belgian regulations. Analysis of the other parameters of the butter revealed an average color of 28.95 (expressed on the yellow scale), a low oxidation rate of the order of 0.0005 mEq. O2.g-1 and a texture which correlates positively with the depth of the butter clods. The mean pH value is 4.51. The comparison between evening and morning milking showed that the difference in composition of milks remains not significant (p > 0.05). So it is for the composition and parameters of the butter, except for the color which is significantly more yellow for the evening butters (29.7) compared to those of morning (26.2).

Les dattes, fruits du palmier dattier (Phœnix dactylifera), constituent un produit à fort potentiel commercial à l’échelle mondiale et spécifiquement aux pays du Moyen-Orient et de l’Afrique du Nord. Les impacts quantitatifs et qualitatifs des altérations post-récolte sur les dattes imposent la recherche de méthodes appropriées pour leur conservation. Dans ce travail, nous passons en revue les types d’altération causées par divers facteurs biotiques et abiotiques pendant le stockage des dattes. Nous discutons les méthodes de traitements appliquées pour la préservation de la qualité et le rôle de type d’emballage adapté dans la conservation des attributs de qualité des dattes. Enfin, nous soulignons l’importance de la maîtrise des conditions et des bonnes pratiques de stockage dans la réussite du processus de conservation et de respect des normes de commercialisation des dattes.

Parmi les agrumes, les mandarines sont caractérisées par une grande diversité d'espèces, mais seules quelques variétés sont commercialisées. L’objectif de cette étude vise à caractériser et évaluer 70 variétés du mandarinier à partir du germoplasme des agrumes à l’INRA de Kenitra selon les critères morphologiques et physico-chimiques sur quatre années consécutives. Des différences hautement significatives ont été révélées pour tous les caractères étudiés. De même, le coefficient de maturité a permis de classer les variétés en trois groupes (Tardives, précoces et demi saison). Ces groupes offrent une grande possibilité de choix de parents pour la création de variétés améliorées de mandarinier à fruits sans pépins et ayant un potentiel de rendement élevé. De plus, l’analyse de cluster basée sur des données qualitatives et quantitatives a classé toutes les variétés en trois grands groupes dont chacun contient des variétés phénotypiquement proches. Le germoplasme de mandariniers pourrait soutenir un programme de création variétale et bénéficier d’une nouvelle stratégie de conservation ex situ.

Le présent travail a pour objectif d’étudier l’effet de la dose de la fertilisation N-P-K sur la production et la qualité des fruits de la clémentine dans le contexte édapho-climatique de la région du Tadla. L’essai a été conduit sur la variété clémentine Sidi Aissa (Citrus reticulata Blanco) greffée sur le bigaradier (Citrus aurantium L.). Les traitements adoptés ont consisté en quatre doses pour chacun des éléments (N : 0, 30, 110 and 250 kg/ha ; P2O5 : 0, 10, 45 et 100 kg/ha ; K2O : 0, 30, 110 et 240 kg/ha). Les paramètres étudiés sont le rendement, le calibre, le poids des fruits, et les paramètres de la qualité interne des fruits (le rendement en jus, la teneur en sucre, l’acidité et l’indice de la maturité E/A). Les résultats de cette étude ont montré que la dose en éléments fertilisants N-P-K a un effet significatif sur le rendement, le calibre, le poids des fruits, et les paramètres de la qualité interne des fruits (teneur en sucre, acidité et indice de maturité E/A). Par ailleurs, l'utilisation de 110 unités de N/ha, 10 unité de P2O5/ha et 110 unités de K2O/ha est recommandée pour optimiser le rendement et la qualité des fruits de la clémentine Sidi Aissa dans les contextes édapho-climatiques de la région du Tadla.

The effects of citrus rootstocks on the performance and fruits characteristics of commercial varieties are known and well documented. These effects, as well as the resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, constitute the main criteria that direct the rootstock choice for a new citrus orchard. The Moroccan variety ‘Nadorcott’ mandarin also called ‘W. Murcott’ and ‘Afourer’ is relatively new. ‘Nadorcott’ is a popular late mandarin cultivar, owing to its good eating quality and excellent bearing capacity. Thus, there are few undertaken research and available results related to its behavior on the widely used rootstocks in the main citrus growing areas of Morocco Kingdom. This paper presents the results of a field trial carried out in the North West Morocco, a coastal area, to evaluate the effects of five rootstocks on ‘Nadorcott’ yield and fruit quality: juice content, total soluble solids (TSS), acid content (A), maturity index expressed as TSS/A ratio and Citrus Color Index (CCI). The results show that the highest yields were observed on citrange C-35 and Citrus macrophylla (MAC) over the three seasons. Additionally, percentage of juice content over two successive years of fruits produced on C-35, Troyer citrange (CT), Carrizo citrange (CC) and Swingle citrumelo (SW) was about 53 % but did not exceed 50 % for Citrus macrophylla. The highest TSS was obtained on CC rootstock. However, the TSS was less than 10 in 2013 and around 11 °Brix in 2014 for Citrus macrophylla and above 12 °Brix for the other rootstocks. Regarding the maturity index, apart from the low value (11.3) scored by MAC, in 2013 due to a low TSS, there was no significant difference between the maturity indices of the fruits of the mandarin 'Nadorcott' produced on the different rootstocks tested. Furthermore, the five rootstocks had no effect on the fruit color parameters of 'Nadorcott' mandarin.

Prickly pear especially Opuntia ficus-indica species could be an economically important alternative crop in irrigated oasis zones, as it tolerates very well extreme droughts. In order to select the most promising fruits for the Tafilalet oasis context, 36 accessions of the prickly pear (28 accessions of Opuntia ficus-indica f. ficus-indica and 8 accessions of Opuntia ficus-indica f. amyclaea) from different regions of Morocco and cultivated in Tafilalet region were evaluated. Seventeen fruit morphological traits and four physical and physicochemical criteria of pulp including firmness, colour, pH, and degree Brix were analysed. All the observed criteria recorded a significant variation within and between the forms of cacti. As an example, the weight of the fruit varies significantly between 73.9 g and 132.8 g. Likewise, the degree Brix varies from 9.3 ° to 13.6 ° Bx. The form of the prickly pear (ficus-indica and amyclaea) and the geographical origin affected the characteristics of the fruit. Compared to other study on the same accessions in Agadir region revealed significant differences regarding fruit weight, pH and degree Brix in favour of Agadir environment. Five groups were proposed using agglomerative hierarchical clustering. Seven accessions were thus selected for the production of the fruit for Tafilalet oasis context.

Ce papier a pour ambition de comprendre dans un stade théorique et conceptuel la relation entre la performance et la qualité dans le contexte du secteur facility management et property management. Nous avons essayé d'effectuer une revue de littérature sur les liens qui unissent système de management qualité, performance, maintenance et service. Nous avons posé comme hypothèses que les dimensions de l’engagement, la confiance, le partage de l'information et la normalisation ont positivement influencé la performance des services. Pour l'avenir, nous tenterons de valider ces hypothèses à l'aide d’une étude qualitative et quantitative. This paper aims to understand in a theoretical and conceptual stage the relationship between performance and quality in the context of the facility management and property management sector. We have tried to conduct a literature review on the links between quality management systems, performance, maintenance and service. We hypothesized that the dimensions of commitment, trust, information sharing and standardization positively influenced service performance. For the future, we will try to validate these hypotheses with a qualitative and quantitative study.

L’enseignement primaire au Maroc se caractérise par une stratification de leurs élèves : d’abord, en fonction des caractéristiques sociaux économiques et culturelles, notamment, l’emploi et l’éducation des parents, ensuite, en fonction de l’offre scolaire diversifiée. En effet, les élèves issus des couches sociales modestes ou démunies n’ont pas objectivement les mêmes chances d’accès à des établissements offrant des conditions d’enseignement favorables. Ils sont, condamnés non seulement par leur origine sociale mais aussi et surtout par un système éducatif vacillant qui facilite le traitement inégalitaire et le développement d’une école marginalisée pour les enfants issus des familles démunies. Les disparités socioéconomiques des familles d’élèves et la dualité du secteur d’enseignement se combinent très probablement pour expliquer la stratification scolaire des élèves au Maroc. Ce texte analyse la manifestation de cette double dualité dans le cycle de l’enseignement primaire à travers l’analyse de la répartition des élèves en fonction des types d’écoles et de leur localité en montrant à quel point, la ségrégation des élèves est très marquée, que ce soit à cause du lieu de résidence, de facteurs économiques ou de la sélection dans le système scolaire.

This article examines how health is constructed as an emerging value of quality standards in intensive agriculture in the province of Huelva (Spain) with a specific focus on the health and welfare of female seasonal migrant workers. Based on an ethnographic approach, the research draws on two sources: an analysis of Global G.A.P. quality standards documentation and qualitative in-depth interviews with four key social actors, including local producers, social and professional organisations, healthcare professionals and migrant women working on seasonal contracts. Drawing on theoretical contributions from convention theory and the socio-anthropological approach of political economy, the study identified imbalances between the meanings and practices around health and safety. Principally, the study concludes that norms established by quality standards focus almost exclusively on consumers' health while neglecting the health costs and inequalities experienced by female agricultural workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blogs play an important role in every aspect of our cultural and social life. There has been a lot of research on blogs but very little research on blog translation. Blog translation may refer to translation of articles or comments posted in blogs or any translation done at weblogs. Different from other types of translators, blogger translators are no longer in the bondage to the traditional patrons and professionals as, in addition to the role of a writer/translator, bloggers can take on two other roles at the same time, namely a publisher (a patron) and a reviewer (a professional). This article makes a case study on the quality of Roland Soong's translation in his famous blog entitled EastSouthWestNorth (ESWN). The finding in this research justifies to some extent the value of blog translation and also the importance of further research on blog translation as well as influential blogger translators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quality standards and regulations are becoming increasingly important and are promoted in the context of the permission to treat, to bill and via financial incentives. In this context, the regulatory frameworks focus to varying degrees on structural, process or outcome criteria. On behalf of the Swiss Society for Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (SGAP), we summarize the quality elements in this document and group the requirements derived from them based on setting (outpatient, intermediate, inpatient) and structural quality criteria (staffing ratio, infrastructure). There is a very extensive requirements matrix, and its implementation requires considerable efforts, not least because of the shortage of specialists and limited financial resources of psychiatric institutions and medical practices. The criteria of the requirements, matrix must be further developed and anchored in a "competence-based training in old age psychiatry". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]