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For many years endometrial cancer has been subdivided into oestrogen -- dependent (type I) and oestrogen -- independent (type II), according to classical Bokhman classification. Histopathological evaluation including type and grade of tumour, along with clinical factors have been considered as very important prognostic factors that impact treatment decision. However, histologically similar tumours may have different outcomes. Recent molecular findings and new histopathological parameters have given new concept on risk stratification. The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network (TCGA) of tumours have brought new insights into endometrial cancer management. Four molecular subgroups have been described: POLE ultramutated (POLE mut), p53 mutant (p53abn), mismatch repair deficient (MMRd) and non-specific molecular profile (NSMP). This new subdivision has been recently introduced in the European risk stratification system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Chemokine CX3CL1 possesses unique properties, including combined adhesive and chemotactic functions. Human amniotic epithelial cells (HAEC) show expression of CX3CL1 receptor (CX3CR1) and produce CX3CL1 in response to both physiologic and pathologic stimuli. Chorioamnionitis (ChA) is a common complication of pregnancy and labour. ChA is often accompanied by local hypoxia because of the high oxygen consumption at the site of inflammation. We examined comparatively (ChA-complicated vs. normal pregnancy) CX3CR1 expression and the effects of hypoxia, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and CX3CR1 blockade on CX3CL1 production in HAEC cultured in vitro Methods HAEC have been isolated using trypsinization, and cultured under normoxia (20% O2) vs. hypoxia (5% O2). According to the experimental design, LPS (1 μg/ml) and neutralizing anti- CX3CR1 antibodies were added at respective time points. Mean CX3CL1 concentration in the supernatant samples were determined by ELISA. Expression of immunostained CX3CR1 was analyzed using quantitative morphometry. Results We have found that the mean levels of CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 expression were remarkably (p < 0.05) higher in ChA, compared to normal pregnancy. Significantly increased expression of CX3CR1 was observed in ChA during both normoxia and hypoxia. Hypoxia exposure produced decrease in the mean concentration of CX3CL1 in both groups, however this reduction was stronger in normal pregnancy. In normoxia, LPS-evoked rise in the mean concentration of CX3CL1 was higher (p < 0.05) in normal pregnancy. This response was positively correlated with CX3CR1 expression. Blockade of CX3CR1 canceled the secretory response to LPS in all groups. Conclusions ChA-complicated pregnancy up-regulates CX3CR1 in HAEC cultured in vitro with simultaneous increase in CX3CL1 production. Hypoxia-resistant production of CX3CL1 may be responsible for ChA-related complications of pregnancy and labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physiological course of pregnancy is closely related to adequate development of the placenta. Shallow invasion of trophoblast as well as decreased development of the placental vascular network are both common features of preeclampsia. To better understand the proangiogenic features of mast cells, in this study we aim to identify the potential relationship between the distribution of mast cells within the placenta and vascular network development. Material and Methods. Placentas from preeclampsia-complicated pregnancies (n = 11) and from physiological pregnancies (n = 11) were acquired after cesarean section. The concentration of histamine was measured, and immunohistochemical staining for mast cell tryptase was performed. Morphometric analysis was then performed. Results. We noticed significant differences between the examined groups. Notably, in the preeclampsia group compared to the control group, we observed a higher mean histamine concentration, higher mast cell density (MCD), lower mean mast cell (MMCA) and lower vascular/extravascular (V/EVT) index. In physiological pregnancies, a positive correlation was observed between the histamine concentration and V/VEVT index as well as MCD and the V/VEVT index. In contrast, a negative correlation was observed between MMCA and the V/EVT index in physiological pregnancies. Conclusions. Based on the data from our study, we suggest that a differential distribution of mast cells and corresponding changes in the concentration of histamine are involved in the defective placental vascularization seen in preeclamptic placentas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Liver transplantation is currently a treatment of choice in patients with end-stage liver disease. Acute cellular rejection (ACR), antibody-mediated rejection (AMR), and chronic rejection (ChR) are major causes of graft injury. Therefore, new markers predicting graft rejection are investigating. Apoptosis has been recently proposed as one of the mechanisms contributing to liver fibrosis in liver grafts. Coarse needle liver biopsy is still a gold standard in monitoring post-transplant pathologies. The aim of this study was to assess the utility of immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for M30 (cytokeratin 18), as a prognostic marker of rejection in pediatric recipients of liver transplant and predicting marker of liver fibrosis and worse follow-up., Methods: The study enrolled 55 biopsies from 55 patients aged 2.37 to 18.9 years (median 13.87 years) who underwent protocolar liver biopsies taken 1-17 years after liver transplantation (median 8.36 years). The control group (positive control group) consisted of 26 biopsies from 16 patients in whom acute ACR was diagnosed. IHC staining for M30 (cytokeratin 18) and histochemical Azan staining were performed in all liver specimens. The following changes were re-evaluated in each specimen: features of ACR (the severity was assessed using RAI/Rejection Activity Index/Scale, which ranges from 3-9 points and include 3 histopathological changes suggestive of rejection), AMR or ChR; severity of fibrosis (Ishak Scale); presence of cholestasis and steatosis. Clinical parameters including laboratory tests of liver function (AST, ALT, GGTP, bilirubin) were also evaluated., Results: M30 expression correlated with presence of acute cellular rejection. However, no relationship was found between M30 expression and severity of fibrosis., Conclusions: M30 staining, marker of apoptosis, seems to be a promising marker predicting acute cellular rejection.

Introduction: Histopathological diagnosis of chronic constipation in children is difficult and time-consuming because the aetiology of the problem is heterogenous., Aim: To create the optimal immunohistochemical (IHC) and histological diagnostic protocol using novel antibodies and assessing precisely their patterns., Material and Methods: Twenty-eight paediatric patients were enrolled to the study. The study group consisted of the following: 9 patients with confirmed Hirschsprung's disease (HD), 11 patients with desmosis of the colon (DC) (3) or with chronic constipation of unknown aetiology (3), and eight children operated on due to other problems. Retrospective analysis of full-thickness material from the large intestine was performed. In each specimen the number of ganglion cells was estimated per square millimetre as well as the number of submucosal and intramuscular ganglion cells per ganglion. The following IHC and histological stains were also performed: calretinin, CD117, picrosirius, and trichrome gomori. Patterns (nuclear vs. cytoplasmic vs. membranous) and intensity (strong vs. faint) of the stainings were analysed., Results: There was no statistically significant difference between groups while comparing the intensity and pattern of each staining, except HD (no staining due to lack of ganglion cells), p > 0.001. Calretinin was positive in each patient with ganglion cells; however, it did not unequivocally stain all cells identified in routine haematoxylin and eosin staining., Conclusions: Calretinin is helpful in identifying ganglion cells; however, it cannot replace an experienced paediatric pathologist. In children with chronic constipation it is worth obtaining a full thickness intestinal biopsy in order to perform additional histological and immunohistochemical stains starting with picrosirius red., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright: © 2019 Termedia Sp. z o. o.)