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Online reviews have increasingly become a very important resource before making a purchasing decisions. Unfortunately, malicious sellers try to game the system by hiring a person or team (which is called spammers) to fabricate fake reviews to improve their reputation. Existing methods mainly take the problem as a general binary classification or focus on some heuristic rules. However, supervised learning methods relies heavily on a large number of labeled examples of deceptive and truthful opinions by domain experts, and most of features mentioned in the heuristic strategy ignore the characteristic of the group organization among spammers. In this paper, an effective method of identifying opinion spammers is proposed. Firstly, suspected spammers are detected by means of unsupervised learning based on reviewer's reputation. We believe that the reviewer's reputation has a direct relation with the quality of reviews. Generally, review written by user with lower reputation, shows lower quality and higher possibility to be fake. Therefore, the model assigns reputation score to each reviewer wherein the content based factors and activeness of reviewers are employed efficiently. On basis of all suspected spammers, k-center clustering algorithm is performed to further spot the spammers based on the observation of burst of review release time. Experimental results on Amazon's dataset are encouraging and indicate that our approach poses high accuracy and recall, and good performance is achieved. Keywords: opinion spammer, fake review, reviewer reputation, clustering analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Lung cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, the morbidity and mortality of which have been on rising in recent years. Moreover, lncRNAs have been implicated in the development of various cancers, as well as cancer treatment and prognosis. In this study, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) MEG3, an identified tumor suppressor, was explored for its role in the chemotherapy of lung cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All cases were divided into (I+II) group and (III+IV) group according to different stages of tumor node metastasis (TNM), and were divided into sensitive group and insensitive group according to chemotherapy sensitivity. A549 and H292 cells were selected as the resistant cell and non-resistant lung cancer cells. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRTPCR) was performed to detect the expression of MEG3. After transfection with overexpression plasmid pcDNA-MEG3 or/and different concentrations of vincristine, cell viability and proliferation were measured by cell counting kit-8 (CCK- 8) assay and plate cloning assay, respectively. Western blotting was used to analyze the expressions of autophagy-related proteins. RESULTS: In vivo, lncRNA MEG3 was significantly lower in III+IV group and insensitive group than that in I+II group and sensitive group. In vitro, MEG3 expression in resistant cells was significantly lower than that in non-resistant cells. Overexpression of MEG3 significant inhibited the viability and proliferation of both resistant and non-resistant lung cancer cells. Western blot results showed that autophagy level was higher in resistant cells than that in non-resistant cells, while overexpression of MEG3 significantly reduced the expression of autophagy- related proteins. CCK-8 results also indicated that the cell viability was negatively correlated with the dose of vincristine, while the viability of drug-resistant cells was higher than that of non-drug resistant cells after the treatment of vincristine. The vitality of both cells decreased in a concentration-dependent manner after combined treatment with vincristine and MEG3. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicated that lncRNA MEG3 showed a low expression in chemotherapy- sensitive lung cancer tissues, and overexpression of lncRNA MEG3 attenuated autophagy level, thus increasing the sensitivity of vincristine in chemotherapy of lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Boundary Element based Discontinuous Deformation Analysis (BE-DDA) method is developed by implementing the improved dual reciprocity boundary element method into the open close iterations based DDA. This newly developed BE-DDA is capable of simulating both the deformation and movement of blocks in a blocky system. Based on geometry updating, it adopts an incremental dynamic formulation taking into consideration initial stresses and dealing with external concentrated and contact forces conveniently. The boundaries of each block in the discrete blocky system are discretized with boundary elements while the domain of each block is divided into internal cells only for the integration of the domain integral of the initial stress term. The contact forces among blocks are treated as concentrated forces and the open-close iterations are applied to ensure the computational accuracy of block interactions. In the current method, an implicit time integration scheme is adopted for numerical stability. Three examples are used to show the effectiveness of the algorithm in simulating block movement, sliding, deformation and interaction of blocks. At last, block toppling and tunnel stability examples are conducted to demonstrate that the BE-DDA is applicable for simulation of blocky systems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. With the introduction of iodized salt, more and more people are exposed to iodine sufficiency in some regions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of nontoxic nodular goiter (NTNG) in the littoral region with high iodine supply after a nearly twodecade universal salt iodization. Subjects and Methods. Eight hundred and thirtyfive participants (from 25~65 years; males 421 and females 414) were invited for the study from Huan-cui District of Weihai City, Shandong Province from January 2013 to September 2014. All participants were inspected and diagnosed by endocrinologists according to the thyroid function tests and the thyroid gland imaging. After the normal diet of three days, the urine samples of the participants were collected between 8:00AM and 9:00AM and the urinary iodine (UI) concentrations were analyzed using Urinary Iodide Test Kit. Results. The overall prevalence of NTNG in the region was 40.1%, and different prevalence occurred in the different age ranges (p<0.01). The prevalence of NTNG was 32.51%, 37.44%, 49.70%, 58.57 and 74.77% in the age group of ≤ 30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60 and >60 years, respectively. Meanwhile, the prevalence of NTNG in women (42.08%) was higher than that in men (34.29%, p<0.05). The median of UI concentrations were 139.4µg/L and 101.5µg/L for the group with NTNG and without NTNG, respectively (p<0.01). However, there was no significant difference in UI concentrations among the groups with different age ranges (p>0.05), and statistical difference was not observed for UI concentrations between women and men (p>0.05). Intriguingly, higher UI concentrations were found in the group with larger thyroid size (p<0.01). Conclusion. The iodine excess can lead to the high occurrence of nodular goiter in the littoral region, and individual UI concentration detection is recommended for the iodine nutritional status analysis among normal people when Universal Salt Iodization (USI) continues to be implemented in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of bleomycin lavage combined with N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate glue embolization and resection in the treatment of orbital vascular malformations. Methods: It was a retrospective case series study. Patients with orbital vascular malformations diagnosed at the Ophthalmology Division of Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 2018 to October 2021 were included and divided into exophthalmos group and non-exophthalmos group based on whether the patients had postural exophthalmos. Intralesional bleomycin injection and N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate glue embolization were performed. The preoperative and postoperative visual acuity, the dosages of bleomycin and isobutyl cyanoacrylate glue, pathological results, imaging findings and remission rate were recorded and analyzed. The Chi-square test, Wilcoxon signed rank analysis and Mann-Whitney U test were used for statistical analysis. Results: A total of 58 patients (58 eyes)were included, and there were 22 males (37.9%)　and 36 females (62.1%). Nineteen (32.8%) patients had postural exophthalmos, and 39 (67.2%) patients did not suffer postural exophthalmos. The patient ' s age of the two groups was 39.0 (28.0, 54.5) years vs. 14.0 (5.7, 26.5) years, with a statistically significant difference ( Z =-3.96, P <0.001). There was no significant difference in gender, eye laterality, follow-up time and the disease course between the two groups (all P >0.05). During the operation, the dosage of bleomycin was 15 000 (13 500, 15 000) U in the exophthalmos group, and 15 000 (9 000, 16 500) U in the non-exophthalmos group ( Z =-0.70, P =0.944). The dosages of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate glue were 2.8 (1.0, 3.0) ml and 1.7 (1.0, 2.2) ml, respectively, in the two groups, with no significant difference ( Z =-1.11, P =0.268). There was no visual impairment in both groups, while the visual acuity in 5 patients without postural exophthalmos was improved postoperatively. The imaging examination results showed no difference in the malformed vascular area before and after the treatment in the exophthalmos group [384.0 (329.0, 458.0) mm 2 vs. 330.5 (271.6, 356.7) mm 2 ; Z =-1.26, P =0.208], but a significantly decreased area after the treatment in the non-exophthalmos group [960.8 (822.1, 1058.3) mm 2 vs. 311.6 (164.6, 361.6) mm 2 ; Z =-2.67, P =0.008]. All patients had no obvious local or systemic adverse reactions during the follow-up. The pathology reports showed vascular malformations in all 15 specimens obtained from the exophthalmos group, as well as vascular malformations in 41.0% (16/39) of specimens and venous lymphatic malformations in 59.0% (23/39) of specimens from the non-exophthalmos group. Thirty-nine patients had complete remission (67.2%), 19 patients had partial remission (32.8%), and the effective treatment rate was 100%. Conclusion: Bleomycin lavage combined with N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate glue embolization can achieve good therapeutic effects on orbital vascular malformations.

Objective: To demonstrate the post-discharge catch-up growth of extremely premature infants (EPI) within 24 months of corrected age. Methods: This study retrospectively collected the anthropomorphic measurements of 311 EPI who visited Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital from August 2013 to April 2020. These infants were stratified according to gestational age at birth (GA): 23-24 +6 weeks, 25-26 +6 weeks, 27-27 +6 weeks; and birth weight:<750 g, 750-999 g, ≥1 000 g. The anthropomorphic measurements, including weight, length, and head circumference for age, were recorded timely from discharge to 24 months of corrected age. And the growth curve stratified by GA and birth weight were fitted in both chronological age and corrected age, which were then compared with the World Health Organization Child Growth Standards for term infant (2006 version), to investigate the catch-up growth pattern of EPI. And appropriate catch-up was defined as the measurements reached the 25 th percentile of WHO growth curve. Results: In these 311 EPI, 184 were males and 127 females, with gestational age of 23-27 +6 weeks and birth weight of 480-1 430 g. Regardless of the GA and birth weight, the growth curves fitted in corrected age failed to overlap with that in chronological age by 24 months of corrected age. The growth velocity of weight, length and head circumference in both corrected and chronological age were all positively correlated with GA and birth weight: the 27-27 +6 weeks group showed a preferable growth pattern than the 25-26 +6 weeks group, and the curve of the 23-24 +6 weeks group was most unfavorable; and the same pattern was observed between the subgroups of different birth weight. Furthermore, the GA had more significant impact on the catch-up growth pattern than birth weight did. When assessed with corrected age curve, the weight and length of both male and female EPIs achieved appropriate catch-up by 24 months, as well as the head circumference of girls; whereas, boys' head circumference reached appropriate catch-up at the corrected age of 9 months, but fell behind the 25 th percentile after that. However, when assessed with chronological age curve, both boys and girls failed to achieve appropriate catch-up in weight, length and head circumference by age 24 months. And no matter in corrected or chronological age, all physical measurements of girls were lower than those of boys. Conclusions: The rapid catch-up growth of EPI happens within 6 months of corrected age. The lower the birth weight and gestational age, the lower the physical measurements at each corresponding month of age, and the longer it takes to achieve appropriate catch-up. Gestational age has a greater impact on the longitudinal catch-up growth than birth weight does. And girls generally grow slower than boys in either correct or actual age. Before 24 months of corrected age, the growth should be assessed with corrected age rather than chronological age.

Glycerol is used as a bovine semen osmotic cryoprotectant that greatly improves the quality of frozen and thawed bovine sperm. However, high glycerol concentrations can have a toxic effect on frozen and thawed bovine sperm. Therefore, this experiment investigated the effect of replacing a portion of the glycerol in a cryoprotectant solution with crocin on the sperm apoptosis, protamine deficiency and membrane lipid oxidation of frozen and thawed Yanbian yellow cattle sperm. The experiment included a control group (6% glycerol) and four treatment groups: I (3% glycerol), II (3% glycerol +0.5 mM crocin), III (3% glycerol + 1 mM crocin) and IV (3% glycerol + 2 mM crocin). Computer assisted semen analysis was used to detect sperm motility, Hoechst 33,342, propidium iodide, and JC-1 staining were used to analyse sperm viability and mitochondrial membrane potential, chromomycin A3 staining was used to detect protamine deficiency and DNA damage, flow cytometry was used for sperm membrane lipid disorder detection and analysis, and real-time quantitative RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of protamine-related genes (PRM2, PRM3), sperm acrosome-associated genes (SPACA3), oxidative stress-related genes (ROMO1) and apoptosis-related genes (BCL2, BAX). Compared to the control group, replacing a portion of glycerol with 1 mM crocin significantly improved sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity, membrane lipid disorders (p < .05) and viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, protamine deficiency (p < .01). The expression level of PRM2, PRM3, SPACA3 and BCL2 significantly increased (p < .05), while the expression levels of ROMO1 and BAX significantly decreased (p < .05). Accordingly, the BCL2/BAX ratio significantly increased (p < .05). In summary, the substitution of a portion of glycerol with crocin in cryoprotective solution improved the quality of Yanbian yellow cattle sperm after freezing and thawing., (© 2020 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.)

Photoperiodic control is essential for manipulating the reproductive performance of avian species. This study was conducted to assess the neuroendocrine mechanisms that regulate reproductive functions of Yangzhou geese when there are different monochromatic light colors from light emitter diode (LED) sources. A flock of geese was divided into four groups with white, red, blue, and green light treatments being imposed. The results indicated that peak laying rates and reproductive performance were greater in geese treated with white or red as compared with blue or green light treatments. The fertilization rate of eggs and hatchability of fertilized eggs were greater with the white or red as compared with blue or green light treatments. There was a greater abundance of OPN5, Dio2, c-Fos, and GnRH-I mRNA in the hypothalamus earlier in the treatment period and abundances of these hypothalamic factors were greater with the white or red light treatments. Abundances of pituitary LH beta and FSH beta mRNA increased at a lesser rate with the blue or green light treatments and were in greater abundances with the white or red light treatments. The lighting regimen also resulted in photo-refractoriness with there being greater abundances of GnIH, VIP, and PRL mRNA with the use of white or red light treatments. The results indicate that the use of white or red monochromatic lights while imposing a long photoperiod of 11 h daily could result in sustaining functions of the reproductive system of Yangzhou geese for considerably longer times, thus, resulting in greater egg-laying performance., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study determined the level of PITX2 methylation in prostate cancer and benign tissues and its relationship with the postoperative survival rate. Forty-four patients with prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy and 43 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia were selected. DNA was extracted from the tissues and PITX2 methylation status was quantitatively analyzed by using the EpiTect MethyLight method. The median follow-up time of the patients was 63 months and was used to analyze the relationship between PITX2 methylation status with tumor stage and survival rates. Median PITX2 gene expression in benign tissues was 1.46, which was higher than that of tumor tissues with a median of 0.01 (P < 0.001). The median methylation in the controls was less than 0.001%, while the median methylation in the test group was 23.3% (P = 0.000). The number of patients with low methylation level in T2 stage was 15, which was more than that in T3 and T4 stages (8 patients); while the number of patients with high methylation levels in T2 stage was 6, which was less than that in T3 and T4 stages (15 patients) (P = 0.035). The PITX2 gene expression level in prostate cancer tissues was lower than that in benign tissues. A higher degree of PITX2 DNA methylation was associated with higher tumor stage and lower survival rates. PITX2 DNA methylation presents a good predictive value for prostate cancer survival.

Background: The current evidence implicates that psychosocial stress, especially pregnancy-specific stress, is associated with the risk of spontaneous preterm birth. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of pregnancy-specific stress on spontaneous preterm birth among Chinese people., Materials and Methods: A total of 2,189 pregnant women were enrolled and followed up until parturition from February 2011 to January 2012. Maternal pregnancy-specific stress was assessed using the revised Pregnancy Stress Rating Scale (PSRS) at third trimester in pregnancy. Socio-demographic and psychological data were collected through interviews, medical, and obstetrical examination records., Results: High levels of maternal pregnancy-specific stress during the third trimester increased risk of spontaneous preterm birth compared with the low and medium levels (adjusted risk ratios, 2.92; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-7.58). The first stressor from the revised PSRS includes a risk factor for the safety of infants., Conclusions: High level of pregnancy-specific stress in third trimester might predict spontaneous preterm birth.

With the advancement of ultrasonic technology in recent years, sonography has become a common medical diagnostic tool, as it has elevated output sonic intensity and elongated exposure time. This study investigates the effect of ultrasound on human chorionic villus cell apoptosis during early pregnancy. Transvaginal ultrasound was performed for a total of 60 women who had undergone induced abortion at our hospital. They were randomly divided into the control, short ultrasound (10 min), and long ultrasound (20 min) groups (N = 20 each). Twenty-four hours after ultrasonic exposure, chorionic villus tissues were extracted during induced abortion, and were tested for cell apoptosis using flow cytometry. Bax and B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) protein levels were also quantified by immunohistochemistry. We found that the long ultrasound group had significantly higher cell apoptosis rates compared to the short ultrasound group, which in turn had higher rates compared to the control group (P < 0.05 in both cases). Bax protein levels were elevated in both the long and short ultrasound groups (P < 0.05). Bcl-2 proteins in two ultrasound groups, however, were downregulated as compared to those in the control group (P < 0.05). It is therefore possible that transvaginal sonography can potentiate the apoptosis of human chorionic villus cells by increasing the Bax/Bcl-2 protein ratio.

Purpose: Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) play a crucial role in the primary defense against fungal pathogens, and since genetic variation in genes may regulate the response. This study aimed to test whether variants in the TLR4 gene are associated with fungal keratitis (FK) of Chinese Han population., Materials and Methods: Two-hundred sixty-nine subjects (109 cases and 160 matched controls) in a Han Chinese population were genotyped. Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) which located, respectively, in the TLR2 and TLR4 genes were selected and their associations with FK risk factors were assessed., Results: Allele A of TLR4 rs10983755 was found significantly higher in the group of FK patients, being detected in 32.11% of the FK patients alleles and in 22.19% of the healthy control alleles (p = 0.01).Those AA/AG genotypes carrying the allele A of rs10983755 had a risk effect on the etiology of FK, and the odds ratio for the FK patients versus controls was 2.075 (OR = 2.075, 95%CI = 1.264-3.407). The Ht3 haplotype, which carried the A allele of TLR4 rs10983755, was associated with the significantly increased risk of FK (OR = 1.786, 95%CI = 1.207-2.642). While, the Ht2 haplotype, which carried the wild G allele of TLR4 rs10983755, was a protective haplotype (OR = 0.488, 95%CI = 0.333-0.715). The genotype and allele frequency of TLR2 showed no differences between the two groups (p > 0.05)., Conclusions: The rs10983755, located in the 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of TLR4, was most strongly associated with FK of Chinese Han population (p < 0.05). The analysis of TLR2 gene polymorphisms showed no significant association upon FK susceptibilities of Chinese Han population.

Objective: Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most prevalent gynecologic malignancy among women worldwide. Increasing evidence has disclosed the potential role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in the cancer development; however, little is known about its roles in the EC development. In the present study, we evaluated AhR expression in EC tissues as well as cell lines, and investigated the effects of AhR knockdown and exogenous ligand 3-methylchoranthrene (3-MC) on EC cells proliferation and invasion using Ishikawa and ECC-1 cells lines., Materials and Methods: In this study, tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry were used to investigate the expression and localization of AhR in EC tissues. RT-PCR and Western blot were performed to detect the AhR expression. AhR specific siRNA was used to knockdown the AhR expression. MTT and transwell assay were carried out to study the EC cells proliferation and invasion, respectively., Results: Our results showed that AhR was highly expressed in the EC tissues and cell lines when compared with its expression in the normal endometrial tissues. AhR siRNA significantly decreased (p < 0.05) AhR protein expression in both Ishikawa and ECC-1 cells. Knockdown of AhR did not alter EC cells proliferation and invasion. However, 3-MC dose-dependently inhibited (p < 0.05) EC cells proliferation via AhR-mediated pathway., Conclusions: The results from the current application will provide critical information on roles of 3-MC/AhR pathway in mediating EC growth, which could be useful for future therapeutic intervention in this lethal human disease.

Sanchaning is an empirial prescription in treating primary trigeminal neuralgia (PTN). Pills of this prescription have been applied to animal models in an experimental study and their effects were compared with that of distilled water as well as carbamazepine, a common Western medicine for curing PTN. The indexes, including the attack number of PTN of the model animals, the duration of the spontaneous reaction and the positive time of the induced response, showed that Sanchaning differed significantly from distilled water in treating PTN (P < 0.01), but slightly differed from that of carbamazepine (P < 0.05). The sequential trial has identified that Sanchaning could be used effectively to inhibit PTN and has the same effect as carbamazepine. But further study should be carried out to investigate the mechanism of its function in relieving PTN.