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Background: Quail is an interesting emerging bird species gaining attention in developmental embryology research due to its small size, quick lifespan, and fast growth rate. These characteristics make quail an ideal model for examining the development of the gastrointestinal tract. Consequently, the embryonic development of the colorectum was conducted to provide a comprehensive understanding of its functions in digestion, absorption, and immunity. Methodology: The morphological anatomy and microscopical structure of the colorectal wall of 74 embryos were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Histologically, the embryos were collected and dissected to extract the intestine. The samples were then fixed in 10% neutral buffer formalin for a minimum of 24 h, and in 2.5% glutaraldehyde buffer formalin for semithin processing and scanning electron microscopy. Results: The wall of the embryonic colorectum on the hatching day consisted of three layers; mucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa. Mucosa was a simple layer of columnar enterocytes interspersed with goblet cells that appeared as cub-like shaped cells. Additionally, two ganglionic plexuses were also developed in the colorectal wall; Auerbach plexus (among the colorectal tunica muscularis) and Meissner plexus (submucosal plexus). Conclusion: The morphological characteristics of the quail colorectum at different ages were closely related to its functional features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Quail is an efficient poultry species known for many years, and its productivity is highly affected by gastrointestinal function, health, digestion and commensal bacteria. Specific histological parameters and nutrient absorption–related genes could be used to study intestinal functionality and efficiency. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the mRNA abundance of nutrient absorption–related genes and intestinal histology changes in laying Japanese quail during productive lifespan. Methods: A total of 135 quails from a commercial flock at different egg production periods (early production [EP, 6 weeks of age], pick production [PP, 21 weeks of age] and post pick production [PPP, 40 weeks of age]) were randomly selected (n = 45/group) and kept for 6 weeks. Production performance was evaluated during last 2 weeks of the experimental period, and tissue samples were taken from the duodenum, jejunum and ileum for histological analysis and mRNA abundance purposes at the end of the experiment. The mRNA abundance of the CALB1, SGLT1, SGLT5, EAAT3 and NaPi‐IIb genes were compared among groups. Results: Production period did not affect the eggshell thickness, goblet cell number and mRNA abundance of CALB1, EAAT3 and NaPi‐IIb (p > 0.05). The PPP quails had the highest egg weight and FCR compared to EP and PP quails (p < 0.001). Egg production and egg mass of the EP and PP quails were higher than those of PPP quails (p < 0.001). Moreover, EP quails had the highest villus height (VH)/crypt depth (CD) ratio in the duodenum and jejunum and the lowest VH:CD in the ileum compared with the PPP quails (p < 0.01). The lowest SGLT1 mRNA abundance was noted in the PP quails, whereas EP quails had the highest SGLT5 mRNA abundance (p < 0.05). Conclusions: In conclusion, although histology parameter changes were in‐line with the lowest performance observed in the PPP quails, the current results failed to show a relationship between mRNA abundance changes and production performance attributes at different productive lifespans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translocation is one strategy to reestablish populations of scaled quail (Callipepla squamata). Initial reproductive success post‐translocation is important for establishing short‐lived species such as quail, but factors influencing reproductive success are poorly understood. We evaluated the effect of source population and variation in delayed release strategy (1−9 weeks) on nest initiation and nest survival of wild‐caught, translocated scaled quail. We trapped and translocated scaled quail in 2016–2017 from source populations in the Edwards Plateau and Rolling Plains ecoregions of Texas, USA, to a large contiguous (>40,000 ha) release site in Knox County, Texas. We used a multi‐state mark‐recapture model with state uncertainty to test for effects of release treatment, source population, age, release location, and year on nest initiation and survival. Increased length of holding time decreased re‐nesting effort. Yearlings were more likely to initiate nests than adults and the probability of re‐nesting was lower during the year with drought conditions. There was no effect of source population on any of the parameters we evaluated. Future scaled quail reintroduction efforts may benefit from prioritizing translocation of yearlings and conducting translocations when drought conditions are not forecasted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) is a popular experimental animal model in scientific research. The present study investigated the effects of dietary multiple enzyme supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and small intestinal histomorphology in quails fed diets based on wheat and soya bean meal. A total number of 192 1-day-old quails were assigned to three treatments with 16 replicates in each and four quails per replicate for 38 days. The control group received a basal diet, and the treatment groups received a basal diet with 0.10 or 0.20% multi-enzyme, respectively. Growth performance parameters, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and small intestinal histomorphology in quails were evaluated. Dietary supplementation of multi-enzymes to diet significantly increased body weight gain and improved the feed conversion rate. Moreover, quails fed with 0.10 or 0.20% multi-enzymes showed better ash digestibility coefficients and apparent metabolizable energy coefficients than the control quails. Furthermore, quails fed on a diet containing 0.20% multi-enzyme had the highest crude fiber digestibility. The villi length and the villi length/crypt depth ratio of the duodenum were significantly increased and the crypt depth was decreased in quails-fed diets supplemented with both multi-enzyme levels. However, feed consumption, carcass yield, carcass weight, heart weight, gizzard weight, liver weight and total intestine weights were not affected by treatments. In conclusion, our results showed that dietary supplementation of multi-enzymes to a wheat and soybean meal-based diet enhanced the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of quails. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OPN5 is one of the main deep brain photoreceptors (DBPs), converting photoperiodic information into neuroendocrine signals to regulate reproduction in birds. This study investigated the mechanism of OPN5-mediated photoperiodic regulation of reproduction by active immunization against OPN5. 96 female quail were divided into OPN5-immunized and control group under the same photoperiod: 16 L:8 D (d 1 to d 35), 8 L:16 D (d 36 to d 70) and 12 L:12 D (d 71 to d 126). OPN5-immunized group was conducted with OPN5 protein vaccination and control group was given a blank vaccine. Samples were collected on d 1, d 30, d 60, and d 126. Results showed switching photoperiod to 8 L:16 D decreased the laying rate, GSI%, numbers of YFs and WFs, serum levels of PRL, P4 and E2, and pituitary PRL and TSHβ protein expressions in both groups (P < 0.05). Whereas the OPN5-immunized group exhibited higher laying rates than the control group (P < 0.05). The control group showed reduced GnRHR and TSHβ gene expressions in the pituitary and increased GnIH and DIO3 transcript and/or protein abundance in the hypothalamus. (P < 0.05). The OPN5-immunized group had lower DIO3 expression at both mRNA and protein levels. (P < 0.05). Switching photoperiod from 8 L:16 D to 12 L:12 D increased the laying rates, GSI%, numbers of YFs and WFs, serum levels of PRL, and PRL protein expression in both groups (P < 0.05), and the responses were more pronounced in OPN5-immunized group (P < 0.05). In contrast to the control group, quail with OPN5-immunization had higher OPN5 and DIO2 transcript and/or protein levels but lower DIO3 expressions in the hypothalamus along the transition photoperiods (P < 0.05). The results revealed that OPN5 responds to photoperiod transition, and its activation mediates related signaling to up-regulate TSH-DIO2/DIO3 pathway and VIP-PRL secretion to prime quail reproductive functions. • OPN5 immunization slowed down the Inhibition of short-photoperiod on reproduction. • OPN5 immunization enhanced the stimulation of prolong-photoperiod on reproduction. • OPN5 immunization enhanced OPN5 signaling to promote follicular development in quail. • OPN5 may have a regulatory effect on PRL while mediating photoperiod. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: It is estimated that 1.4 billion quails are reared each year for their eggs and meat, but animal welfare assessment protocols for this species have yet to be established. The objective of this study was to devise an animal welfare assessment protocol developed through a multidimensional approach that contained a number of animal-based indicators (ABIs) for quails (Coturnix japonica) reared for meat production. Methods: During 2021 and 2022, the identical auditor visited and audited 14 Spanish farms in their initial year of integration into an animal welfare certification scheme. The protocol is categorised into 4 principles and 12 criteria. The "good feeding" principle includes 6 indicators (1 ABI), "good housing" includes 10 indicators (5 ABIs), "good health" includes 12 indicators (9 ABIs), and "appropriate behaviour" contains 8 indicators (5 ABIs). The final welfare assessment is calculated at the farm level using scores from the on-farm recordings. The assessment is a step-by-step weighted sum of the scores from the various indicators, with the final score ranging between 0 and 100. Results and discussion: The main welfare issues found on all farms were a lack of temperature and humidity records, a poor lighting pattern, and the absence of an outdoor range or access to one. To a lesser degree, it was also found that there were excessive numbers of birds per feeder, the presence of improperly functioning drinkers (i.e., not working, inadequate water flow, or dripping water), poor litter quality, and a high prevalence of birds with dirty plumage and lameness. Despite this, the farms achieved a good overall score, being classified as "enhanced" (n = 11) and "acceptable" (n = 3). The tool proved helpful in identifying specific welfare issues at the farm level and conducting benchmarking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutritional utility of leguminous products such as corticated marama bean (Tylosema esculentum) meal (CMBM) in quail diets is limited by high fibre levels. This study evaluated the impact of dietary CMBM pre-treated with fibrolytic multi-enzyme (FMENZ) on growth performance, and physiological and meat quality responses in Jumbo Coturnix quail. Two hundred and forty 7-day-old Jumbo quail (29.4 ± 2.72 g initial live weight) were randomly distributed to five experimental diets, with six replicate cages each (eight birds/cage). The diets were a grower diet without CMBM, and the same grower diet plus 100 g/kg CMBM pre-treated with 0, 1, 1.5, and 2% (v/w) FMENZ. Positive quadratic responses (p < 0.05) were recorded for overall feed intake and body weight gain in weeks 2 and 3. The control diet promoted the highest (p < 0.05) gain-to-feed ratio in weeks 2 and 3, and the best weight gains and glucose levels, but reduced lipase levels. Final body weights declined linearly [p = 0.037] with FMENZ levels. Breast pH increased linearly, while haemoglobin and 1 h post-mortem chroma showed positive quadratic effects (p < 0.05) with FMENZ levels. The use of the enzymes did not improve the feed value of CMBM in Jumbo quail diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. This study investigated the potential use of glycerol as a cryoprotectant for quail sperm cells. Its role in maintaining sperm fertilising ability in vivo and in vitro quality parameters, such as motility, was assessed. 2. The data showed that the presence of glycerol in semen samples was associated with infertility, which suggested that removal prior to insemination is mandatory. Removal through serial dilution centrifugation was associated with fewer than 5% of motile sperm cells and resulted in no fertility. 3. In conclusion, glycerol alone is not suitable for quail semen cryopreservation, and other approaches need to be investigated to develop cryobanking programmes for this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the zootechnical performance of 192 laying quails, receiving diets with different levels of crude protein (18 and 19%) and metabolizable energy (2,500, 2,600, 2,700 and 2,800 kcal/kg), in a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement. The experiment consists of four experimental periods of 28 days each, where feed intake (g/bird), feed conversion (by dozens of eggs and egg mass), laying rate, weight and mass of eggs and indices of egg quality (yolk, shell and albumen content, shell thickness, Haugh unit). Results indicated that reducing feed energy levels to 2,500 and 2,600 kcal/kg increased feed intake (P < 0.05). However, reducing protein levels to 18% did not change (P > 0.05) feed intake. No differences (P > 0.05) were observed in laying rate, feed conversion per dozen eggs and egg mass, and egg quality indices, in relation to energy or protein levels. There were no interactions between dietary energy and protein levels. In conclusion, the reduction of metabolizable energy levels to 2,500 kcal/kg and crude protein to 18% in diets for laying quails, from 52 to 68 weeks of age, is a viable alternative to reduce production costs, without harming performance and egg quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Hellenistic poem known as the Exagoge, Moses' scouts, after discussing the oasis of Elim, describe a resplendent avian creature that is understood by most scholars today as the mythical Phoenix. A closer look at the arguments underpinning this identification reveals, however, numerous holes. This article presents a two-part argument, first to reveal the weaknesses of the arguments in support of the Phoenix, and then to propose an alternate solution to the identification: the bird known as the ortygometra (often erroneously identified simply as a quail). In the first half, the arguments of Howard Jacobson, who most vigorously defends the Phoenix identity, are evaluated, drawing mostly upon the work of an underappreciated article by Ben Zion Wacholder and Samuel Bowman. Once the weakness of these arguments is established and the alternative theory of the ortygometra proposed, the second half of the paper looks first at the history of the term "ortygometra" in Greek and Latin, from Aristotle through Augustine, revealing that the term was either collapsed into a synonym for "quail" or its identity was kept distinct. Following this is an analysis of the biblical quail narratives (in the MT, LXX, and Vulgate) and a selection of exegeses, which ultimately exposes the fluidity with which the story is treated by subsequent writings. In particular, the explanations found in the Wisdom of Solomon and the Pseudo-Augustinian text De mirabilibus Sacrae Scripturae demonstrate that the ortygometra had gathered more than a few "mythical" characteristics in its journey through tradition. Returning to the Exagoge with these insights yields a more satisfactory identity for the bird and potential witnesses to an early form of the "legendary ortygometra" tradition found in Wisdom and De mirabilibus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pharyngeal arch (PA) is a transient structure of vertebrate embryos. Their number varies from species to species; nine in lampreys, seven in teleosts, and six in amniotes. Each pharyngeal arch contains a nerve and an artery as well as skeletomuscular elements. There has been a long-standing controversy about the formation of the fifth PA. Here, we investigated the formation of the fifth PA by tracking the distribution of neural crest cells in pharyngeal arches in chick embryos. Fertilized chick and quail eggs were used. Neural crest cells were detected by using quail-chick cell tracing technique and in ovo electroporation of EGFP constructs. Our results showed that neural crest cells from the post-otic level contributed to all post-otic pharyngeal arches (PA3-6). In contrast, neural crest cells from the somite 1-3 level avoided to invade the third pharyngeal arch, although they gave rise post-otic pharyngeal arches. Based on the trajectory of neural crest cells, the fifth pharyngeal arch was visible between the fourth and sixth pharyngeal arch, although it was considerably smaller compared to other arches. The fifth PA forms during early development at least in avian species. It is closer to the sixth PA than the fourth PA. This is in line with the formation of the fifth PAA, which can form a bypass and even fuse with the sixth PAA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the ileal digestible energy (IDE), apparent metabolizable energy (AME), and nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn) of three typical cereals for quail chicks with two age periods (day 15–21 and 22–28). The experimental diets comprised a corn–soybean meal reference diet (RD), and three test diets (TD) that were fed to quail chicks in a completely randomized design with five replicates per diet and 15 birds each. The TD comprised corn, wheat, and barley that partly replaced the RD at 300 g/kg (70% reference diet + 30% test ingredient). Age did not influence the IDE, AME, and AMEn values, while the effect of ingredient type was highly significant on the energy estimates (p < 0.001). The IDE values of corn, wheat, and barley were estimated as 2924, 3440, and 3184 kcal/kg, respectively. The AME values of corn, wheat, and barley were 3519, 2979, and 2710 kcal/kg, respectively. The estimated AMEn values of corn, wheat, and barley were 3255, 2676, and 2281 kcal/kg, respectively. These findings are crucial for optimizing diet formulations to support quail growth and performance effectively, as they provide valuable insights into the energy content of different cereals for quail production. Notably, the high IDE and AME values of wheat suggest its potential as a valuable energy source for quail diets. Understanding these values can aid in formulating diets that meet the energy requirements of quail chicks, leading to improved growth rates, feed efficiency, and overall productivity in quail production systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The presence of the shadow of prion protein (Sho) produced by the shadow of prion protein gene (SPRN) has been correlated with prion disease. In this study, we identified the SPRN gene sequence and examined its genetic variations in quails. The quail and chicken Sho amino acid sequences showed 100% identity. A total of 13 novel polymorphisms were found in 106 quails, and three out of four non-synonymous SNPs (A68T, L74P, and M105I) showed deleterious effects on quail Sho. A comparison of genetic polymorphisms in the open reading frame revealed differences in SPRN between quails and other mammals and avians. The genetic characteristics of the quail SPRN gene are being investigated for the first time in this study. Prion diseases are a group of deadly neurodegenerative disorders caused by the accumulation of the normal prion protein (PrPC) into misfolding pathological conformations (PrPSc). The PrP gene is essential for the development of prion diseases. Another candidate implicated in prion pathogenesis is the shadow of the prion protein (SPRN) gene. To date, genetic polymorphisms of the SPRN gene and the structure of the Sho protein have not been explored in quails. We used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the SPRN gene sequence and then conducted Sanger DNA sequencing to identify the genetic polymorphisms in quail SPRN. Furthermore, we examined the genotype, allele, and haplotype frequencies, and assessed the linkage disequilibrium among the genetic polymorphisms of the SPRN gene in quails. Additionally, we used in silico programs such as MutPred2, SIFT, MUpro, AMYCO, and SODA to predict the pathogenicity of non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Alphafold2 predicted the 3D structure of the Sho protein in quails. The results showed that a total of 13 novel polymorphisms were found in 106 quails, including 4 non-synonymous SNPs. Using SIFT and MUpro in silico programs, three out of the four non-synonymous SNPs (A68T, L74P, and M105I) were predicted to have deleterious effects on quail Sho. Furthermore, the 3D structure of quail Sho was predicted to be similar to that of chicken Sho. To our knowledge, this is the first report to investigate the genetic and structural properties of the quail SPRN gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the greatest challenges in poultry production is maintaining intestinal mucosal barrier integrity and gut microbiota balance. Safe alternative antimicrobials that can regulate the microbial community through animal feed have been the subject of research in poultry production. This study evaluated the effect of Mentha piperita and Melaleuca alternifolia essential oils (EOs) on the gut microbiome and morphometry of broiler quails under normal feeding conditions. The gut microbiome was studied using a completely randomized design consisting of 4 treatments, namely control, bacitracin zinc, and the Eos M. piperita and M. alternifolia, with 8 repetitions and 7 quails per treatment, totaling 224 quails from 1 to 42 days old. The intestinal contents of the slaughtered quails were collected to evaluate the gut microbiome profile of their digestive tract. Gut morphometry was analyzed using a completely randomized factorial design, with four experimental rations for three intestinal sections (4x3) and five replications. The variables studied were villus surface area and height, crypt depth, villus height to cryptdepth ratio (VH:CD), villus-crypt ratio (V:C), villus width to height ratio (VW:H), and height of the intestinal epithelium and musculature. M. alternifolia (50 mg/kg of feed) in the diet of broiler quails improved gut morphometry, similar to the results obtained with bacitracin zinc. This EO also altered the gut microbiome of quails and reduced pathogenic bacterial diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Avian Diseases is the property of American Association of Avian Pathologists, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Science / Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan is the property of Universitas Syiah Kuala, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, the effects of adding dried wild leek and garlic leaves to the diet of laying quails on egg quality, production performance, intestinal histomorphology, nutrient digestibility, and serum biochemical traits were evaluated. 168- 30 weeks aged- laying quails were randomly arranged into 7 treatments (control group and three different levels (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) of wild leek or garlic leaves), 6 replicates, and 4 quails per pen. According to the study, the highest hen-day production was achieved by adding 0.5% garlic leaves, and the egg weight was higher with 1% garlic leaves and 0.5% wild leek compared to the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, adding garlic leaves decreased the average daily feed intake and increased high-density lipoprotein concentration. However, adding both herbs did not influence yolk height, albumin height, shell thickness, and Haugh unit (P > 0.05). All supplemented treatments significantly increased the formerly Roche Yolk Color Fan (DSM) index compared to the control. Quails fed with 1% garlic leaves declined serum cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and uric acid. Moreover, three levels of garlic leaves decreased triglyceride concentration. Adding 0.5% and 1% garlic leaves to the diet could increase the jejunal, and ileal villus height-to-crypt depth ratio. Furthermore, 1% and 1.5% garlic leaves supplementation elevated organic matter, ash, and crude protein digestibility. In conclusion, supplementing 1% garlic leaves to the quail's diet could improve egg weight, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility, improving lipid profiles and reducing uric acid concentration in the serum. However, both plants were rich pigment sources, increasing the DSM index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of adding different levels of chromium nanoparticles to quail feeds on growth performance and some blood and liver parameters of quails were examined. A total of 160 broiler quails were used, split into four groups (4 × 40 pieces) each with four replications (4 × 10 pieces). The experiment was designed according to a completely random design, including one control and three experimental groups: basal diet (control); basal diet + 0.4 mg kg-1 Nano-Cr (40-50 nm) (NCr-04); basal diet + 0.8 mg kg-1 Nano-Cr (40-50 nm) (NCr-08); basal diet + 1.2 mg kg-1 Nano-Cr (40-50 nm) (NCr-1.2). In order to determine the growth performance of quails, live weight gains, feed conversion rate, and feed consumption were determined. Oxidative stress index, total antioxidant status, total oxidant status,) and liver fat levels were determined using blood and liver samples. Weight gain was significantly higher in the Nano-Cr supplemented groups than in the control group only in the first week. The best performance of final body weight was achieved in group I (NCr-04). Feed consumption during 0-35 days was found to be lower in the Nano-Cr added groups compared to the control group (p < .05). Supplementing different levels of Nano-Cr in quails diet significantly improved feed conversion rate (p < .05). Fatty liver level was lower in group II (NCr-08) and group III (NCr-1.2) than in the control and group I (NCr-04) (p < .01). Cell infiltration was highest in group II. In conclusion, it was determined that the addition of Nano-Cr to the feed decreased feed consumption (average 7.3%), improved feed efficiency (average 8.7%), and decreased the level of liver fat (average 69.4%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural, Environmental & Veterinary Sciences is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Quails are a valuable type of poultry, as their eggs and meat have high nutritional value. Moreover, quails are distinguished by early sexual maturity, high egg production and small body size. These unique characteristics make them an attractive object for breeding and scientific research. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of feed with extruded components and phytobiotics on the meat productivity and blood biochemistry of Texas quails. The methodology involved dividing 200 quails into experimental and control groups, feeding them different diets over a 60-day period, and analysing their growth performance, meat yield, and biochemical blood parameters using statistical analysis tools. As a result of the research, it was revealed that feed produced according to the developed recipe has a positive effect on the weight gain of quails. In the experimental group (EG), the absolute increase was 313.7 ± 4.34 g, in the control group (CG) – 275.9 ± 2.89 g (not significant difference, P > 0.05). Furthermore, the feed with extruded components and phytobiotics led to improved feed conversion ratio in the EG compared to the control. The birds in the EG also demonstrated higher carcass weight and yield. The experimental diet also appeared to have a positive influence on the immune status of the quails. The results demonstrate the potential benefits of incorporating extruded components and phytobiotics into quail feed to improve growth performance and maintain healthy physiological parameters. Evaluating the biochemical blood test results, it can be indicated that no significant changes in the blood composition were detected, which may indicate the absence of a negative effect of the developed feed on the body of birds. The results obtained may be of practical importance for developing optimal diets for meat quails and improving the quality and safety of their products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coccidia poses significant challenges to poultry farming, impacting productivity and welfare. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Aloe vera supplementation in managing coccidial infection in quails. A total of 360 one-day-old quails chicks were divided into five groups (six replicates with twelve birds per replicate) and challenged with mixed sporulated oocysts of Eimeria species (E. tenella, E. nicatrix, E. maxima, E. mitis). The groups included a positive control (infected, untreated), negative control (uninfected, untreated), and three treatment groups: Amprolium (1 g/l water), Aloe vera 2% (AV2), and Aloe vera 4% (AV4). Results demonstrated significant (p

Abstract Background Due to its rich content of active phytochemicals, milk thistle is regarded as a promising nutritional supplement for quails, particularly in regions with limited financial resources. Thus, our study aimed to evaluate the possible beneficial impact of aqueous extract of milk thistle seeds (MTS) at two graded concentrations (10 and 20 ml/L of drinking water) on male Japanese quails during their reproductive period. Results The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of 29 active compounds, including nine flavonoids and ten phenolic compounds. The supplemented groups showed significant improvements in body weight gain. MTS1 group exhibited a notable decrease in daily feed consumption, while MTS2 group showed a significant increase in daily water consumption. There was a dose-dependent increase in cecum length. The total count of intestinal bacteria decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Incorporating aqueous extract of MTS at concentration of 10 ml /L resulted in a significant increase in total protein and packed cell volume. Similar increases in globulin and decreases in the albumin/globulin ratio and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were observed with both doses of supplementation. A significant decrease in total cholesterol and AST was observed in the high-dose group. Significantly higher plasma testosterone and triiodothyronine levels were observed only in the high-dose group, while plasma thyroxine levels were similarly increased in both supplemented groups. Intervention with MTS resulted in dose-dependent increases in cloacal gland index and cloacal foam production. Both supplemented groups showed significant increases in the diameter of seminiferous tubules and the number of Sertoli cells. Conclusion Marked growth-promoting, antibacterial, and reproductive-enhancing effects were observed when incorporating aqueous extract of MTS into the quails’ drinking water, particularly at a dosage of 20 ml/L.

The experiment aimed to investigate the effects of Buddleja officinalis powder on the yolk color, fat content in eggs, production performance, egg quality, and serum biochemical indices in quails. A total of 600 healthy 90-day-old quails were selected and randomly divided into three groups based on similar body weight, with five replicates per group and 40 quails per replicate. The control group was fed a basic diet, while the CK1 and CK2 groups were supplemented with 5% and 10% Buddleja officinalis powder of the basic diet, respectively. The preliminary period lasted for seven days, followed by a formal experimental period of 30 days. The results showed that compared to the control group, the yolk color of the CK2 groups deepened extremely (P<0.01), the average egg weight in the CK1 and CK2 increased significantly (P<0.05), and the daily feed intake and feed-to-egg ratio decreased significantly (P<0.05). Compared to the control group, the yolk proportion in the experimental groups increased significantly (P<0.05), and the contentrations of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) decreased significantly (P<0.05), the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), as well as the content of glucose (GLU) decreased significantly (P<0.05). The study indicates that the addition of 5% and 10% Buddleja officinalis powder to the feed can improve yolk color, enhance production performance, improve egg quality, and improve serum biochemical indices, and adding 10% of Buddleja officinalis powder can be more effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to its rich content of active phytochemicals, milk thistle is regarded as a promising nutritional supplement for quails, particularly in regions with limited financial resources. Thus, our study aimed to evaluate the possible beneficial impact of aqueous extract of milk thistle seeds (MTS) at two graded concentrations (10 and 20 ml/L of drinking water) on male Japanese quails during their reproductive period. Results: The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of 29 active compounds, including nine flavonoids and ten phenolic compounds. The supplemented groups showed significant improvements in body weight gain. MTS1 group exhibited a notable decrease in daily feed consumption, while MTS2 group showed a significant increase in daily water consumption. There was a dose-dependent increase in cecum length. The total count of intestinal bacteria decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Incorporating aqueous extract of MTS at concentration of 10 ml /L resulted in a significant increase in total protein and packed cell volume. Similar increases in globulin and decreases in the albumin/globulin ratio and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were observed with both doses of supplementation. A significant decrease in total cholesterol and AST was observed in the high-dose group. Significantly higher plasma testosterone and triiodothyronine levels were observed only in the high-dose group, while plasma thyroxine levels were similarly increased in both supplemented groups. Intervention with MTS resulted in dose-dependent increases in cloacal gland index and cloacal foam production. Both supplemented groups showed significant increases in the diameter of seminiferous tubules and the number of Sertoli cells. Conclusion: Marked growth-promoting, antibacterial, and reproductive-enhancing effects were observed when incorporating aqueous extract of MTS into the quails' drinking water, particularly at a dosage of 20 ml/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with Agaricus blazei polysaccharide (ABP) at varying concentrations on the performance, egg quality, blood biochemistry, intestinal morphology, and microflora of quail. Methods: The study involved a total of 2,700 Korean quails, which were randomly divided into three groups. The measured variables encompassed productive performance, egg parameters, carcass parameters, serum metabolites, immune response parameters, antioxidative properties, and gut microbiome. Results: The addition of ABP did not have a significant effect on average daily feed intake. However, it was found to increase the average daily egg weight and egg production rate, reduce the feedegg ratio. There were no significant impacts on egg quality measures such as egg shape index, egg yolk index and color, egg yolk and protein content. However, ABP supplementation significantly increased the Hough unit (p<0.01) and decreased the rate of unqualified eggs (p<0.01). Regarding serum parameters, the inclusion led to an increase in total protein concentration (p<0.05) and a reduction in lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (p<0.05). There were no significant effects observed on immune indicators such as immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgM. ABP supplementation increased the levels of serum antioxidant indicators, including glutathione peroxidase, total superoxide dismutase (p<0.05), and total antioxidant capacity colorimeter (p<0.05). Furthermore, ABP supplementation significantly elevated the intramuscular fatty acid content in quail meat. Additionally, ABP supplementation demonstrated a significant improvement in the diversity of gut microbiota and induced alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that dietary supplementation of ABP enhanced production performance and antioxidant capacity while increasing the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in quail muscle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper shows the effect of introducing Lactiplantibacillus plantarum AG10 biomass into quail feed. Quails that received a probiotic feed additive for seven weeks demonstrated a significant improvement in such economic indicators as the dynamics of live weight, the mass of gutted carcasses and feed consumption per kg of gain. Using the analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence libraries sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform, shifts in the microbiota of the cecum have been detected, which may contribute to improving the morphological and physiological parameters of quails. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Animal & Poultry Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Under the direction of Salahaddin University in Erbil's College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, study was carried out to investigate how local quail performed biochemically, histologically, and immune-wise when varied levels of Salvia indica (SI) additive were added at high stocking density. For a 42-day trial, 216 one-week-old local quails were divided into four treatments at random, with three replicates for each treatment, in cages measuring 60 by 30 by 25 centimeters. The following was the design of the feed treatments: Positive control (12 birds/replicate), Negative control 20 birds per replicate at a high stocking density, 20 birds per replicate plus 0.2% of SI additive, and 20 birds per replicate plus 0.4% of SI additive. When compared to a negative control, the results indicated that 0.4% SI supplements with high stocking density produced the best live body weight and weight gain. When compared to positive and negative controls, the cholesterol level of female quails considerably (P<0.05) decreased in both SI with high stocking density; however, no significant variations were seen with either of the SI additives with high stoking density. Furthermore, when compared to the positive control, the LDL content in female quails was considerably (P<0.05) reduced by both supplements of SI with high stocking density and negative control. When treated with SI, the height of the jejunum villus was significantly (P<0.05) higher than when treated with both positive and negative controls. The size of Fabricius follicles was significantly (P<0.05) enhanced by the addition of SI treatments, but no significant difference was seen between the two SI additives with high stocking density. In summary, adding Salvia indica to a diet with high stocking density enhanced the quail population's biochemical markers, immunological response, and jejunum histology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: There is a limited amount of research conducted on quail breeding domestically and internationally, particularly at the molecular level. This study aimed to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) genes across two quail varieties and their hybrids correlate these genetic factors with body weight (BW) and growth rate at 0 and 6 weeks, and assess crossing effects. Materials and Methods: White and Japanese quail were crossed. Simultaneously producing pure varieties and crosses (genotypes) was achieved through this breeding strategy. Fifty females from each genotype were randomly selected for blood sampling. Genomic DNA was extracted and amplified from the blood using the DNeasy blood kit (Qiagen, Germany). Nucleotide polymorphism between quail genotypes was determined through DNA sequencing. Results: Two types of alleles (A and B) for the GH gene in quails showed significant genotypic differences (AA, BB, and AB). The quail carried a mutated IGF-1 gene. For growth traits, substantial positive heterosis was detected. Conclusion: The genotype AA had the highest BW and weight gain. The white variety can act as a sire, and both white and Japanese varieties can function as dams to improve growth traits. The growth characteristics of the hybrids surpassed those of the original varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the organoleptic quality and to carry out a use test of pasteurized, freeze-dried and hot air-dried quail eggs in order to compare with normal liquid quail and hen eggs. These egg products were reconstituted and omelets prepared using each quail egg product and the controls. Freeze-dried, hot air-dried quail eggs were mixed differently with 1% corn porridges. Single porridge served as the control. Each product type was subjected to a single round of testing by a panel of 30 untrained individuals. Reconstituted hot air-dried eggs were different (p ˂ 0.05) from reconstituted pasteurized and freeze-dried, liquid quail and hen eggs for all organoleptic parameters. While liquid, pasteurized quail eggs and liquid hen egg omelets differed (p ˂ 0.05) from freeze-dried quail egg and hot air-dried quail egg omelets. The single porridge was different (p ˂ 0.05) from freeze-dried and hot air-dried quail egg porridges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Senduduk leaf flour (Melastoma malabatricum L.) is a processed product from weed plants that can potentially be a source of nutrients and bioactive compounds that are beneficial for human and livestock health. This research aims to examine the immunity and productivity of quail during the egg-laying period by administering senduduk leaf flour. This study used 120 female quail aged 40 weeks, which were kept for 4 weeks. The experimental design used was a Completely Randomized Design. The treatment of providing senduduk leaf flour in feed consisted of four treatment levels, namely P0 (without flour), P1 (feed + 1.5% flour), P2 (feed + 3% flour), and P3 (feed + 4.5% flour). The data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance and descriptive analysis. The results showed that adding senduduk leaf meal can reduce egg yolk cholesterol and increase quail immunity. Adding senduduk leaf meal at a 3% level produced the best immunity and performance, with a feed conversion value of 2.81. The 4.5% addition of senduduk leaf flour produced the lowest cholesterol level in quail egg yolk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Vet Indones. The Indonesian Veterinary Journal / Jurnal Acta Veterinaria Indonesiana is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hadjelia truncata is a spirurida nematode with an indirect life cycle that can infect the digestive system of birds. Different beetles can be intermediate hosts. Birds were infected by ingesting beetles containing infective larvae. The worms can be diagnosed by light microscope and molecular techniques. The disease manifestation among birds can range from asymptomatic to severe, leading to death. This report describes the infection of quails' gizzards with H. truncata in Iran. Twenty-five referred gastrointestinal tracts of naturally dead quails were inspected. Eighteen H. Truncata nematodes were removed from 6 gizzards (24%) of 25 gastrointestinal samples. All the removed worms were located between the submucosal and muscular layers of the infected gizzards. Because of postmortem alterations, the histopathological sections of infected gizzards could not be performed. This report is the first observation of H. truncata infection among quails. This worm has been previously reported among pigeons (Columba livia domestica) and hoopoes (Upupa epops). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Japanese quails have the potentials of being cheap source of animal protein. This study was conducted to determine the growth pattern and physiological response of Japanese quails to administration of aqueous solution of egg lime molasses mixture (ELM). Methods: ELM was prepared by placing fresh eggs in a bowl after which 1 liter of lime juice and 500 g of molasses were added and left for 10 days at temperature of 27°C and relative humidity of 61%. The entire solution was then blended together. Two hundred day old Japanese quails were assigned to five treatments (4 replicates/treatment) with forty birds in a completely randomized design (CRD). The control (T1) having no administration of ELM, T2 had an inclusion level of 10 ml, T3: 20 ml, T4: 30 ml and T5: 40 ml ELM all into 500 ml of water. Feed and water were offered ad libitum. The study was carried out for 49 days. Data were collected on growth, morphometrics and key physiology parameters. Data were subjected to descriptive statistics and Analysis of Variance using SPSS Version 22. Result: Significant difference (p<0.05) was observed only for feed conversion ratio at the starter phase, however, birds administered 20 ml ELM/500 ml of water had the best FCR. Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed for live weight and weight gain at the finisher phase. Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed in body morphometrics with birds administered 20 ml/500 ml of water having the highest values. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in rectal temperature and respiratory rate at the starter phase while at the finisher phase, significant difference (p<0.05) was only observed in rectal temperature. It can be concluded from this study that aqueous administration of egg lime molasses solution in the diet of Japanese quails has no detrimental effect on the growth pattern and physiological response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: In avian and other species, mucins (MUCs) play a crucial role in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and constitute a large group of O-glycosylated glycoproteins, are glycoconjugate proteins. MUCs present in two forms: (1) membrane-attached on cell surfaces to repel external threats and (2) detachable, gel-forming proteins in the soluble form. In quail GIT, the specific types of MUCs that are expressed remain largely unknown. We investigated the expression of MUC1 and MUC4 MUCs in the GIT of Iraqi common quails and conducted network and structural analyses of all known MUC types across quail breeds. Materials and Methods: Histological and gene expression analyses of MUC1 and MUC4 were conducted using fresh small intestine and large intestine samples from 10 quails. Using the STRING Database, Chimera software, and PrankWeb-ligand binding site prediction tool, network and structural analyses of all reported types of quail MUCs were conducted. Results: Most intestinal MUCs in quails were acidic, with few neutral MUCs detectable through Alcian blue and periodic acid-schiff stains. Acidic MUCs were more expressed in the duodenum, ileum, cecum, and colon, whereas neutral MUCs were more expressed in the jejunum. MUC1 and MUC4 messenger RNA expression was significantly higher in the jejunum and colon than in the duodenum and ileum. The analysis of the network revealed that MUC 1, 15, 16, and 24 formed homologous networks, while MUC 2, 4, 5, and 6 formed heterologous networks. Specific MUC combinations, including MUC5A-MUC6, MUC5A-MUC5B, and MUC5B-MUC6, show higher intermolecular hydrogen bond formation affinity. MUC15, MUC16, and MUC24 showed minimal interaction with other MUC types. Among the analyzed MUCs, MUC5B, and MUC6 had the highest probability for binding, while MUC2, MUC4, and MUC5A showed lower probabilities despite greater numbers of binding sites. Conclusion: This study's results offer significant insights into quails' MUCs' composition, expression, network interactions, and binding sites, advancing knowledge of MUC-related processes in gastrointestinal physiology and their potential connection to gastrointestinal diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Derived from axial structures, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is secreted into the paraxial mesoderm, where it plays crucial roles in sclerotome induction and myotome differentiation. Through conditional loss-of-function in quail embryos, we investigate the timing and impact of Shh activity during early formation of sclerotome-derived vertebrae and ribs, and of lateral mesoderm-derived sternum. To this end, Hedgehog interacting protein (Hhip) was electroporated at various times between days 2 and 5. While the vertebral body and rib primordium showed consistent size reduction, rib expansion into the somatopleura remained unaffected, and the sternal bud developed normally. Additionally, we compared these effects with those of locally inhibiting BMP activity. Transfection of Noggin in the lateral mesoderm hindered sternal bud formation. Unlike Hhip, BMP inhibition via Noggin or Smad6 induced myogenic differentiation of the lateral dermomyotome lip, while impeding the growth of the myotome/rib complex into the somatic mesoderm, thus affirming the role of the lateral dermomyotome epithelium in rib guidance. Overall, these findings underscore the continuous requirement for opposing gradients of Shh and BMP activity in the morphogenesis of proximal and distal flank skeletal structures, respectively. Future research should address the implications of these early interactions to the later morphogenesis and function of the musculo-skeletal system and of possible associated malformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Old-World quails, Coturnix coturnix (common quail) and Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail), are morphologically similar yet occupy distinct geographic ranges. This study aimed to elucidate their evolutionary trajectory and ancestral distribution patterns through a thorough analysis of their mitochondrial genomes. Mitogenomic analysis revealed high structural conservation, identical translational mechanisms, and similar evolutionary pressures in both species. Selection analysis revealed significant evidence of positive selection across the Coturnix lineage for the nad4 gene tree owing to environmental changes and acclimatization requirements during its evolutionary history. Divergence time estimations imply that diversification among Coturnix species occurred in the mid-Miocene (13.89 Ma), and their current distributions were primarily shaped by dispersal rather than global vicariance events. Phylogenetic analysis indicates a close relationship between C. coturnix and C. japonica, with divergence estimated at 2.25 Ma during the Pleistocene epoch. Ancestral range reconstructions indicate that the ancestors of the Coturnix clade were distributed over the Oriental region. C. coturnix subsequently dispersed to Eurasia and Africa, and C. japonica to eastern Asia. We hypothesize that the current geographic distributions of C. coturnix and C. japonica result from their unique dispersal strategies, developed to evade interspecific territoriality and influenced by the Tibetan Plateau's geographic constraints. This study advances our understanding of the biogeographic and evolutionary processes leading to the diversification of C. coturnix and C. japonica, laying important groundwork for further research on this genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. This study focused on the relationship between MITF mRNA expression and plumage colour in quail and the effect of promoter methylation on the expression of MITF mRNA. 2. The CDS region of MITF mRNA was cloned by RT-PCR, followed by DNA sequencing. The RT-qPCR method was used to analyse the expression levels of MITF mRNA in dorsal skin tissue in Korean quail and Beijing white quail. The promoter region of the MITF gene was cloned, and the CpG island was predicted by the CpGplot program. The methylation levels of the CpG island were analysed using BS-PCR technology. 3. Quail MITF mRNA contains a 1,476 bp complete ORF, which encodes a 492 amino acid residue protein. The MITF protein has no signal peptide or transmembrane region. The expression of MITF mRNA in dorsal tissue of Korean quail was significantly higher than that in Beijing white quail (p < 0.01). Abundant cis-elements and a 346 bp CpG island were found in the promoter region of the MITF gene. The average methylation level of the CpG island was 22 (22%) in Korean quail, and 46 (30%) in Beijing white quail (p < 0.05). 4. The hypermethylation of the MITF gene promoter region in Beijing white quail resulted in a decrease in expression level, which was related to white feather colour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Kirkuk University for Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Simple Summary: Nanotechnology offers a unique opportunity to incorporate nanoparticles as alternative sources of trace minerals in animal diets. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of applying different concentrations of nano-Se on the growth performances, carcass features, serum components, and gene expressions in heat-stressed Japanese quails. The performance of heat-stressed quails was greatly enhanced by the addition of nano-Se, particularly at the level of 0.2 mg/kg of feed, which also repaired the blood oxidative state. The 0.2 nano-Se-exposed group showed a substantial downregulation of the IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-8 genes and an upregulation of the SOD and GPX genes in comparison to the heat stress group, indicating that nano-Se had an ameliorative effect on heat stress. It was determined that modest levels of nano-Se in growing heat-stressed quails yield the best results, and its supplementation can be viewed as a protective management strategy in Japanese quail diets to lessen the adverse effects of heat stress. Nano-minerals are employed to enhance mineral bioavailability thus promoting the growth and well-being of animals. In recent times, nano-selenium (nano-Se) has garnered significant attention within the scientific community owing to its potential advantages in the context of poultry. This study was conducted to explore the impact of using variable levels of nano-Se on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, serum constituents, and gene expression in growing Japanese quails under both thermoneutral and heat stress conditions. A randomized experimental design was used in a 2 × 3 factorial, with 2 environmental conditions (thermoneutral and heat stress) and 3 nano-Se levels (0, 0.2, and 0.5 mg/kg of diet. The findings revealed that heat stress negatively affected the growth and feed utilization of quails; indicated by the poor BWG and FCR. Additionally, oxidative stress was aggravated under heat stress condition; indicated by increased lipids peroxidation and decreased antioxidant enzymes activities. The addition of nano-Se, especially at the level of 0.2 mg/kg of diet, significantly improved the performance of heat stressed quails and restored blood oxidative status. The expression profile of inflammatory and antioxidant markers was modulated by heat stress and/or 0.2 and 0.5 nano-Se in conjunction with environmental temperature in quail groups. In comparison to the control group, the heat stress-exposed quails' expression profiles of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-8 showed a notable up-regulation. Significantly lower levels of the genes for IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-8 and higher levels of the genes for SOD and GPX as compared to the heat stress group demonstrated the ameliorative impact of 0.2 nano-Se. The expression profiles of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-8 are dramatically elevated in quails exposed to 0.5 nano-Se when compared to the control group. SOD and GPX markers, on the other hand, were markedly down-regulated. It was concluded that nano-Se by low level in heat stressed growing quails provides the greatest performance and its supplementation can be considered as a protective management practice in Japanese quail diets to reduce the negative impact of heat stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quails are an important alternative to chicken production for protein sources, offering many advantages over other poultry species. However, raising quail faces certain challenges, such as a shortage of specified hatcheries and the lack of local markets for quail eggs and meat, particularly in Egypt. In addition, there is less interest in quail's medication and vaccine production. A significant disease affecting the health and productivity of quails is coccidiosis, which is associated with poor feed conversion ratio, lower growth performance, heightened mortality, and high cost of vaccination and treatment. Attention to quail coccidiosis and its clinical forms, diagnosis, morphological characterization, control, and prevention is very critical for improving quail meat and egg production. This review compiles scientific data on quail coccidiosis, with a focus on literature from Egypt, for classification, data analysis, and processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Poultry meat is an excellent animal protein source accessible to many low-income families in developing countries. It is also part of a balanced diet and contains valuable nutrients necessary for maintaining human health. The poultry sector implements improved processes to increase the quality and nutritional value of poultry meat. This study aimed to determine the influence of licorice root extract on the amino acid, fatty acid, vitamin, mineral composition, nutritional value, and productivity of quail meat. Materials and Methods: Two groups were formed from Japanese quails: A control group and one experimental group, each consisting of 50 individuals. Quails from both the experimental and control groups received the same complete diet. Quails in the experimental group had licorice root extract added to their water at a dosage of 10 g/L, starting from the age of 3 days to 42 days of growth. At 42 days of age, 30 birds from each group were slaughtered to examine their meat productivity and chemical composition. The quail carcasses were analyzed for the following parameters: Live weight, carcass weight, nutritional value, mineral substances, vitamin content, fatty acid composition, amino acid composition, and amino acid score. Results: This study demonstrated that quails in the experimental group receiving water with licorice extract exhibited higher indicators than those in the control group. Calcium (21.05%), magnesium (20.83%), and phosphorus (23.53%) were the most elevated mineral substances in the meat of the experimental birds. Vitamins E (22.22%) and C (20.0%) showed the greatest increase in vitamin content. The fatty acid composition parameters 17:0 margaric acid (8.16%), 18:3 linolenic acid (6.25%), and 20:4 arachidonic acid (4.49%) showed the highest increase. There was a clear increase in the amino acids valine (4.61%), lysine (4.32%), threonine (5.99%), tryptophan (4.87%), phenylalanine (5.87%), and cysteine (14.17%). The application of licorice root extract also positively impacted the amino acid score of quail meat, except for leucine, which remained within the range compared with the control group. Quails in the experimental group weighed 7.96% more live weight before slaughter than the controls. Moreover, the carcass weight was in favor of the experimental group (8.59%). Conclusion: The use of licorice root extract positively influences the quality and biological value of quail meat. Data on amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, trace elements, and other important components of quail meat will significantly expand our understanding of the biological value of licorice root extract. These findings can be used in the formulation of balanced diets for children and adults and highlight the importance of this issue.

This study investigates the molecular prevalence and phylogenetic characteristics of two prominent blood-borne pathogens, Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) and Plasmodium spp., in common quails (Coturnix coturnix) sampled from both wild (N = 236) and farmed (N = 197) populations across four districts (Layyah, Dera Ghazi Khan, Lahore, and Multan) in Punjab, Pakistan, during the hunting seasons from 2021 to 2023. Additionally, the impact of these pathogens on the complete blood count (CBC) of the hosts is examined. Out of 433 quails tested, 25 (5.8%) exhibited amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) gene for T. gondii, while 15 (3.5%) showed amplification of the Cytochrome b gene for Plasmodium spp. A risk factor analysis indicated that the prevalence of both pathogens was not confined to specific sampling sites or bird sexes (P > 0.05). District-wise analysis highlighted that hens were more susceptible to both T. gondii and Plasmodium spp. infections than cocks. Wild quails exhibited a higher susceptibility to T. gondii compared to farmed birds. Significant CBC variations were recorded in infected birds as compared to uninfected ones. BLAST analysis of generated sequences has confirmed the identity of recovered PCR amplicons as T. gondii and Plasmodium relictum. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Pakistani isolates clustered with those reported from various countries globally. This study provides the first documentation of T. gondii and Plasmodium sp. infections in Pakistani quails, underscoring the need for detailed investigations across different regions to enhance our understanding of infection rates and the zoonotic potential of these parasites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited studies using animal models with a few natural mutations in melanophilin (Mlph) provided partial functions of Mlph in melanosome trafficking. To investigate cellular functions of Mlph, especially ZnF motif of Mlph, we analyzed all three Mlph knockout (KO) quail lines, one and two base pair (bp) deletions as models for total KO, and three bp deletion causing deletion of one Cysteine (C84del) in the ZnF motif. All quail lines had diluted feather pigmentation with impaired dendritogenesis and melanosome transport in melanocytes. In vitro studies revealed capability of binding of the ZnF motif to PIP3, and impairment of PI3P binding and mislocalization of MLPH proteins with ZnF motif mutations. The shortened melanocyte dendrites by the C84del mutation were rescued by introducing WT Mlph in vitro. These results revealed the diluted feather pigmentation by Mlph mutations resulted from congregation of melanosomes in the cell bodies with impairment of the dendritogenesis and the transport of melanosomes to the cell periphery. This study presents the essential functions of the ZnF motif in sorting of the melanophilin protein and novel functions of melanophilin in dendritogenesis in melanocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Poultry meat is an excellent animal protein source accessible to many low-income families in developing countries. It is also part of a balanced diet and contains valuable nutrients necessary for maintaining human health. The poultry sector implements improved processes to increase the quality and nutritional value of poultry meat. This study aimed to determine the influence of licorice root extract on the amino acid, fatty acid, vitamin, mineral composition, nutritional value, and productivity of quail meat. Materials and Methods: Two groups were formed from Japanese quails: A control group and one experimental group, each consisting of 50 individuals. Quails from both the experimental and control groups received the same complete diet. Quails in the experimental group had licorice root extract added to their water at a dosage of 10 g/L, starting from the age of 3 days to 42 days of growth. At 42 days of age, 30 birds from each group were slaughtered to examine their meat productivity and chemical composition. The quail carcasses were analyzed for the following parameters: Live weight, carcass weight, nutritional value, mineral substances, vitamin content, fatty acid composition, amino acid composition, and amino acid score. Results: This study demonstrated that quails in the experimental group receiving water with licorice extract exhibited higher indicators than those in the control group. Calcium (21.05%), magnesium (20.83%), and phosphorus (23.53%) were the most elevated mineral substances in the meat of the experimental birds. Vitamins E (22.22%) and C (20.0%) showed the greatest increase in vitamin content. The fatty acid composition parameters 17:0 margaric acid (8.16%), 18:3 linolenic acid (6.25%), and 20:4 arachidonic acid (4.49%) showed the highest increase. There was a clear increase in the amino acids valine (4.61%), lysine (4.32%), threonine (5.99%), tryptophan (4.87%), phenylalanine (5.87%), and cysteine (14.17%). The application of licorice root extract also positively impacted the amino acid score of quail meat, except for leucine, which remained within the range compared with the control group. Quails in the experimental group weighed 7.96% more live weight before slaughter than the controls. Moreover, the carcass weight was in favor of the experimental group (8.59%). Conclusion: The use of licorice root extract positively influences the quality and biological value of quail meat. Data on amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, trace elements, and other important components of quail meat will significantly expand our understanding of the biological value of licorice root extract. These findings can be used in the formulation of balanced diets for children and adults and highlight the importance of this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focused on the histogenesis of the crop in quail embryos. The developmental sequence was recorded from day 10 of incubation to the hatching day (17th day) by gross anatomy, morphometric analysis and by using light and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Grossly, the crop was distinguished as an enlarged pouch of the cervical oesophagus on the 12th day of incubation. Histologically, the development of the crop began on the 10th day of incubation. The muscularis mucosae was observed as a small, thin layer of myoblast cells on the 10th day, then it appeared as longitudinally arranged smooth muscle fibres with progression of the developmental age till hatching day. The submucosal layer was also observed on the 10th day, while the lamina propria, muscular layer (inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle fibre) and glandular primordia were detected on the 12th day. The epithelial cells of crop revealed affinity for PAS stain and AB‐PAS on the 10th day of incubation till the 17th day, while the affinity for AB stain appeared on the 14th day of incubation. Additionally, the glandular cells showed the positive for AB, PAS and AB‐PAS on the 12th day of incubation. SEM sections showed variable sizes of the openings of the oesophageal glands. In conclusion, the present study provided a detailed overview of the histogenesis of the crop in quail embryos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poultry industry in India has become a prominent and rapidly expanding sector of the agro-animal industry, and is recognized as an important source of animal protein in the country. Through genetic analysis, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) can help identify variations in DNA sequences that are linked to traits such as egg quality, quantity, fertility, hatchability, and other important aspects of egg production in poultry or other egg-laying species. The aim of the present study was to screen the SNPs in the candidate genes associated with egg production, viz., MC4R, MTNR1A, DRD1, PRLR and VLDLR and their association with egg production at the age of 64 weeks in two strains of White Leghorn, viz., Anand Bantamized White Leghorn (ABWLH) and Anand Synthetic White Leghorn (ASWLH). The amplicon-sequenced data of a total of 96 birds for these genes were collected in 'fastq' format and various SNPs were identified. A total of 143 detected SNPs were filtered based on read depth and QUAL score and 60 SNPs were discarded after filtering variants. Out of the remaining 83 SNPs, 69 SNPs were previously reported, while 14 were found as novel. Association analysis showed that one of the SNPs found in the MC4R gene was significantly associated with the egg production in both ABWLH and ASWLH population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim: Different Salmonella serotypes are considered one of the most important food pathogens in the world. Poultry meat and eggs are the primary carriers of Salmonella in human populations. This study aimed to estimate the Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium contamination rates of retail hen and quail eggs in Karaj, Iran. Moreover, the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the strains were evaluated, and the efficiency of the standard culture method and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m‐PCR) were compared. Materials and methods: In this descriptive cross‐sectional study over 1 year (Jan–Dec 2022), 150 commercial and 150 backyard hen eggs and 300 commercial quail eggs, without cracks and fractures, were collected randomly from best selling groceries in Karaj city. All samples were examined for Salmonella contamination independently by standard culture and m‐PCR approaches. A standard disc diffusion method was employed to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of the strains against 18 antimicrobial agents. Results: Out of 300 examined eggs, 2 S. enteritidis strains were isolated from the shell of backyard hen eggs. The same serotype was also detected in the contents of one of these two eggs. One S. typhimurium was isolated from the shell of a commercial hen egg. Overall, the Salmonella contamination of the shell and contents was 1% and 0.3%, respectively. Salmonella was not isolated from the eggshells or the contents of the quail eggs. There was complete agreement between the results of m‐PCR and the standard culture methods. Among the 18 tested antibiotics, the highest resistance was recorded for colistin (100%), followed by nalidixic acid (75%). Conclusion: As most Salmonella spp. are associated with human food poisoning, continuous surveillance is required to effectively reduce the risk posed by contaminated poultry eggs. Furthermore, mandatory monitoring of antimicrobial use on Iranian poultry farms is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]