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2. Spatial scales of COVID-19 transmission in Mexico

Author

Klein, Brennan, Hartle, Harrison, Shrestha, Munik, Zenteno, Ana Cecilia, Cordera, David Barros Sierra, Nicolas-Carlock, José R., Bento, Ana I., Althouse, Benjamin M., Gutierrez, Bernardo, Escalera-Zamudio, Marina, Reyes-Sandoval, Arturo, Pybus, Oliver G., Vespignani, Alessandro, Diaz-Quiñonez, Jose Alberto, Scarpino, Samuel V., and Kraemer, Moritz U. G.

Subjects
Physics - Physics and Society, Statistics - Applications
Abstract

During outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases, internationally connected cities often experience large and early outbreaks, while rural regions follow after some delay. This hierarchical structure of disease spread is influenced primarily by the multiscale structure of human mobility. However, during the COVID-19 epidemic, public health responses typically did not take into consideration the explicit spatial structure of human mobility when designing non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). NPIs were applied primarily at national or regional scales. Here we use weekly anonymized and aggregated human mobility data and spatially highly resolved data on COVID-19 cases, deaths and hospitalizations at the municipality level in Mexico to investigate how behavioural changes in response to the pandemic have altered the spatial scales of transmission and interventions during its first wave (March - June 2020). We find that the epidemic dynamics in Mexico were initially driven by SARS-CoV-2 exports from Mexico State and Mexico City, where early outbreaks occurred. The mobility network shifted after the implementation of interventions in late March 2020, and the mobility network communities became more disjointed while epidemics in these communities became increasingly synchronised. Our results provide actionable and dynamic insights into how to use network science and epidemiological modelling to inform the spatial scale at which interventions are most impactful in mitigating the spread of COVID-19 and infectious diseases in general.

Published
2023

3. SARS-CoV-2 evolution in the Omicron era

Author

Roemer, Cornelius, Sheward, Daniel J., Hisner, Ryan, Gueli, Federico, Sakaguchi, Hitoshi, Frohberg, Nicholas, Schoenmakers, Josette, Sato, Kenta, O’Toole, Áine, Rambaut, Andrew, Pybus, Oliver G., Ruis, Christopher, Murrell, Ben, and Peacock, Thomas P.

Published
2023
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4. Context-specific emergence and growth of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant

Author

McCrone, John T, Hill, Verity, Bajaj, Sumali, Pena, Rosario Evans, Lambert, Ben C, Inward, Rhys, Bhatt, Samir, Volz, Erik, Ruis, Christopher, Dellicour, Simon, Baele, Guy, Zarebski, Alexander E, Sadilek, Adam, Wu, Neo, Schneider, Aaron, Ji, Xiang, Raghwani, Jayna, Jackson, Ben, Colquhoun, Rachel, O’Toole, Áine, Peacock, Thomas P, Twohig, Kate, Thelwall, Simon, Dabrera, Gavin, Myers, Richard, Faria, Nuno R, Huber, Carmen, Bogoch, Isaac I, Khan, Kamran, du Plessis, Louis, Barrett, Jeffrey C, Aanensen, David M, Barclay, Wendy S, Chand, Meera, Connor, Thomas, Loman, Nicholas J, Suchard, Marc A, Pybus, Oliver G, Rambaut, Andrew, and Kraemer, Moritz UG

Subjects
Emerging Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases, Good Health and Well Being, COVID-19, Cities, Contact Tracing, England, Genome, Viral, Humans, Quarantine, SARS-CoV-2, Travel, COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) Consortium, General Science & Technology
Abstract

The SARS-CoV-2 Delta (Pango lineage B.1.617.2) variant of concern spread globally, causing resurgences of COVID-19 worldwide1,2. The emergence of the Delta variant in the UK occurred on the background of a heterogeneous landscape of immunity and relaxation of non-pharmaceutical interventions. Here we analyse 52,992 SARS-CoV-2 genomes from England together with 93,649 genomes from the rest of the world to reconstruct the emergence of Delta and quantify its introduction to and regional dissemination across England in the context of changing travel and social restrictions. Using analysis of human movement, contact tracing and virus genomic data, we find that the geographic focus of the expansion of Delta shifted from India to a more global pattern in early May 2021. In England, Delta lineages were introduced more than 1,000 times and spread nationally as non-pharmaceutical interventions were relaxed. We find that hotel quarantine for travellers reduced onward transmission from importations; however, the transmission chains that later dominated the Delta wave in England were seeded before travel restrictions were introduced. Increasing inter-regional travel within England drove the nationwide dissemination of Delta, with some cities receiving more than 2,000 observable lineage introductions from elsewhere. Subsequently, increased levels of local population mixing-and not the number of importations-were associated with the faster relative spread of Delta. The invasion dynamics of Delta depended on spatial heterogeneity in contact patterns, and our findings will inform optimal spatial interventions to reduce the transmission of current and future variants of concern, such as Omicron (Pango lineage B.1.1.529).

Published
2022

5. Global disparities in SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance

Author

Brito, Anderson F, Semenova, Elizaveta, Dudas, Gytis, Hassler, Gabriel W, Kalinich, Chaney C, Kraemer, Moritz UG, Ho, Joses, Tegally, Houriiyah, Githinji, George, Agoti, Charles N, Matkin, Lucy E, Whittaker, Charles, Howden, Benjamin P, Sintchenko, Vitali, Zuckerman, Neta S, Mor, Orna, Blankenship, Heather M, de Oliveira, Tulio, Lin, Raymond TP, Siqueira, Marilda Mendonça, Resende, Paola Cristina, Vasconcelos, Ana Tereza R, Spilki, Fernando R, Aguiar, Renato Santana, Alexiev, Ivailo, Ivanov, Ivan N, Philipova, Ivva, Carrington, Christine VF, Sahadeo, Nikita SD, Branda, Ben, Gurry, Céline, Maurer-Stroh, Sebastian, Naidoo, Dhamari, von Eije, Karin J, Perkins, Mark D, van Kerkhove, Maria, Hill, Sarah C, Sabino, Ester C, Pybus, Oliver G, Dye, Christopher, Bhatt, Samir, Flaxman, Seth, Suchard, Marc A, Grubaugh, Nathan D, Baele, Guy, and Faria, Nuno R

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Health Sciences, Prevention, Human Genome, Biodefense, Vaccine Related, Immunization, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Genetics, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Humans, SARS-CoV-2, Genome, Viral, COVID-19, Pandemics, Genomics, Bulgarian SARS-CoV-2 sequencing group, Communicable Diseases Genomics Network, COVID-19 Impact Project, Danish Covid-19 Genome Consortium, Fiocruz COVID-19 Genomic Surveillance Network, GISAID core curation team, Network for Genomic Surveillance in South Africa, Swiss SARS-CoV-2 Sequencing Consortium
Abstract

Genomic sequencing is essential to track the evolution and spread of SARS-CoV-2, optimize molecular tests, treatments, vaccines, and guide public health responses. To investigate the global SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance, we used sequences shared via GISAID to estimate the impact of sequencing intensity and turnaround times on variant detection in 189 countries. In the first two years of the pandemic, 78% of high-income countries sequenced >0.5% of their COVID-19 cases, while 42% of low- and middle-income countries reached that mark. Around 25% of the genomes from high income countries were submitted within 21 days, a pattern observed in 5% of the genomes from low- and middle-income countries. We found that sequencing around 0.5% of the cases, with a turnaround time

Published
2022

6. Genomic reconstruction of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in England

Author

Robson, Samuel C, Connor, Thomas R, Loman, Nicholas J, Golubchik, Tanya, Martinez Nunez, Rocio T, Bonsall, David, Rambaut, Andrew, Snell, Luke B, Ludden, Catherine, Corden, Sally, Nastouli, Eleni, Nebbia, Gaia, Lythgoe, Katrina, Torok, M Estee, Goodfellow, Ian G, Prieto, Jacqui A, Saeed, Kordo, Houlihan, Catherine, Frampton, Dan, Hamilton, William L, Witney, Adam A, Bucca, Giselda, Pope, Cassie F, Moore, Catherine, Thomson, Emma C, Harrison, Ewan M, Smith, Colin P, Rogan, Fiona, Beckwith, Shaun M, Murray, Abigail, Singleton, Dawn, Eastick, Kirstine, Sheridan, Liz A, Randell, Paul, Jackson, Leigh M, Gonçalves, Sónia, Fairley, Derek J, Loose, Matthew W, Watkins, Joanne, Moses, Samuel, Nicholls, Sam, Bull, Matthew, Smith, Darren L, Aanensen, David M, Aggarwal, Dinesh, Shepherd, James G, Curran, Martin D, Parmar, Surendra, Parker, Matthew D, Williams, Catryn, Glaysher, Sharon, Underwood, Anthony P, Bashton, Matthew, Pacchiarini, Nicole, Loveson, Katie F, Byott, Matthew, Carabelli, Alessandro M, Templeton, Kate E, de Silva, Thushan I, Wang, Dennis, Langford, Cordelia F, Gunson, Rory N, Cottrell, Simon, O’Grady, Justin, Kwiatkowski, Dominic, Lillie, Patrick J, Cortes, Nicholas, Moore, Nathan, Thomas, Claire, Burns, Phillipa J, Mahungu, Tabitha W, Liggett, Steven, Beckett, Angela H, Holden, Matthew TG, Levett, Lisa J, Osman, Husam, Hassan-Ibrahim, Mohammed O, Simpson, David A, Chand, Meera, Gupta, Ravi K, Darby, Alistair C, Paterson, Steve, Pybus, Oliver G, Volz, Erik, de Angelis, Daniela, Robertson, David L, Page, Andrew J, Bassett, Andrew R, Wong, Nick, Taha, Yusri, Erkiert, Michelle J, Spencer Chapman, Michael H, Dewar, Rebecca, McHugh, Martin P, Mookerjee, Siddharth, Aplin, Stephen, Harvey, Matthew, Sass, Thea, Umpleby, Helen, and Wheeler, Helen

Subjects
Genetics, Prevention, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases, Lung, Good Health and Well Being, Amino Acid Substitution, COVID-19, England, Epidemiological Monitoring, Genome, Viral, Genomics, Humans, Molecular Epidemiology, Mutation, Quarantine, SARS-CoV-2, Spatio-Temporal Analysis, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus, Wellcome Sanger Institute COVID-19 Surveillance Team, COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) Consortium*, General Science & Technology
Abstract

The evolution of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus leads to new variants that warrant timely epidemiological characterization. Here we use the dense genomic surveillance data generated by the COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium to reconstruct the dynamics of 71 different lineages in each of 315 English local authorities between September 2020 and June 2021. This analysis reveals a series of subepidemics that peaked in early autumn 2020, followed by a jump in transmissibility of the B.1.1.7/Alpha lineage. The Alpha variant grew when other lineages declined during the second national lockdown and regionally tiered restrictions between November and December 2020. A third more stringent national lockdown suppressed the Alpha variant and eliminated nearly all other lineages in early 2021. Yet a series of variants (most of which contained the spike E484K mutation) defied these trends and persisted at moderately increasing proportions. However, by accounting for sustained introductions, we found that the transmissibility of these variants is unlikely to have exceeded the transmissibility of the Alpha variant. Finally, B.1.617.2/Delta was repeatedly introduced in England and grew rapidly in early summer 2021, constituting approximately 98% of sampled SARS-CoV-2 genomes on 26 June 2021.

Published
2021

7. Global prevalence and phylogeny of hepatitis B virus (HBV) drug and vaccine resistance mutations

Author

Mokaya, Jolynne, Vasylyeva, Tetyana I, Barnes, Eleanor, Ansari, M Azim, Pybus, Oliver G, and Matthews, Philippa C

Subjects
Medical Microbiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Hepatitis, Chronic Liver Disease and Cirrhosis, Hepatitis - B, Liver Disease, Digestive Diseases, Infectious Diseases, Vaccine Related, Prevention, Genetics, HIV/AIDS, Immunization, Development of treatments and therapeutic interventions, 5.1 Pharmaceuticals, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Antiviral Agents, DNA, Viral, Drug Resistance, Viral, Genotype, Hepatitis B Vaccines, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis B, Chronic, Humans, Mutation, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Phylogeny, Prevalence, Africa, entecavir, epidemiology, HBV, HBV vaccine, lamivudine, NAs, NUCs, prevention, RAMs, resistance, TDF, tenofovir, therapy, Microbiology, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Clinical sciences, Medical microbiology
Abstract

Vaccination and anti-viral therapy with nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) are key approaches to reducing the morbidity, mortality and transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, the efficacy of these interventions may be reduced by the emergence of drug resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) and/or vaccine escape mutations (VEMs). We have assimilated data on the global prevalence and distribution of HBV RAMs/VEMs from publicly available data and explored the evolution of these mutations. We analysed sequences downloaded from the HBV Database and calculated prevalence of 41 RAMs and 38 VEMs catalogued from published studies. We generated maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees and used treeBreaker to investigate the distribution and estimated the age of selected mutations across tree branches. RAM M204I/V had the highest prevalence, occurring in 3.8% (109/2838) of all HBV sequences in our data set, and a significantly higher rate in genotype C at 5.4% (60/1102, p = 0.0007). VEMs had an overall prevalence of 1.3% (37/2837) and had the highest prevalence in genotype C and in Asia at 2.2% (24/1102; p = 0.002) and 1.6% (34/2109; p = 0.009), respectively. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that RAM/VEMs can arise independently of treatment/vaccine exposure. In conclusion, HBV RAMs/VEMs have been found globally and across genotypes, with the highest prevalence observed in genotype C. Screening for genotype and for resistance-associated mutations may help to improve stratified patient treatment. As NAs and HBV vaccines are increasingly being deployed for HBV prevention and treatment, monitoring for resistance and advocating for better treatment regimens for HBV remains essential.

Published
2021

9. Relax, keep walking—a practical guide to continuous phylogeographic inference with BEAST

Author

Dellicour, Simon, Gill, Mandev S, Faria, Nuno R, Rambaut, Andrew, Pybus, Oliver G, Suchard, Marc A, and Lemey, Philippe

Subjects
Bayes Theorem, Biological Evolution, Phylogeography, Software, relaxed random walk, continuous phylogeography, viruses, BEAST, Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Evolutionary Biology, Genetics
Abstract

Spatially explicit phylogeographic analyses can be performed with an inference framework that employs relaxed random walks to reconstruct phylogenetic dispersal histories in continuous space. This core model was first implemented 10 years ago and has opened up new opportunities in the field of phylodynamics, allowing researchers to map and analyze the spatial dissemination of rapidly evolving pathogens. We here provide a detailed and step-by-step guide on how to set up, run, and interpret continuous phylogeographic analyses using the programs BEAUti, BEAST, Tracer, and TreeAnnotator.

Published
2021

10. Recurrent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 spike deletion H69/V70 and its role in the Alpha variant B.1.1.7

Author

Meng, Bo, Kemp, Steven A, Papa, Guido, Datir, Rawlings, Ferreira, Isabella ATM, Marelli, Sara, Harvey, William T, Lytras, Spyros, Mohamed, Ahmed, Gallo, Giulia, Thakur, Nazia, Collier, Dami A, Mlcochova, Petra, Consortium, The COVID-19 Genomics UK, Robson, Samuel C, Loman, Nicholas J, Connor, Thomas R, Golubchik, Tanya, Nunez, Rocio T Martinez, Ludden, Catherine, Corden, Sally, Johnston, Ian, Bonsall, David, Smith, Colin P, Awan, Ali R, Bucca, Giselda, Torok, M Estee, Saeed, Kordo, Prieto, Jacqui A, Jackson, David K, Hamilton, William L, Snell, Luke B, Moore, Catherine, Harrison, Ewan M, Goncalves, Sonia, Fairley, Derek J, Loose, Matthew W, Watkins, Joanne, Livett, Rich, Moses, Samuel, Amato, Roberto, Nicholls, Sam, Bull, Matthew, Smith, Darren L, Barrett, Jeff, Aanensen, David M, Curran, Martin D, Parmar, Surendra, Aggarwal, Dinesh, Shepherd, James G, Parker, Matthew D, Glaysher, Sharon, Bashton, Matthew, Underwood, Anthony P, Pacchiarini, Nicole, Loveson, Katie F, Templeton, Kate E, Langford, Cordelia F, Sillitoe, John, de Silva, Thushan I, Wang, Dennis, Kwiatkowski, Dominic, Rambaut, Andrew, O’Grady, Justin, Cottrell, Simon, Holden, Matthew TG, Thomson, Emma C, Osman, Husam, Andersson, Monique, Chauhan, Anoop J, Hassan-Ibrahim, Mohammed O, Lawniczak, Mara, Alderton, Alex, Chand, Meera, Constantinidou, Chrystala, Unnikrishnan, Meera, Darby, Alistair C, Hiscox, Julian A, Paterson, Steve, Martincorena, Inigo, Volz, Erik M, Page, Andrew J, Pybus, Oliver G, Bassett, Andrew R, Ariani, Cristina V, Chapman, Michael H Spencer, Li, Kathy K, Shah, Rajiv N, Jesudason, Natasha G, Taha, Yusri, McHugh, Martin P, Dewar, Rebecca, Jahun, Aminu S, McMurray, Claire, Pandey, Sarojini, McKenna, James P, Nelson, Andrew, Young, Gregory R, McCann, Clare M, and Elliott, Scott

Subjects
Emerging Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases, Lung, Pneumonia, Good Health and Well Being, Animals, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Antibodies, Viral, COVID-19, Cell Line, Chlorocebus aethiops, HEK293 Cells, Humans, Immune Evasion, Mutation, Pandemics, Phylogeny, Protein Binding, Recurrence, SARS-CoV-2, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus, Vero Cells, COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) Consortium, Alpha variant, B.1.1.7, antibody escape, deletion, infectivity, neutralizing antibodies, resistance, spike mutation, Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Medical Physiology
Abstract

We report severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike ΔH69/V70 in multiple independent lineages, often occurring after acquisition of receptor binding motif replacements such as N439K and Y453F, known to increase binding affinity to the ACE2 receptor and confer antibody escape. In vitro, we show that, although ΔH69/V70 itself is not an antibody evasion mechanism, it increases infectivity associated with enhanced incorporation of cleaved spike into virions. ΔH69/V70 is able to partially rescue infectivity of spike proteins that have acquired N439K and Y453F escape mutations by increased spike incorporation. In addition, replacement of the H69 and V70 residues in the Alpha variant B.1.1.7 spike (where ΔH69/V70 occurs naturally) impairs spike incorporation and entry efficiency of the B.1.1.7 spike pseudotyped virus. Alpha variant B.1.1.7 spike mediates faster kinetics of cell-cell fusion than wild-type Wuhan-1 D614G, dependent on ΔH69/V70. Therefore, as ΔH69/V70 compensates for immune escape mutations that impair infectivity, continued surveillance for deletions with functional effects is warranted.

Published
2021

11. Genomics and epidemiology of the P.1 SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil

Author

Faria, Nuno R, Mellan, Thomas A, Whittaker, Charles, Claro, Ingra M, Candido, Darlan da S, Mishra, Swapnil, Crispim, Myuki AE, Sales, Flavia CS, Hawryluk, Iwona, McCrone, John T, Hulswit, Ruben JG, Franco, Lucas AM, Ramundo, Mariana S, de Jesus, Jaqueline G, Andrade, Pamela S, Coletti, Thais M, Ferreira, Giulia M, Silva, Camila AM, Manuli, Erika R, Pereira, Rafael HM, Peixoto, Pedro S, Kraemer, Moritz UG, Gaburo, Nelson, Camilo, Cecilia da C, Hoeltgebaum, Henrique, Souza, William M, Rocha, Esmenia C, de Souza, Leandro M, de Pinho, Mariana C, Araujo, Leonardo JT, Malta, Frederico SV, de Lima, Aline B, Silva, Joice do P, Zauli, Danielle AG, Ferreira, Alessandro C de S, Schnekenberg, Ricardo P, Laydon, Daniel J, Walker, Patrick GT, Schlüter, Hannah M, Dos Santos, Ana LP, Vidal, Maria S, Del Caro, Valentina S, Filho, Rosinaldo MF, Dos Santos, Helem M, Aguiar, Renato S, Proença-Modena, José L, Nelson, Bruce, Hay, James A, Monod, Mélodie, Miscouridou, Xenia, Coupland, Helen, Sonabend, Raphael, Vollmer, Michaela, Gandy, Axel, Prete, Carlos A, Nascimento, Vitor H, Suchard, Marc A, Bowden, Thomas A, Pond, Sergei LK, Wu, Chieh-Hsi, Ratmann, Oliver, Ferguson, Neil M, Dye, Christopher, Loman, Nick J, Lemey, Philippe, Rambaut, Andrew, Fraiji, Nelson A, Carvalho, Maria do PSS, Pybus, Oliver G, Flaxman, Seth, Bhatt, Samir, and Sabino, Ester C

Subjects
Human Genome, Immunization, Pneumonia & Influenza, Lung, Prevention, Genetics, Vaccine Related, Biotechnology, Pneumonia, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Biodefense, Infectious Diseases, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2, Brazil, COVID-19, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, Epidemiological Monitoring, Genome, Viral, Genomics, Humans, Models, Theoretical, Molecular Epidemiology, Mutation, Protein Binding, SARS-CoV-2, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus, Viral Load, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in Manaus, Brazil, resurged in late 2020 despite previously high levels of infection. Genome sequencing of viruses sampled in Manaus between November 2020 and January 2021 revealed the emergence and circulation of a novel SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern. Lineage P.1 acquired 17 mutations, including a trio in the spike protein (K417T, E484K, and N501Y) associated with increased binding to the human ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) receptor. Molecular clock analysis shows that P.1 emergence occurred around mid-November 2020 and was preceded by a period of faster molecular evolution. Using a two-category dynamical model that integrates genomic and mortality data, we estimate that P.1 may be 1.7- to 2.4-fold more transmissible and that previous (non-P.1) infection provides 54 to 79% of the protection against infection with P.1 that it provides against non-P.1 lineages. Enhanced global genomic surveillance of variants of concern, which may exhibit increased transmissibility and/or immune evasion, is critical to accelerate pandemic responsiveness.

Published
2021

12. Epidemiological hypothesis testing using a phylogeographic and phylodynamic framework.

Author

Dellicour, Simon, Lequime, Sebastian, Vrancken, Bram, Gill, Mandev S, Bastide, Paul, Gangavarapu, Karthik, Matteson, Nathaniel L, Tan, Yi, du Plessis, Louis, Fisher, Alexander A, Nelson, Martha I, Gilbert, Marius, Suchard, Marc A, Andersen, Kristian G, Grubaugh, Nathan D, Pybus, Oliver G, and Lemey, Philippe

Subjects
Animals, Bird Diseases, Ecosystem, Environment, Genetic Variation, Genome, Viral, Humans, North America, Phylogeny, Phylogeography, West Nile Fever, West Nile virus, Genome, Viral
Abstract

Computational analyses of pathogen genomes are increasingly used to unravel the dispersal history and transmission dynamics of epidemics. Here, we show how to go beyond historical reconstructions and use spatially-explicit phylogeographic and phylodynamic approaches to formally test epidemiological hypotheses. We illustrate our approach by focusing on the West Nile virus (WNV) spread in North America that has substantially impacted public, veterinary, and wildlife health. We apply an analytical workflow to a comprehensive WNV genome collection to test the impact of environmental factors on the dispersal of viral lineages and on viral population genetic diversity through time. We find that WNV lineages tend to disperse faster in areas with higher temperatures and we identify temporal variation in temperature as a main predictor of viral genetic diversity through time. By contrasting inference with simulation, we find no evidence for viral lineages to preferentially circulate within the same migratory bird flyway, suggesting a substantial role for non-migratory birds or mosquito dispersal along the longitudinal gradient.

Published
2020

13. Dispersal patterns and influence of air travel during the global expansion of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern

Author

Tegally, Houriiyah, Wilkinson, Eduan, Tsui, Joseph L.- H., Moir, Monika, Martin, Darren, Brito, Anderson Fernandes, Giovanetti, Marta, Khan, Kamran, Huber, Carmen, Bogoch, Isaac I., San, James Emmanuel, Poongavanan, Jenicca, Xavier, Joicymara S., Candido, Darlan da S., Romero, Filipe, Baxter, Cheryl, Pybus, Oliver G., Lessells, Richard J., Faria, Nuno R., Kraemer, Moritz U.G., and de Oliveira, Tulio

Published
2023
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14. Investigation of hospital discharge cases and SARS-CoV-2 introduction into Lothian care homes

Author

Robson, Samuel C., Connor, Thomas R., Loman, Nicholas J., Golubchik, Tanya, Martinez Nunez, Rocio T., Bonsall, David, Rambaut, Andrew, Snell, Luke B., Livett, Rich, Ludden, Catherine, Corden, Sally, Nastouli, Eleni, Nebbia, Gaia, Johnston, Ian, Prieto, Jacqui A., Saeed, Kordo, Jackson, David K., Houlihan, Catherine, Frampton, Dan, Hamilton, William L., Witney, Adam A., Bucca, Giselda, Pope, Cassie F., Moore, Catherine, Thomson, Emma C., Cutino-Moguel, Teresa, Harrison, Ewan M., Smith, Colin P., Rogan, Fiona, Beckwith, Shaun M., Murray, Abigail, Singleton, Dawn, Eastick, Kirstine, Sheridan, Liz A., Randell, Paul, Jackson, Leigh M., Ariani, Cristina V., Gonçalves, Sónia, Fairley, Derek J., Loose, Matthew W., Watkins, Joanne, Moses, Samuel, Nicholls, Sam, Bull, Matthew, Amato, Roberto, Smith, Darren L., Aanensen, David M., Barrett, Jeffrey C., Kele, Beatrix, Aggarwal, Dinesh, Shepherd, James G., Curran, Martin D., Parmar, Surendra, Parker, Matthew D., Williams, Catryn, Glaysher, Sharon, Underwood, Anthony P., Bashton, Matthew, Pacchiarini, Nicole, Loveson, Katie F., Byott, Matthew, Carabelli, Alessandro M., Templeton, Kate E., Peacock, Sharon J., de Silva, Thushan I., Wang, Dennis, Langford, Cordelia F., Sillitoe, John, Gunson, Rory N., Cottrell, Simon, O’Grady, Justin, Kwiatkowski, Dominic, Lillie, Patrick J., Cortes, Nicholas, Moore, Nathan, Thomas, Claire, Burns, Phillipa J., Mahungu, Tabitha W., Liggett, Steven, Beckett, Angela H., Holden, Matthew TG., Levett, Lisa J., Osman, Husam, Hassan-Ibrahim, Mohammed O., Simpson, David A., Chand, Meera, Gupta, Ravi K., Darby, Alistair C., Paterson, Steve, Pybus, Oliver G., Volz, Erik M., de Angelis, Daniela, Robertson, David L., Page, Andrew J., Martincorena, Inigo, Aigrain, Louise, Bassett, Andrew R., Wong, Nick, Taha, Yusri, Erkiert, Michelle J., Spencer Chapman, Michael H., Dewar, Rebecca, McHugh, Martin P., Mookerjee, Siddharth, Aplin, Stephen, Harvey, Matthew, Sass, Thea, Umpleby, Helen, Wheeler, Helen, McKenna, James P., Warne, Ben, Taylor, Joshua F., Chaudhry, Yasmin, Izuagbe, Rhys, Jahun, Aminu S., Young, Gregory R., McMurray, Claire, McCann, Clare M., Nelson, Andrew, Elliott, Scott, Lowe, Hannah, Price, Anna, Crown, Matthew R., Rey, Sara, Roy, Sunando, Temperton, Ben, Shaaban, Sharif, Hesketh, Andrew R., Laing, Kenneth G., Monahan, Irene M., Heaney, Judith, Pelosi, Emanuela, Silviera, Siona, Wilson-Davies, Eleri, Fryer, Helen, Adams, Helen, du Plessis, Louis, Johnson, Rob, Harvey, William T., Hughes, Joseph, Orton, Richard J., Spurgin, Lewis G., Bourgeois, Yann, Ruis, Chris, O'Toole, Áine, Gourtovaia, Marina, Sanderson, Theo, Fraser, Christophe, Edgeworth, Jonathan, Breuer, Judith, Michell, Stephen L., Todd, John A., John, Michaela, Buck, David, Gajee, Kavitha, Kay, Gemma L., Heyburn, David, Charalampous, Themoula, Alcolea-Medina, Adela, Kitchman, Katie, McNal, Alan, Pritch, David T., Dervisevic, Samir, Muir, Peter, Robinson, Esther, Vipond, Barry B., Ramadan, Newara A., Jeanes, Christopher, Weldon, Danni, Catalan, Jana, Jones, Neil, da Silva Filipe, Ana, Williams, Chris, Fuchs, Marc, Miskelly, Julia, Jeffries, Aaron R., Oliver, Karen, Park, Naomi R., Ash, Amy, Koshy, Cherian, Barrow, Magdalena, Buchan, Sarah L., Mantzouratou, Anna, Clark, Gemma, Holmes, Christopher W., Campbell, Sharon, Davis, Thomas, Tan, Ngee Keong, Brown, Julianne R., Harris, Kathryn A., Kidd, Stephen P., Grant, Paul R., Xu-McCrae, Li, Cox, Alison, Madona, Pinglawathee, Pond, Marcus, Randell, Paul A., Withell, Karen T., Williams, Cheryl, Graham, Clive, Denton-Smith, Rebecca, Swindells, Emma, Turnbull, Robyn, Sloan, Tim J., Bosworth, Andrew, Hutchings, Stephanie, Pymont, Hannah M., Casey, Anna, Ratcliffe, Liz, Jones, Christopher R., Knight, Bridget A., Haque, Tanzina, Hart, Jennifer, Irish-Tavares, Dianne, Witele, Eric, Mower, Craig, Watson DipHE, Louisa K., Collins, Jennifer, Eltringham, Gary, Crudgington, Dorian, Macklin, Ben, Iturriza-Gomara, Miren, Lucaci, Anita O., McClure, Patrick C., Carlile, Matthew, Holmes, Nadine, Moore, Christopher, Storey, Nathaniel, Rooke, Stefan, Yebra, Gonzalo, Craine, Noel, Perry, Malorie, Alikhan, Nabil-Fareed, Bridgett, Stephen, Cook, Kate F., Fearn, Christopher, Goudarzi, Salman, Lyons, Ronan A., Williams, Thomas, Haldenby, Sam T., Durham, Jillian, Leonard, Steven, Davies, Robert M., Batra, Rahul, Blane, Beth, Spyer, Moira J., Smith, Perminder, Yavus, Mehmet, Williams, Rachel J., Mahanama, Adhyana IK., Samaraweera, Buddhini, Girgis, Sophia T., Hansford, Samantha E., Green, Angie, Beaver, Charlotte, Bellis, Katherine L., Dorman, Matthew J., Kay, Sally, Prestwood, Liam, Rajatileka, Shavanthi, Quick, Joshua, Poplawski, Radoslaw, Reynolds, Nicola, Mack, Andrew, Morriss, Arthur, Whalley, Thomas, Patel, Bindi, Georgana, Iliana, Hosmillo, Myra, Pinckert, Malte L., Stockton, Joanne, Henderson, John H., Hollis, Amy, Stanley, William, Yew, Wen C., Myers, Richard, Thornton, Alicia, Adams, Alexander, Annett, Tara, Asad, Hibo, Birchley, Alec, Coombes, Jason, Evans, Johnathan M., Fina, Laia, Gatica-Wilcox, Bree, Gilbert, Lauren, Graham, Lee, Hey, Jessica, Hilvers, Ember, Jones, Sophie, Jones, Hannah, Kumziene-Summerhayes, Sara, McKerr, Caoimhe, Powell, Jessica, Pugh, Georgia, Taylor, Sarah, Trotter, Alexander J., Williams, Charlotte A., Kermack, Leanne M., Foulkes, Benjamin H., Gallis, Marta, Hornsby, Hailey R., Louka, Stavroula F., Pohare, Manoj, Wolverson, Paige, Zhang, Peijun, MacIntyre-Cockett, George, Trebes, Amy, Moll, Robin J., Ferguson, Lynne, Goldstein, Emily J., Maclean, Alasdair, Tomb, Rachael, Starinskij, Igor, Thomson, Laura, Southgate, Joel, Kraemer, Moritz UG., Raghwani, Jayna, Zarebski, Alex E., Boyd, Olivia, Geidelberg, Lily, Illingworth, Chris J., Jackson, Chris, Pascall, David, Vattipally, Sreenu, Freeman, Timothy M., Hsu, Sharon N., Lindsey, Benjamin B., James, Keith, Lewis, Kevin, Tonkin-Hill, Gerry, Tovar-Corona, Jaime M., Cox, MacGregor, Abudahab, Khalil, Menegazzo, Mirko, Taylor, Ben EW., Yeats, Corin A., Mukaddas, Afrida, Wright, Derek W., de Oliveira Martins, Leonardo, Colquhoun, Rachel, Hill, Verity, Jackson, Ben, McCrone, J.T., Medd, Nathan, Scher, Emily, Keatley, Jon-Paul, Curran, Tanya, Morgan, Sian, Maxwell, Patrick, Smith, Ken, Eldirdiri, Sahar, Kenyon, Anita, Holmes, Alison H., Price, James R., Wyatt, Tim, Mather, Alison E., Skvortsov, Timofey, Hartley, John A., Guest, Martyn, Kitchen, Christine, Merrick, Ian, Munn, Robert, Bertolusso, Beatrice, Lynch, Jessica, Vernet, Gabrielle, Kirk, Stuart, Wastnedge, Elizabeth, Stanley, Rachael, Idle, Giles, Bradley, Declan T., Killough, Nicholas F., Poyner, Jennifer, Mori, Matilde, Jones, Owen, Wright, Victoria, Brooks, Ellena, Churcher, Carol M., Delgado Callico, Laia, Fragakis, Mireille, Galai, Katerina, Jermy, Andrew, Judges, Sarah, Markov, Anna, McManus, Georgina M., Smith, Kim S., Thomas-McEwen, Peter MD., Westwick, Elaine, Attwood, Stephen W., Bolt, Frances, Davies, Alisha, De Lacy, Elen, Downing, Fatima, Edwards, Sue, Meadows, Lizzie, Jeremiah, Sarah, Smith, Nikki, Foulser, Luke, Patel, Amita, Berry, Louise, Boswell, Tim, Fleming, Vicki M., Howson-Wells, Hannah C., Joseph, Amelia, Khakh, Manjinder, Lister, Michelle M., Bird, Paul W., Fallon, Karlie, Helmer, Thomas, McMurray, Claire L., Odedra, Mina, Shaw, Jessica, Tang, Julian W., Willford, Nicholas J., Blakey, Victoria, Raviprakash, Veena, Sheriff, Nicola, Williams, Lesley-Anne, Feltwell, Theresa, Bedford, Luke, Cargill, James S., Hughes, Warwick, Moore, Jonathan, Stonehouse, Susanne, Atkinson, Laura, Lee, Jack CD., Shah, Divya, Ohemeng-Kumi, Natasha, Ramble, John, Sehmi, Jasveen, Williams, Rebecca, Chatterton, Wendy, Pusok, Monika, Everson, William, Castigador, Anibolina, Macnaughton, Emily, El Bouzidi, Kate, Lampejo, Temi, Sudhanva, Malur, Breen, Cassie, Sluga, Graciela, Ahmad, Shazaad SY., George, Ryan P., Machin, Nicholas W., Binns, Debbie, James, Victoria, Blacow, Rachel, Coupland, Lindsay, Smith, Louise, Barton, Edward, Padgett, Debra, Scott, Garren, Cross, Aidan, Mirfenderesky, Mariyam, Greenaway, Jane, Cole, Kevin, Clarke, Phillip, Duckworth, Nichola, Walsh, Sarah, Bicknell, Kelly, Impey, Robert, Wyllie, Sarah, Hopes, Richard, Bishop, Chloe, Chalker, Vicki, Harrison, Ian, Gifford, Laura, Molnar, Zoltan, Auckland, Cressida, Evans, Cariad, Johnson, Kate, Partridge, David G., Raza, Mohammad, Baker, Paul, Bonner, Stephen, Essex, Sarah, Murray, Leanne J., Lawton, Andrew I., Burton-Fanning, Shirelle, Payne, Brendan AI., Waugh, Sheila, Gomes, Andrea N., Kimuli, Maimuna, Murray, Darren R., Ashfield, Paula, Dobie, Donald, Ashford, Fiona, Best, Angus, Crawford, Liam, Cumley, Nicola, Mayhew, Megan, Megram, Oliver, Mirza, Jeremy, Moles-Garcia, Emma, Percival, Benita, Driscoll, Megan, Ensell, Leah, Lowe, Helen L., Maftei, Laurentiu, Mondani, Matteo, Chaloner, Nicola J., Cogger, Benjamin J., Easton, Lisa J., Huckson, Hannah, Lewis, Jonathan, Lowdon, Sarah, Malone, Cassandra S., Munemo, Florence, Mutingwende, Manasa, Nicodemi, Roberto, Podplomyk FD, Olga, Somassa, Thomas, Beggs, Andrew, Richter, Alex, Cormie, Claire, Dias, Joana, Forrest, Sally, Higginson, Ellen E., Maes, Mailis, Young, Jamie, Davidson, Rose K., Jackson, Kathryn A., Keeley, Alexander J., Ball, Jonathan, Byaruhanga, Timothy, Chappell, Joseph G., Dey, Jayasree, Hill, Jack D., Park, Emily J., Fanaie, Arezou, Hilson, Rachel A., Yaze, Geraldine, Lo, Stephanie, Afifi, Safiah, Beer, Robert, Maksimovic, Joshua, McCluggage, Kathryn, Spellman, Karla, Bresner, Catherine, Fuller, William, Marchbank, Angela, Workma, Trudy, Shelest, Ekaterina, Debebe, Johnny, Sang, Fei, Francois, Sarah, Gutierrez, Bernardo, Vasylyeva, Tetyana I., Flaviani, Flavia, Ragonnet-Cronin, Manon, Smollett, Katherine L., Broos, Alice, Mair, Daniel, Nichols, Jenna, Nomikou, Kyriaki, Tong, Lily, Tsatsani, Ioulia, O'Brien, Sarah, Rushton, Steven, Sanderson, Roy, Perkins, Jon, Cotton, Seb, Gallagher, Abbie, Allara, Elias, Pearson, Clare, Bibby, David, Dabrer, Gavin, Ellaby, Nicholas, Gallagher, Eileen, Hubb, Jonathan, Lackenby, Angie, Lee, David, Manesis, Nikos, Mbisa, Tamyo, Platt, Steven, Twohig, Katherine A., Morgan, Mari, Aydin, Alp, Baker, David J., Foster-Nyarko, Ebenezer, Prosolek, Sophie J., Rudder, Steven, Baxter, Chris, Carvalho, Sílvia F., Lavin, Deborah, Mariappan, Arun, Radulescu, Clara, Singh, Aditi, Tang, Miao, Morcrette, Helen, Bayzid, Nadua, Cotic, Marius, Balcazar, Carlos E., Gallagher, Michael D., Maloney, Daniel, Stanton, Thomas D., Williamson, Kathleen A., Manley, Robin, Michelsen, Michelle L., Sambles, Christine M., Studholme, David J., Warwick-Dugdale, Joanna, Eccles, Richard, Gemmell, Matthew, Gregory, Richard, Hughes, Margaret, Nelson, Charlotte, Rainbow, Lucille, Vamos, Edith E., Webster, Hermione J., Whitehead, Mark, Wierzbicki, Claudia, Angyal, Adrienn, Green, Luke R., Whiteley, Max, Betteridge, Emma, Bronner, Iraad F., Farr, Ben W., Goodwin, Scott, Lensing, Stefanie V., McCarthy, Shane A., Quail, Michael A., Rajan, Diana, Redshaw, Nicholas M., Scott, Carol, Shirley, Lesley, Thurston, Scott AJ., Rowe, Will, Gaskin, Amy, Le-Viet, Thanh, Bonfield, James, Liddle, Jennifier, Whitwham, Andrew, Cotton, S., McHugh, M.P., Dewar, R., Haas, J.G., and Templeton, K.

Published
2023
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15. Genomic surveillance reveals multiple introductions of SARS-CoV-2 into Northern California

Author

Deng, Xianding, Gu, Wei, Federman, Scot, du Plessis, Louis, Pybus, Oliver G, Faria, Nuno, Wang, Candace, Yu, Guixia, Bushnell, Brian, Pan, Chao-Yang, Guevara, Hugo, Sotomayor-Gonzalez, Alicia, Zorn, Kelsey, Gopez, Allan, Servellita, Venice, Hsu, Elaine, Miller, Steve, Bedford, Trevor, Greninger, Alexander L, Roychoudhury, Pavitra, Starita, Lea M, Famulare, Michael, Chu, Helen Y, Shendure, Jay, Jerome, Keith R, Anderson, Catie, Gangavarapu, Karthik, Zeller, Mark, Spencer, Emily, Andersen, Kristian G, MacCannell, Duncan, Paden, Clinton R, Li, Yan, Zhang, Jing, Tong, Suxiang, Armstrong, Gregory, Morrow, Scott, Willis, Matthew, Matyas, Bela T, Mase, Sundari, Kasirye, Olivia, Park, Maggie, Masinde, Godfred, Chan, Curtis, Yu, Alexander T, Chai, Shua J, Villarino, Elsa, Bonin, Brandon, Wadford, Debra A, and Chiu, Charles Y

Subjects
Pneumonia, Lung, Infectious Diseases, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vaccine Related, Pneumonia & Influenza, Prevention, Biodefense, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, California, Coronavirus Infections, Epidemiological Monitoring, Genome, Viral, Humans, Pandemics, Phylogeny, Pneumonia, Viral, SARS-CoV-2, Sequence Alignment, Ships, Travel, Washington, General Science & Technology
Abstract

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread globally, with >365,000 cases in California as of 17 July 2020. We investigated the genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Northern California from late January to mid-March 2020, using samples from 36 patients spanning nine counties and the Grand Princess cruise ship. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the cryptic introduction of at least seven different SARS-CoV-2 lineages into California, including epidemic WA1 strains associated with Washington state, with lack of a predominant lineage and limited transmission among communities. Lineages associated with outbreak clusters in two counties were defined by a single base substitution in the viral genome. These findings support contact tracing, social distancing, and travel restrictions to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in California and other states.

Published
2020

16. A Genomic Survey of SARS-CoV-2 Reveals Multiple Introductions into Northern California without a Predominant Lineage

Author

Deng, Xianding, Gu, Wei, Federman, Scot, du Plessis, Louis, Pybus, Oliver G, Faria, Nuno, Wang, Candace, Yu, Guixia, Pan, Chao-Yang, Guevara, Hugo, Sotomayor-Gonzalez, Alicia, Zorn, Kelsey, Gopez, Allan, Servellita, Venice, Hsu, Elaine, Miller, Steve, Bedford, Trevor, Greninger, Alexander L, Roychoudhury, Pavitra, Starita, Lea M, Famulare, Michael, Chu, Helen Y, Shendure, Jay, Jerome, Keith R, Anderson, Catie, Gangavarapu, Karthik, Zeller, Mark, Spencer, Emily, Andersen, Kristian G, MacCannell, Duncan, Paden, Clinton R, Li, Yan, Zhang, Jing, Tong, Suxiang, Armstrong, Gregory, Morrow, Scott, Willis, Matthew, Matyas, Bela T, Mase, Sundari, Kasirye, Olivia, Park, Maggie, Chan, Curtis, Yu, Alexander T, Chai, Shua J, Villarino, Elsa, Bonin, Brandon, Wadford, Debra A, and Chiu, Charles Y

Subjects
Medical Microbiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Biological Sciences, Lung, Infectious Diseases, Biotechnology, Prevention, Biodefense, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vaccine Related, Aetiology, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Infection, Good Health and Well Being
Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has spread globally, resulting in >300,000 reported cases worldwide as of March 21st, 2020. Here we investigate the genetic diversity and genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Northern California using samples from returning travelers, cruise ship passengers, and cases of community transmission with unclear infection sources. Virus genomes were sampled from 29 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 infection from Feb 3rd through Mar 15th. Phylogenetic analyses revealed at least 8 different SARS-CoV-2 lineages, suggesting multiple independent introductions of the virus into the state. Virus genomes from passengers on two consecutive excursions of the Grand Princess cruise ship clustered with those from an established epidemic in Washington State, including the WA1 genome representing the first reported case in the United States on January 19th. We also detected evidence for presumptive transmission of SARS-CoV-2 lineages from one community to another. These findings suggest that cryptic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Northern California to date is characterized by multiple transmission chains that originate via distinct introductions from international and interstate travel, rather than widespread community transmission of a single predominant lineage. Rapid testing and contact tracing, social distancing, and travel restrictions are measures that will help to slow SARS-CoV-2 spread in California and other regions of the USA.

Published
2020

17. Epidemiological data from the COVID-19 outbreak, real-time case information.

Author

Xu, Bo, Gutierrez, Bernardo, Mekaru, Sumiko, Sewalk, Kara, Goodwin, Lauren, Loskill, Alyssa, Cohn, Emily L, Hswen, Yulin, Hill, Sarah C, Cobo, Maria M, Zarebski, Alexander E, Li, Sabrina, Wu, Chieh-Hsi, Hulland, Erin, Morgan, Julia D, Wang, Lin, O'Brien, Katelynn, Scarpino, Samuel V, Brownstein, John S, Pybus, Oliver G, Pigott, David M, and Kraemer, Moritz UG

Subjects
Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Coronavirus Infections, Public Health, Geography, China, Epidemics, Pandemics, Geographic Mapping, Betacoronavirus, Pneumonia, Viral
Abstract

Cases of a novel coronavirus were first reported in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, in December 2019 and have since spread across the world. Epidemiological studies have indicated human-to-human transmission in China and elsewhere. To aid the analysis and tracking of the COVID-19 epidemic we collected and curated individual-level data from national, provincial, and municipal health reports, as well as additional information from online reports. All data are geo-coded and, where available, include symptoms, key dates (date of onset, admission, and confirmation), and travel history. The generation of detailed, real-time, and robust data for emerging disease outbreaks is important and can help to generate robust evidence that will support and inform public health decision making.

Published
2020

18. Assessing the role of live poultry trade in community-structured transmission of avian influenza in China

Author

Yang, Qiqi, Zhao, Xiang, Lemey, Philippe, Suchard, Marc A, Bi, Yuhai, Shi, Weifeng, Liu, Di, Qi, Wenbao, Zhang, Guogang, Stenseth, Nils Chr, Pybus, Oliver G, and Tian, Huaiyu

Subjects
Medical Microbiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Prevention, Infectious Diseases, Pneumonia & Influenza, Influenza, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Aetiology, Infection, Animals, China, Genome, Viral, Humans, Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype, Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype, Influenza in Birds, Phylogeography, Poultry, Transportation, avian influenza, poultry trade, phylogeography, community-structured transmission
Abstract

The live poultry trade is thought to play an important role in the spread and maintenance of highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (HP AIVs) in Asia. Despite an abundance of small-scale observational studies, the role of the poultry trade in disseminating AIV over large geographic areas is still unclear, especially for developing countries with complex poultry production systems. Here we combine virus genomes and reconstructed poultry transportation data to measure and compare the spatial spread in China of three key subtypes of AIV: H5N1, H7N9, and H5N6. Although it is difficult to disentangle the contribution of confounding factors, such as bird migration and spatial distance, we find evidence that the dissemination of these subtypes among domestic poultry is geographically continuous and likely associated with the intensity of the live poultry trade in China. Using two independent data sources and network analysis methods, we report a regional-scale community structure in China that might explain the spread of AIV subtypes in the country. The identification of this structure has the potential to inform more targeted strategies for the prevention and control of AIV in China.

Published
2020

19. Metagenomic sequencing with spiked primer enrichment for viral diagnostics and genomic surveillance.

Author

Deng, Xianding, Achari, Asmeeta, Federman, Scot, Yu, Guixia, Somasekar, Sneha, Bártolo, Inês, Yagi, Shigeo, Mbala-Kingebeni, Placide, Kapetshi, Jimmy, Ahuka-Mundeke, Steve, Muyembe-Tamfum, Jean-Jacques, Ahmed, Asim A, Ganesh, Vijay, Tamhankar, Manasi, Patterson, Jean L, Ndembi, Nicaise, Mbanya, Dora, Kaptue, Lazare, McArthur, Carole, Muñoz-Medina, José E, Gonzalez-Bonilla, Cesar R, López, Susana, Arias, Carlos F, Arevalo, Shaun, Miller, Steve, Stone, Mars, Busch, Michael, Hsieh, Kristina, Messenger, Sharon, Wadford, Debra A, Rodgers, Mary, Cloherty, Gavin, Faria, Nuno R, Thézé, Julien, Pybus, Oliver G, Neto, Zoraima, Morais, Joana, Taveira, Nuno, R Hackett, John, and Chiu, Charles Y

Subjects
Humans, Viruses, Dengue Virus, Chikungunya virus, Virus Diseases, Dengue, Yellow Fever, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola, DNA, Viral, RNA, Viral, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Computational Biology, Genome, Viral, Ebolavirus, Metagenome, Metagenomics, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Zika Virus, Zika Virus Infection, Microbiology, Medical Microbiology
Abstract

Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), the shotgun sequencing of RNA and DNA from clinical samples, has proved useful for broad-spectrum pathogen detection and the genomic surveillance of viral outbreaks. An additional target enrichment step is generally needed for high-sensitivity pathogen identification in low-titre infections, yet available methods using PCR or capture probes can be limited by high cost, narrow scope of detection, lengthy protocols and/or cross-contamination. Here, we developed metagenomic sequencing with spiked primer enrichment (MSSPE), a method for enriching targeted RNA viral sequences while simultaneously retaining metagenomic sensitivity for other pathogens. We evaluated MSSPE for 14 different viruses, yielding a median tenfold enrichment and mean 47% (±16%) increase in the breadth of genome coverage over mNGS alone. Virus detection using MSSPE arboviral or haemorrhagic fever viral panels was comparable in sensitivity to specific PCR, demonstrating 95% accuracy for the detection of Zika, Ebola, dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever viruses in plasma samples from infected patients. Notably, sequences from re-emerging and/or co-infecting viruses that have not been specifically targeted a priori, including Powassan and Usutu, were successfully enriched using MSSPE. MSSPE is simple, low cost, fast and deployable on either benchtop or portable nanopore sequencers, making this method directly applicable for diagnostic laboratory and field use.

Published
2020

20. Author Correction: Metagenomic sequencing with spiked primer enrichment for viral diagnostics and genomic surveillance

Author

Deng, Xianding, Achari, Asmeeta, Federman, Scot, Yu, Guixia, Somasekar, Sneha, Bártolo, Inês, Yagi, Shigeo, Mbala-Kingebeni, Placide, Kapetshi, Jimmy, Ahuka-Mundeke, Steve, Muyembe-Tamfum, Jean-Jacques, Ahmed, Asim A, Ganesh, Vijay, Tamhankar, Manasi, Patterson, Jean L, Ndembi, Nicaise, Mbanya, Dora, Kaptue, Lazare, McArthur, Carole, Muñoz-Medina, José E, Gonzalez-Bonilla, Cesar R, López, Susana, Arias, Carlos F, Arevalo, Shaun, Miller, Steve, Stone, Mars, Busch, Michael, Hsieh, Kristina, Messenger, Sharon, Wadford, Debra A, Rodgers, Mary, Cloherty, Gavin, Faria, Nuno R, Thézé, Julien, Pybus, Oliver G, Neto, Zoraima, Morais, Joana, Taveira, Nuno, Hackett, John R, and Chiu, Charles Y

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Good Health and Well Being, Microbiology, Medical Microbiology
Abstract

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Published
2020

21. Phylodynamics Helps to Evaluate the Impact of an HIV Prevention Intervention

Author

Vasylyeva, Tetyana I, Zarebski, Alexander, Smyrnov, Pavlo, Williams, Leslie D, Korobchuk, Ania, Liulchuk, Mariia, Zadorozhna, Viktoriia, Nikolopoulos, Georgios, Paraskevis, Dimitrios, Schneider, John, Skaathun, Britt, Hatzakis, Angelos, Pybus, Oliver G, and Friedman, Samuel R

Subjects
Microbiology, Biological Sciences, HIV/AIDS, Prevention, Infectious Diseases, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, HIV Infections, HIV-1, Humans, Molecular Epidemiology, Phylogeny, Viral Load, pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV, phylodynamics, birth-death model, prevention, intervention
Abstract

Assessment of the long-term population-level effects of HIV interventions is an ongoing public health challenge. Following the implementation of a Transmission Reduction Intervention Project (TRIP) in Odessa, Ukraine, in 2013-2016, we obtained HIV pol gene sequences and used phylogenetics to identify HIV transmission clusters. We further applied the birth-death skyline model to the sequences from Odessa (n = 275) and Kyiv (n = 92) in order to estimate changes in the epidemic's effective reproductive number (Re) and rate of becoming uninfectious (δ). We identified 12 transmission clusters in Odessa; phylogenetic clustering was correlated with younger age and higher average viral load at the time of sampling. Estimated Re were similar in Odessa and Kyiv before the initiation of TRIP; Re started to decline in 2013 and is now below Re = 1 in Odessa (Re = 0.4, 95%HPD 0.06-0.75), but not in Kyiv (Re = 2.3, 95%HPD 0.2-5.4). Similarly, estimates of δ increased in Odessa after the initiation of TRIP. Given that both cities shared the same HIV prevention programs in 2013-2019, apart from TRIP, the observed changes in transmission parameters are likely attributable to the TRIP intervention. We propose that molecular epidemiology analysis can be used as a post-intervention effectiveness assessment tool.

Published
2020

22. Distinct rates and patterns of spread of the major HIV-1 subtypes in Central and East Africa.

Author

Faria, Nuno R, Vidal, Nicole, Lourenco, José, Raghwani, Jayna, Sigaloff, Kim CE, Tatem, Andy J, van de Vijver, David AM, Pineda-Peña, Andrea-Clemencia, Rose, Rebecca, Wallis, Carole L, Ahuka-Mundeke, Steve, Muyembe-Tamfum, Jean-Jacques, Muwonga, Jérémie, Suchard, Marc A, Rinke de Wit, Tobias F, Hamers, Raph L, Ndembi, Nicaise, Baele, Guy, Peeters, Martine, Pybus, Oliver G, Lemey, Philippe, and Dellicour, Simon

Subjects
Humans, HIV-1, HIV Infections, Africa, Central, Africa, Eastern, Africa, Central, Eastern, Virology, Microbiology, Immunology, Medical Microbiology
Abstract

Since the ignition of the HIV-1 group M pandemic in the beginning of the 20th century, group M lineages have spread heterogeneously throughout the world. Subtype C spread rapidly through sub-Saharan Africa and is currently the dominant HIV lineage worldwide. Yet the epidemiological and evolutionary circumstances that contributed to its epidemiological expansion remain poorly understood. Here, we analyse 346 novel pol sequences from the DRC to compare the evolutionary dynamics of the main HIV-1 lineages, subtypes A1, C and D. Our results place the origins of subtype C in the 1950s in Mbuji-Mayi, the mining city of southern DRC, while subtypes A1 and D emerged in the capital city of Kinshasa, and subtypes H and J in the less accessible port city of Matadi. Following a 15-year period of local transmission in southern DRC, we find that subtype C spread at least three-fold faster than other subtypes circulating in Central and East Africa. In conclusion, our results shed light on the origins of HIV-1 main lineages and suggest that socio-historical rather than evolutionary factors may have determined the epidemiological fate of subtype C in sub-Saharan Africa.

Published
2019

24. Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineages BA.4 and BA.5 in South Africa

Author

Tegally, Houriiyah, Moir, Monika, Everatt, Josie, Giovanetti, Marta, Scheepers, Cathrine, Wilkinson, Eduan, Subramoney, Kathleen, Makatini, Zinhle, Moyo, Sikhulile, Amoako, Daniel G., Baxter, Cheryl, Althaus, Christian L., Anyaneji, Ugochukwu J., Kekana, Dikeledi, Viana, Raquel, Giandhari, Jennifer, Lessells, Richard J., Maponga, Tongai, Maruapula, Dorcas, Choga, Wonderful, Matshaba, Mogomotsi, Mbulawa, Mpaphi B., Msomi, Nokukhanya, Naidoo, Yeshnee, Pillay, Sureshnee, Sanko, Tomasz Janusz, San, James E., Scott, Lesley, Singh, Lavanya, Magini, Nonkululeko A., Smith-Lawrence, Pamela, Stevens, Wendy, Dor, Graeme, Tshiabuila, Derek, Wolter, Nicole, Preiser, Wolfgang, Treurnicht, Florette K., Venter, Marietjie, Chiloane, Georginah, McIntyre, Caitlyn, O’Toole, Aine, Ruis, Christopher, Peacock, Thomas P., Roemer, Cornelius, Kosakovsky Pond, Sergei L., Williamson, Carolyn, Pybus, Oliver G., Bhiman, Jinal N., Glass, Allison, Martin, Darren P., Jackson, Ben, Rambaut, Andrew, Laguda-Akingba, Oluwakemi, Gaseitsiwe, Simani, von Gottberg, Anne, and de Oliveira, Tulio

Published
2022
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25. Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing of the 2014 Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Author

Li, Tony, Mbala-Kingebeni, Placide, Naccache, Samia N, Thézé, Julien, Bouquet, Jerome, Federman, Scot, Somasekar, Sneha, Yu, Guixia, Sanchez-San Martin, Claudia, Achari, Asmeeta, Schneider, Bradley S, Rimoin, Anne W, Rambaut, Andrew, Nsio, Justus, Mulembakani, Prime, Ahuka-Mundeke, Steve, Kapetshi, Jimmy, Pybus, Oliver G, Muyembe-Tamfum, Jean-Jacques, and Chiu, Charles Y

Subjects
Medical Microbiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, Prevention, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vector-Borne Diseases, Biodefense, Vaccine Related, Rare Diseases, Genetics, Aetiology, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Coinfection, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Disease Outbreaks, Ebolavirus, Female, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Humans, Infant, Male, Metagenomics, Middle Aged, Young Adult, Boende outbreak, Orungo virus, coinfection, Ebola virus, molecular clock analysis, next-generation sequencing, pathogen discovery, phylogenetic analysis, viral genome assembly, viral metagenomics, Biological Sciences, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Microbiology, Clinical sciences, Medical microbiology
Abstract

We applied metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) to detect Zaire Ebola virus (EBOV) and other potential pathogens from whole-blood samples from 70 patients with suspected Ebola hemorrhagic fever during a 2014 outbreak in Boende, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and correlated these findings with clinical symptoms. Twenty of 31 patients (64.5%) tested in Kinshasa, DRC, were EBOV positive by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR). Despite partial degradation of sample RNA during shipping and handling, mNGS followed by EBOV-specific capture probe enrichment in a U.S. genomics laboratory identified EBOV reads in 22 of 70 samples (31.4%) versus in 21 of 70 (30.0%) EBOV-positive samples by repeat qRT-PCR (overall concordance = 87.1%). Reads from Plasmodium falciparum (malaria) were detected in 21 patients, of which at least 9 (42.9%) were coinfected with EBOV. Other positive viral detections included hepatitis B virus (n = 2), human pegivirus 1 (n = 2), Epstein-Barr virus (n = 9), and Orungo virus (n = 1), a virus in the Reoviridae family. The patient with Orungo virus infection presented with an acute febrile illness and died rapidly from massive hemorrhage and dehydration. Although the patient's blood sample was negative by EBOV qRT-PCR testing, identification of viral reads by mNGS confirmed the presence of EBOV coinfection. In total, 9 new EBOV genomes (3 complete genomes, and an additional 6 ≥50% complete) were assembled. Relaxed molecular clock phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a molecular evolutionary rate for the Boende strain 4 to 10× slower than that of other Ebola lineages. These results demonstrate the utility of mNGS in broad-based pathogen detection and outbreak surveillance.

Published
2019

26. Publisher Correction: Past and future spread of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus

Author

Kraemer, Moritz UG, Reiner, Robert C, Brady, Oliver J, Messina, Jane P, Gilbert, Marius, Pigott, David M, Yi, Dingdong, Johnson, Kimberly, Earl, Lucas, Marczak, Laurie B, Shirude, Shreya, Weaver, Nicole Davis, Bisanzio, Donal, Perkins, T Alex, Lai, Shengjie, Lu, Xin, Jones, Peter, Coelho, Giovanini E, Carvalho, Roberta G, Van Bortel, Wim, Marsboom, Cedric, Hendrickx, Guy, Schaffner, Francis, Moore, Chester G, Nax, Heinrich H, Bengtsson, Linus, Wetter, Erik, Tatem, Andrew J, Brownstein, John S, Smith, David L, Lambrechts, Louis, Cauchemez, Simon, Linard, Catherine, Faria, Nuno R, Pybus, Oliver G, Scott, Thomas W, Liu, Qiyong, Yu, Hongjie, Wint, GR William, Hay, Simon I, and Golding, Nick

Subjects
Microbiology, Biological Sciences, Prevention, Good Health and Well Being, Medical Microbiology
Abstract

In the version of this Article originally published, the affiliation for author Catherine Linard was incorrectly stated as '6Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK'. The correct affiliation is '9Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium'. The affiliation for author Hongjie Yu was also incorrectly stated as '11Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA'. The correct affiliation is '15School of Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China'. This has now been amended in all versions of the Article.

Published
2019

27. Past and future spread of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus

Author

Kraemer, Moritz UG, Reiner, Robert C, Brady, Oliver J, Messina, Jane P, Gilbert, Marius, Pigott, David M, Yi, Dingdong, Johnson, Kimberly, Earl, Lucas, Marczak, Laurie B, Shirude, Shreya, Davis Weaver, Nicole, Bisanzio, Donal, Perkins, T Alex, Lai, Shengjie, Lu, Xin, Jones, Peter, Coelho, Giovanini E, Carvalho, Roberta G, Van Bortel, Wim, Marsboom, Cedric, Hendrickx, Guy, Schaffner, Francis, Moore, Chester G, Nax, Heinrich H, Bengtsson, Linus, Wetter, Erik, Tatem, Andrew J, Brownstein, John S, Smith, David L, Lambrechts, Louis, Cauchemez, Simon, Linard, Catherine, Faria, Nuno R, Pybus, Oliver G, Scott, Thomas W, Liu, Qiyong, Yu, Hongjie, Wint, GR William, Hay, Simon I, and Golding, Nick

Subjects
Microbiology, Biological Sciences, Rare Diseases, Vaccine Related, Prevention, Infectious Diseases, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Biodefense, Vector-Borne Diseases, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Aedes, Animals, Arbovirus Infections, Arboviruses, Female, Humans, Mosquito Vectors, Medical Microbiology
Abstract

The global population at risk from mosquito-borne diseases-including dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya and Zika-is expanding in concert with changes in the distribution of two key vectors: Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The distribution of these species is largely driven by both human movement and the presence of suitable climate. Using statistical mapping techniques, we show that human movement patterns explain the spread of both species in Europe and the United States following their introduction. We find that the spread of Ae. aegypti is characterized by long distance importations, while Ae. albopictus has expanded more along the fringes of its distribution. We describe these processes and predict the future distributions of both species in response to accelerating urbanization, connectivity and climate change. Global surveillance and control efforts that aim to mitigate the spread of chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever and Zika viruses must consider the so far unabated spread of these mosquitos. Our maps and predictions offer an opportunity to strategically target surveillance and control programmes and thereby augment efforts to reduce arbovirus burden in human populations globally.

Published
2019

29. Genomic Epidemiology of Early SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Dynamics, Gujarat, India

Author

Raghwani, Jayna, Plessis, Louis du, McCrone, John T., Hill, Sarah C., Parag, Kris V., Theze, Julien, Kumar, Dinesh, Puvar, Apurva, Pandit, Ramesh, Pybus, Oliver G., Fournie, Guillaume, Joshi, Madhvi, and Joshi, Chaitanya

Subjects
Gujarat, India (State) -- Health aspects, Epidemics -- Distribution -- Risk factors -- India, Disease transmission -- Distribution -- Risk factors, Company distribution practices, Health
Abstract

Global genomic surveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has provided key insights into virus dissemination and evolution at local, national, and international scales. Detailed analysis of the [...]

Published
2022
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30. Rapid epidemic expansion of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in southern Africa

Author

Viana, Raquel, Moyo, Sikhulile, Amoako, Daniel G., Tegally, Houriiyah, Scheepers, Cathrine, Althaus, Christian L., Anyaneji, Ugochukwu J., Bester, Phillip A., Boni, Maciej F., Chand, Mohammed, Choga, Wonderful T., Colquhoun, Rachel, Davids, Michaela, Deforche, Koen, Doolabh, Deelan, du Plessis, Louis, Engelbrecht, Susan, Everatt, Josie, Giandhari, Jennifer, Giovanetti, Marta, Hardie, Diana, Hill, Verity, Hsiao, Nei-Yuan, Iranzadeh, Arash, Ismail, Arshad, Joseph, Charity, Joseph, Rageema, Koopile, Legodile, Kosakovsky Pond, Sergei L., Kraemer, Moritz U. G., Kuate-Lere, Lesego, Laguda-Akingba, Oluwakemi, Lesetedi-Mafoko, Onalethatha, Lessells, Richard J., Lockman, Shahin, Lucaci, Alexander G., Maharaj, Arisha, Mahlangu, Boitshoko, Maponga, Tongai, Mahlakwane, Kamela, Makatini, Zinhle, Marais, Gert, Maruapula, Dorcas, Masupu, Kereng, Matshaba, Mogomotsi, Mayaphi, Simnikiwe, Mbhele, Nokuzola, Mbulawa, Mpaphi B., Mendes, Adriano, Mlisana, Koleka, Mnguni, Anele, Mohale, Thabo, Moir, Monika, Moruisi, Kgomotso, Mosepele, Mosepele, Motsatsi, Gerald, Motswaledi, Modisa S., Mphoyakgosi, Thongbotho, Msomi, Nokukhanya, Mwangi, Peter N., Naidoo, Yeshnee, Ntuli, Noxolo, Nyaga, Martin, Olubayo, Lucier, Pillay, Sureshnee, Radibe, Botshelo, Ramphal, Yajna, Ramphal, Upasana, San, James E., Scott, Lesley, Shapiro, Roger, Singh, Lavanya, Smith-Lawrence, Pamela, Stevens, Wendy, Strydom, Amy, Subramoney, Kathleen, Tebeila, Naume, Tshiabuila, Derek, Tsui, Joseph, van Wyk, Stephanie, Weaver, Steven, Wibmer, Constantinos K., Wilkinson, Eduan, Wolter, Nicole, Zarebski, Alexander E., Zuze, Boitumelo, Goedhals, Dominique, Preiser, Wolfgang, Treurnicht, Florette, Venter, Marietje, Williamson, Carolyn, Pybus, Oliver G., Bhiman, Jinal, Glass, Allison, Martin, Darren P., Rambaut, Andrew, Gaseitsiwe, Simani, von Gottberg, Anne, and de Oliveira, Tulio

Published
2022
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31. Genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in a UK university identifies dynamics of transmission

Author

Aggarwal, Dinesh, Warne, Ben, Jahun, Aminu S., Hamilton, William L., Fieldman, Thomas, du Plessis, Louis, Hill, Verity, Blane, Beth, Watkins, Emmeline, Wright, Elizabeth, Hall, Grant, Ludden, Catherine, Myers, Richard, Hosmillo, Myra, Chaudhry, Yasmin, Pinckert, Malte L., Georgana, Iliana, Izuagbe, Rhys, Leek, Danielle, Nsonwu, Olisaeloka, Hughes, Gareth J., Packer, Simon, Page, Andrew J., Metaxaki, Marina, Fuller, Stewart, Weale, Gillian, Holgate, Jon, Brown, Christopher A., Howes, Rob, McFarlane, Duncan, Dougan, Gordon, Pybus, Oliver G., Angelis, Daniela De, Maxwell, Patrick H., Peacock, Sharon J., Weekes, Michael P., Illingworth, Chris, Harrison, Ewan M., Matheson, Nicholas J., and Goodfellow, Ian G.

Published
2022
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35. Viral infection and transmission in a large, well-traced outbreak caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant

Author

Li, Baisheng, Deng, Aiping, Li, Kuibiao, Hu, Yao, Li, Zhencui, Shi, Yaling, Xiong, Qianling, Liu, Zhe, Guo, Qianfang, Zou, Lirong, Zhang, Huan, Zhang, Meng, Ouyang, Fangzhu, Su, Juan, Su, Wenzhe, Xu, Jing, Lin, Huifang, Sun, Jing, Peng, Jinju, Jiang, Huiming, Zhou, Pingping, Hu, Ting, Luo, Min, Zhang, Yingtao, Zheng, Huanying, Xiao, Jianpeng, Liu, Tao, Tan, Mingkai, Che, Rongfei, Zeng, Hanri, Zheng, Zhonghua, Huang, Yushi, Yu, Jianxiang, Yi, Lina, Wu, Jie, Chen, Jingdiao, Zhong, Haojie, Deng, Xiaoling, Kang, Min, Pybus, Oliver G., Hall, Matthew, Lythgoe, Katrina A., Li, Yan, Yuan, Jun, He, Jianfeng, and Lu, Jing

Published
2022
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37. Phylodynamic assessment of intervention strategies for the West African Ebola virus outbreak.

Author

Dellicour, Simon, Baele, Guy, Dudas, Gytis, Faria, Nuno R, Pybus, Oliver G, Suchard, Marc A, Rambaut, Andrew, and Lemey, Philippe

Subjects
Humans, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola, Disease Outbreaks, Phylogeny, Genome, Viral, Geography, Time Factors, Africa, Western, Ebolavirus, Africa, Western, Genome, Viral, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola
Abstract

Genetic analyses have provided important insights into Ebola virus spread during the recent West African outbreak, but their implications for specific intervention scenarios remain unclear. Here, we address this issue using a collection of phylodynamic approaches. We show that long-distance dispersal events were not crucial for epidemic expansion and that preventing viral lineage movement to any given administrative area would, in most cases, have had little impact. However, major urban areas were critical in attracting and disseminating the virus: preventing viral lineage movement to all three capitals simultaneously would have contained epidemic size to one-third. We also show that announcements of border closures were followed by a significant but transient effect on international virus dispersal. By quantifying the hypothetical impact of different intervention strategies, as well as the impact of barriers on dispersal frequency, our study illustrates how phylodynamic analyses can help to address specific epidemiological and outbreak control questions.

Published
2018

40. The impact of viral mutations on recognition by SARS-CoV-2 specific T cells

Author

Aanensen, David M., Abudahab, Khalil, Adams, Helen, Adams, Alexander, Afifi, Safiah, Aggarwal, Dinesh, Ahmad, Shazaad S.Y., Aigrain, Louise, Alcolea-Medina, Adela, Alikhan, Nabil-Fareed, Allara, Elias, Amato, Roberto, Annett, Tara, Aplin, Stephen, Ariani, Cristina V., Asad, Hibo, Ash, Amy, Ashfield, Paula, Ashford, Fiona, Atkinson, Laura, Attwood, Stephen W., Auckland, Cressida, Aydin, Alp, Baker, David J., Baker, Paul, Balcazar, Carlos E., Ball, Jonathan, Barrett, Jeffrey C., Barrow, Magdalena, Barton, Edward, Bashton, Matthew, Bassett, Andrew R., Batra, Rahul, Baxter, Chris, Bayzid, Nadua, Beaver, Charlotte, Beckett, Angela H., Beckwith, Shaun M., Bedford, Luke, Beer, Robert, Beggs, Andrew, Bellis, Katherine L., Berry, Louise, Bertolusso, Beatrice, Best, Angus, Betteridge, Emma, Bibby, David, Bicknell, Kelly, Binns, Debbie, Birchley, Alec, Bird, Paul W., Bishop, Chloe, Blacow, Rachel, Blakey, Victoria, Blane, Beth, Bolt, Frances, Bonfield, James, Bonner, Stephen, Bonsall, David, Boswell, Tim, Bosworth, Andrew, Bourgeois, Yann, Boyd, Olivia, Bradley, Declan T., Breen, Cassie, Bresner, Catherine, Breuer, Judith, Bridgett, Stephen, Bronner, Iraad F., Brooks, Ellena, Broos, Alice, Brown, Julianne R., Bucca, Giselda, Buchan, Sarah L., Buck, David, Bull, Matthew, Burns, Phillipa J., Burton-Fanning, Shirelle, Byaruhanga, Timothy, Byott, Matthew, Campbell, Sharon, Carabelli, Alessandro M., Cargill, James S., Carlile, Matthew, Carvalho, Silvia F., Casey, Anna, Castigador, Anibolina, Catalan, Jana, Chalker, Vicki, Chaloner, Nicola J., Chand, Meera, Chappell, Joseph G., Charalampous, Themoula, Chatterton, Wendy, Chaudhry, Yasmin, Churcher, Carol M., Clark, Gemma, Clarke, Phillip, Cogger, Benjamin J., Cole, Kevin, Collins, Jennifer, Colquhoun, Rachel, Connor, Thomas R., Cook, Kate F., Coombes, Jason, Corden, Sally, Cormie, Claire, Cortes, Nicholas, Cotic, Marius, Cotton, Seb, Cottrell, Simon, Coupland, Lindsay, Cox, MacGregor, Cox, Alison, Craine, Noel, Crawford, Liam, Cross, Aidan, Crown, Matthew R., Crudgington, Dorian, Cumley, Nicola, Curran, Tanya, Curran, Martin D., da Silva Filipe, Ana, Dabrera, Gavin, Darby, Alistair C., Davidson, Rose K., Davies, Alisha, Davies, Robert M., Davis, Thomas, de Angelis, Daniela, De Lacy, Elen, de Oliveira Martins, Leonardo, Debebe, Johnny, Denton-Smith, Rebecca, Dervisevic, Samir, Dewar, Rebecca, Dey, Jayasree, Dias, Joana, Dobie, Donald, Dorman, Matthew J., Downing, Fatima, Driscoll, Megan, du Plessis, Louis, Duckworth, Nichola, Durham, Jillian, Eastick, Kirstine, Easton, Lisa J., Eccles, Richard, Edgeworth, Jonathan, Edwards, Sue, El Bouzidi, Kate, Eldirdiri, Sahar, Ellaby, Nicholas, Elliott, Scott, Eltringham, Gary, Ensell, Leah, Erkiert, Michelle J., Zamudio, Marina Escalera, Essex, Sarah, Evans, Johnathan M., Evans, Cariad, Everson, William, Fairley, Derek J., Fallon, Karlie, Fanaie, Arezou, Farr, Ben W., Fearn, Christopher, Feltwell, Theresa, Ferguson, Lynne, Fina, Laia, Flaviani, Flavia, Fleming, Vicki M., Forrest, Sally, Foster-Nyarko, Ebenezer, Foulkes, Benjamin H., Foulser, Luke, Fragakis, Mireille, Frampton, Dan, Francois, Sarah, Fraser, Christophe, Freeman, Timothy M., Fryer, Helen, Fuchs, Marc, Fuller, William, Gajee, Kavitha, Galai, Katerina, Gallagher, Abbie, Gallagher, Eileen, Gallagher, Michael D., Gallis, Marta, Gaskin, Amy, Gatica-Wilcox, Bree, Geidelberg, Lily, Gemmell, Matthew, Georgana, Iliana, George, Ryan P., Gifford, Laura, Gilbert, Lauren, Girgis, Sophia T., Glaysher, Sharon, Goldstein, Emily J., Golubchik, Tanya, Gomes, Andrea N., Gonçalves, Sónia, Goodfellow, Ian G., Goodwin, Scott, Goudarzi, Salman, Gourtovaia, Marina, Graham, Clive, Graham, Lee, Grant, Paul R., Green, Luke R., Green, Angie, Greenaway, Jane, Gregory, Richard, Guest, Martyn, Gunson, Rory N., Gupta, Ravi K., Gutierrez, Bernardo, Haldenby, Sam T., Hamilton, William L., Hansford, Samantha E., Haque, Tanzina, Harris, Kathryn A., Harrison, Ian, Harrison, Ewan M., Hart, Jennifer, Hartley, John A., Harvey, William T., Harvey, Matthew, Hassan-Ibrahim, Mohammed O., Heaney, Judith, Helmer, Thomas, Henderson, John H., Hesketh, Andrew R., Hey, Jessica, Heyburn, David, Higginson, Ellen E., Hill, Verity, Hill, Jack D., Hilson, Rachel A., Hilvers, Ember, Holden, Matthew T.G., Hollis, Amy, Holmes, Christopher W., Holmes, Nadine, Holmes, Alison H., Hopes, Richard, Hornsby, Hailey R., Hosmillo, Myra, Houlihan, Catherine, Howson-Wells, Hannah C., Hubb, Jonathan, Huckson, Hannah, Hughes, Warwick, Hughes, Joseph, Hughes, Margaret, Hutchings, Stephanie, Idle, Giles, Illingworth, Chris J., Impey, Robert, Irish-Tavares, Dianne, Iturriza-Gomara, Miren, Izuagbe, Rhys, Jackson, Chris, Jackson, Ben, Jackson, Leigh M., Jackson, Kathryn A., Jackson, David K., Jahun, Aminu S., James, Victoria, James, Keith, Jeanes, Christopher, Jeffries, Aaron R., Jeremiah, Sarah, Jermy, Andrew, John, Michaela, Johnson, Rob, Johnson, Kate, Johnston, Ian, Jones, Owen, Jones, Sophie, Jones, Hannah, Jones, Christopher R., Jones, Neil, Joseph, Amelia, Judges, Sarah, Kay, Gemma L., Kay, Sally, Keatley, Jon-Paul, Keeley, Alexander J., Kenyon, Anita, Kermack, Leanne M., Khakh, Manjinder, Kidd, Stephen P., Kimuli, Maimuna, Kirk, Stuart, Kitchen, Christine, Kitchman, Katie, Knight, Bridget A., Koshy, Cherian, Kraemer, Moritz U.G., Kumziene-Summerhayes, Sara, Kwiatkowski, Dominic, Lackenby, Angie, Laing, Kenneth G., Lampejo, Temi, Langford, Cordelia F., Lavin, Deborah, Lawton, Andrew I., Lee, Jack, Lee, David, Lensing, Stefanie V., Leonard, Steven, Levett, Lisa J., Le-Viet, Thanh, Lewis, Jonathan, Lewis, Kevin, Liddle, Jennifier, Liggett, Steven, Lillie, Patrick J., Lister, Michelle M., Livett, Rich, Lo, Stephanie, Loman, Nicholas J., Loose, Matthew W., Louka, Stavroula F., Loveson, Katie F., Lowdon, Sarah, Lowe, Hannah, Lowe, Helen L., Lucaci, Anita O., Ludden, Catherine, Lynch, Jessica, Lyons, Ronan A., Lythgoe, Katrina, Machin, Nicholas W., MacIntyre-Cockett, George, Mack, Andrew, Macklin, Ben, Maclean, Alasdair, Macnaughton, Emily, Madona, Pinglawathee, Maes, Mailis, Maftei, Laurentiu, Mahanama, Adhyana I.K., Mahungu, Tabitha W., Mair, Daniel, Maksimovic, Joshua, Malone, Cassandra S., Maloney, Daniel, Manesis, Nikos, Manley, Robin, Mantzouratou, Anna, Marchbank, Angela, Mariappan, Arun, Martincorena, Inigo, Martinez Nunez, Rocio T., Mather, Alison E., Maxwell, Patrick, Mayhew, Megan, Mbisa, Tamyo, McCann, Clare M., McCarthy, Shane A., McCluggage, Kathryn, McClure, Patrick C., McCrone, J.T., McHugh, Martin P., McKenna, James P., McKerr, Caoimhe, McManus, Georgina M., McMurray, Claire L., McMurray, Claire, McNally, Alan, Meadows, Lizzie, Medd, Nathan, Megram, Oliver, Menegazzo, Mirko, Merrick, Ian, Michell, Stephen L., Michelsen, Michelle L., Mirfenderesky, Mariyam, Mirza, Jeremy, Miskelly, Julia, Moles-Garcia, Emma, Moll, Robin J., Molnar, Zoltan, Monahan, Irene M., Mondani, Matteo, Mookerjee, Siddharth, Moore, Christopher, Moore, Jonathan, Moore, Nathan, Moore, Catherine, Morcrette, Helen, Morgan, Sian, Morgan, Mari, Mori, Matilde, Morriss, Arthur, Moses, Samuel, Mower, Craig, Muir, Peter, Mukaddas, Afrida, Munemo, Florence, Munn, Robert, Murray, Abigail, Murray, Leanne J., Murray, Darren R., Mutingwende, Manasa, Myers, Richard, Nastouli, Eleni, Nebbia, Gaia, Nelson, Andrew, Nelson, Charlotte, Nicholls, Sam, Nichols, Jenna, Nicodemi, Roberto, Nomikou, Kyriaki, O’Grady, Justin, O'Brien, Sarah, Odedra, Mina, Ohemeng-Kumi, Natasha, Oliver, Karen, Orton, Richard J., Osman, Husam, xeine O'Toole, Pacchiarini, Nicole, Padgett, Debra, Page, Andrew J., Park, Emily J., Park, Naomi R., Parmar, Surendra, Partridge, David G., Pascall, David, Patel, Amita, Patel, Bindi, Paterson, Steve, Payne, Brendan A.I., Peacock, Sharon J., Pearson, Clare, Pelosi, Emanuela, Percival, Benita, Perkins, Jon, Perry, Malorie, Pinckert, Malte L., Platt, Steven, Podplomyk, Olga, Pohare, Manoj, Pond, Marcus, Pope, Cassie F., Poplawski, Radoslaw, Powell, Jessica, Poyner, Jennifer, Prestwood, Liam, Price, Anna, Price, James R., Prieto, Jacqui A., Pritchard, David T., Prosolek, Sophie J., Pugh, Georgia, Pusok, Monika, Pybus, Oliver G., Pymont, Hannah M., Quail, Michael A., Quick, Joshua, Radulescu, Clara, Raghwani, Jayna, Ragonnet-Cronin, Manon, Rainbow, Lucille, Rajan, Diana, Rajatileka, Shavanthi, Ramadan, Newara A., Rambaut, Andrew, Ramble, John, Randell, Paul A., Randell, Paul, Ratcliffe, Liz, Raviprakash, Veena, Raza, Mohammad, Redshaw, Nicholas M., Rey, Sara, Reynolds, Nicola, Richter, Alex, Robertson, David L., Robinson, Esther, Robson, Samuel C., Rogan, Fiona, Rooke, Stefan, Rowe, Will, Roy, Sunando, Rudder, Steven, Ruis, Chris, Rushton, Steven, Ryan, Felicity, Saeed, Kordo, Samaraweera, Buddhini, Sambles, Christine M., Sanderson, Roy, Sanderson, Theo, Sang, Fei, Sass, Thea, Scher, Emily, Scott, Garren, Scott, Carol, Sehmi, Jasveen, Shaaban, Sharif, Shah, Divya, Shaw, Jessica, Shelest, Ekaterina, Shepherd, James G., Sheridan, Liz A., Sheriff, Nicola, Shirley, Lesley, Sillitoe, John, Silviera, Siona, Simpson, David A., Singh, Aditi, Singleton, Dawn, Skvortsov, Timofey, Sloan, Tim J., Sluga, Graciela, Smith, Ken, Smith, Kim S., Smith, Perminder, Smith, Darren L., Smith, Louise, Smith, Colin P., Smith, Nikki, Smollett, Katherine L., Snell, Luke B., Somassa, Thomas, Southgate, Joel, Spellman, Karla, Spencer Chapman, Michael H., Spurgin, Lewis G., Spyer, Moira J., Stanley, Rachael, Stanley, William, Stanton, Thomas D., Starinskij, Igor, Stockton, Joanne, Stonehouse, Susanne, Storey, Nathaniel, Studholme, David J., Sudhanva, Malur, Swindells, Emma, Taha, Yusri, Tan, Ngee Keong, Tang, Julian W., Tang, Miao, Taylor, Ben E.W., Taylor, Joshua F., Taylor, Sarah, Temperton, Ben, Templeton, Kate E., Thomas, Claire, Thomson, Laura, Thomson, Emma C., Thornton, Alicia, Thurston, Scott A.J., Todd, John A., Tomb, Rachael, Tong, Lily, Tonkin-Hill, Gerry, Torok, M. Estee, Tovar-Corona, Jaime M., Trebes, Amy, Trotter, Alexander J., Tsatsani, Ioulia, Turnbull, Robyn, Twohig, Katherine A., Umpleby, Helen, Underwood, Anthony P., Vamos, Edith E., Vasylyeva, Tetyana I., Vattipally, Sreenu, Vernet, Gabrielle, Vipond, Barry B., Volz, Erik M., Walsh, Sarah, Wang, Dennis, Warne, Ben, Warwick-Dugdale, Joanna, Wastnedge, Elizabeth, Watkins, Joanne, Watson, Louisa K., Waugh, Sheila, Webster, Hermione J., Weldon, Danni, Westwick, Elaine, Whalley, Thomas, Wheeler, Helen, Whitehead, Mark, Whiteley, Max, Whitwham, Andrew, Wierzbicki, Claudia, Willford, Nicholas J., Williams, Lesley-Anne, Williams, Rebecca, Williams, Cheryl, Williams, Chris, Williams, Charlotte A., Williams, Rachel J., Williams, Thomas, Williams, Catryn, Williamson, Kathleen A., Wilson-Davies, Eleri, Witele, Eric, Withell, Karen T., Witney, Adam A., Wolverson, Paige, Wong, Nick, Workman, Trudy, Wright, Victoria, Wright, Derek W., Wyatt, Tim, Wyllie, Sarah, Xu-McCrae, Li, Yavus, Mehmet, Yaze, Geraldine, Yeats, Corin A., Yebra, Gonzalo, Yew, Wen C., Young, Gregory R., Young, Jamie, Zarebski, Alex E., Zhang, Peijun, Baillie, J. Kenneth, Semple, Malcolm G., Openshaw, Peter J.M., Carson, Gail, Alex, Beatrice, Andrikopoulos, Petros, Bach, Benjamin, Barclay, Wendy S., Bogaert, Debby, Chechi, Kanta, Cooke, Graham S., Docherty, Annemarie B., Correia, Gonçalo dos Santos, Dumas, Marc-Emmanuel, Dunning, Jake, Fletcher, Tom, Green, Christopher A., Greenhalf, William, Griffin, Julian L., Gupta, Rishi K., Harrison, Ewen M., Hiscox, Julian A., Wai Ho, Antonia Ying, Horby, Peter W., Ijaz, Samreen, Khoo, Saye, Klenerman, Paul, Law, Andrew, Lewis, Matthew R., Liggi, Sonia, Lim, Wei Shen, Maslen, Lynn, Mentzer, Alexander J., Merson, Laura, Meynert, Alison M., Noursadeghi, Mahdad, Olanipekun, Michael, Osagie, Anthonia, Palmarini, Massimo, Palmieri, Carlo, Paxton, William A., Pollakis, Georgios, Price, Nicholas, Russell, Clark D., Sancho-Shimizu, Vanessa, Sands, Caroline J., Scott, Janet T., Sigfrid, Louise, Solomon, Tom, Sriskandan, Shiranee, Stuart, David, Summers, Charlotte, Swann, Olivia V., Takats, Zoltan, Takis, Panteleimon, Tedder, Richard S., Thompson, A.A. Roger, Thwaites, Ryan S., Zambon, Maria, Hardwick, Hayley, Donohue, Chloe, Griffiths, Fiona, Oosthuyzen, Wilna, Donegan, Cara, Spencer, Rebecca G., Dalton, Jo, Girvan, Michelle, Saviciute, Egle, Roberts, Stephanie, Harrison, Janet, Marsh, Laura, Connor, Marie, Halpin, Sophie, Jackson, Clare, Gamble, Carrol, Plotkin, Daniel, Lee, James, Leeming, Gary, Wham, Murray, Clohisey, Sara, Hendry, Ross, Scott-Brown, James, Shaw, Victoria, McDonald, Sarah E., Keating, Seán, Ahmed, Katie A., Armstrong, Jane A., Ashworth, Milton, Asiimwe, Innocent G., Bakshi, Siddharth, Barlow, Samantha L., Booth, Laura, Brennan, Benjamin, Bullock, Katie, Catterall, Benjamin W.A., Clark, Jordan J., Clarke, Emily A., Cole, Sarah, Cooper, Louise, Cox, Helen, Davis, Christopher, Dincarslan, Oslem, Dunn, Chris, Dyer, Philip, Elliott, Angela, Evans, Anthony, Finch, Lorna, Fisher, Lewis W.S., Foster, Terry, Garcia-Dorival, Isabel, Gunning, Philip, Hartley, Catherine, Jensen, Rebecca L., Jones, Christopher B., Jones, Trevor R., Khandaker, Shadia, King, Katharine, Kiy, Robyn T., Koukorava, Chrysa, Lake, Annette, Lant, Suzannah, Latawiec, Diane, Lavelle-Langham, Lara, Lefteri, Daniella, Lett, Lauren, Livoti, Lucia A., Mancini, Maria, McDonald, Sarah, McEvoy, Laurence, McLauchlan, John, Metelmann, Soeren, Miah, Nahida S., Middleton, Joanna, Mitchell, Joyce, Moore, Shona C., Murphy, Ellen G., Penrice-Randal, Rebekah, Pilgrim, Jack, Prince, Tessa, Reynolds, Will, Ridley, P. Matthew, Sales, Debby, Shaw, Victoria E., Shears, Rebecca K., Small, Benjamin, Subramaniam, Krishanthi S., Szemiel, Agnieska, Taggart, Aislynn, Tanianis-Hughes, Jolanta, Thomas, Jordan, Trochu, Erwan, van Tonder, Libby, Wilcock, Eve, Zhang, J. Eunice, Flaherty, Lisa, Maziere, Nicole, Cass, Emily, Carracedo, Alejandra Doce, Carlucci, Nicola, Holmes, Anthony, Massey, Hannah, Murphy, Lee, Wrobel, Nicola, McCafferty, Sarah, Morrice, Kirstie, MacLean, Alan, Adeniji, Kayode, Agranoff, Daniel, Agwuh, Ken, Ail, Dhiraj, Aldera, Erin L., Alegria, Ana, Allen, Sam, Angus, Brian, Ashish, Abdul, Atkinson, Dougal, Bari, Shahedal, Barlow, Gavin, Barnass, Stella, Barrett, Nicholas, Bassford, Christopher, Basude, Sneha, Baxter, David, Beadsworth, Michael, Bernatoniene, Jolanta, Berridge, John, Berry, Colin, Best, Nicola, Bothma, Pieter, Chadwick, David, Brittain-Long, Robin, Bulteel, Naomi, Burden, Tom, Burtenshaw, Andrew, Caruth, Vikki, Chambler, Duncan, Chee, Nigel, Child, Jenny, Chukkambotla, Srikanth, Clark, Tom, Collini, Paul, Cosgrove, Catherine, Cupitt, Jason, Cutino-Moguel, Maria-Teresa, Dark, Paul, Dawson, Chris, Donnison, Phil, Douthwaite, Sam, Drummond, Andrew, DuRand, Ingrid, Dushianthan, Ahilanadan, Dyer, Tristan, Eziefula, Chi, Fegan, Chrisopher, Finn, Adam, Fullerton, Duncan, Garg, Sanjeev, Garg, Atul, Gkrania-Klotsas, Effrossyni, Godden, Jo, Goldsmith, Arthur, Hardy, Elaine, Hartshorn, Stuart, Harvey, Daniel, Havalda, Peter, Hawcutt, Daniel B., Hobrok, Maria, Hodgson, Luke, Hormis, Anil, Jacobs, Michael, Jain, Susan, Jennings, Paul, Kaliappan, Agilan, Kasipandian, Vidya, Kegg, Stephen, Kelsey, Michael, Kendall, Jason, Kerrison, Caroline, Kerslake, Ian, Koch, Oliver, Koduri, Gouri, Koshy, George, Laha, Shondipon, Laird, Steven, Larkin, Susan, Leiner, Tamas, Lillie, Patrick, Limb, James, Linnett, Vanessa, Little, Jeff, Lyttle, Mark, MacMahon, Michael, MacNaughton, Emily, Mankregod, Ravish, Masson, Huw, Matovu, Elijah, McCullough, Katherine, McEwen, Ruth, Meda, Manjula, Mills, Gary, Minton, Jane, Mohandas, Kavya, Mok, Quen, Moon, James, Moore, Elinoor, Morgan, Patrick, Morris, Craig, Mortimore, Katherine, Mpenge, Mbiye, Mulla, Rohinton, Murphy, Michael, Nagel, Megan, Nagarajan, Thapas, Nelson, Mark, Norris, Lillian, O'Shea, Matthew K., Otahal, Igor, Ostermann, Marlies, Pais, Mark, Panchatsharam, Selva, Papakonstantinou, Danai, Paraiso, Hassan, Patel, Brij, Pattison, Natalie, Pepperell, Justin, Peters, Mark, Phull, Mandeep, Pintus, Stefania, Pooni, Jagtur Singh, Planche, Tim, Post, Frank, Price, David, Prout, Rachel, Rae, Nikolas, Reschreiter, Henrik, Reynolds, Tim, Richardson, Neil, Roberts, Mark, Roberts, Devender, Rose, Alistair, Rousseau, Guy, Ruge, Bobby, Ryan, Brendan, Saluja, Taranprit, Schmid, Matthias L., Shah, Aarti, Shanmuga, Prad, Sharma, Anil, Shawcross, Anna, Sizer, Jeremy, Shankar-Hari, Manu, Smith, Richard, Snelson, Catherine, Spittle, Nick, Staines, Nikki, Stambach, Tom, Stewart, Richard, Subudhi, Pradeep, Szakmany, Tamas, Tatham, Kate, Thomas, Jo, Thompson, Chris, Thompson, Robert, Tridente, Ascanio, Tupper-Carey, Darell, Twagira, Mary, Vallotton, Nick, Vancheeswaran, Rama, Vincent-Smith, Lisa, Visuvanathan, Shico, Vuylsteke, Alan, Waddy, Sam, Wake, Rachel, Walden, Andrew, Welters, Ingeborg, Whitehouse, Tony, Whittaker, Paul, Whittington, Ashley, Papineni, Padmasayee, Wijesinghe, Meme, Williams, Martin, Wilson, Lawrence, Winchester, Stephen, Wiselka, Martin, Wolverson, Adam, Wootton, Daniel G., Workman, Andrew, Yates, Bryan, Young, Peter, de Silva, Thushan I., Liu, Guihai, Lindsey, Benjamin B., Dong, Danning, Hsu, Nienyun Sharon, Shah, Dhruv, Wellington, Dannielle, Angyal, Adrienn, Brown, Rebecca, Parker, Matthew D., Ying, Zixi, Yao, Xuan, Turtle, Lance, Dunachie, Susanna, Maini, Mala K., Ogg, Graham, Knight, Julian C., Peng, Yanchun, Rowland-Jones, Sarah L., and Dong, Tao

Published
2021
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41. Synchrony of Bird Migration with Global Dispersal of Avian Influenza Reveals Exposed Bird Orders

Author

Yang, Qiqi, primary, Wang, Ben, additional, Lemey, Phillipe, additional, Dong, Lu, additional, Mu, Tong, additional, Wiebe, R. Alex, additional, Guo, Fengyi, additional, Trovão, Nídia Sequeira, additional, Park, Sang Woo, additional, Lewis, Nicola, additional, Tsui, Joseph L.-H., additional, Bajaj, Sumali, additional, Cheng, Yachang, additional, Yang, Luojun, additional, Haba, Yuki, additional, Li, Bingying, additional, Zhang, Guogang, additional, Pybus, Oliver G., additional, Tian, Huaiyu, additional, and Grenfell, Bryan, additional

Published
2024
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42. Neutralisation of SARS-CoV-2 lineage P.1 by antibodies elicited through natural SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination with an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: an immunological study

Author

Souza, William M, Amorim, Mariene R, Sesti-Costa, Renata, Coimbra, Lais D, Brunetti, Natalia S, Toledo-Teixeira, Daniel A, de Souza, Gabriela F, Muraro, Stefanie P, Parise, Pierina L, Barbosa, Priscilla P, Bispo-dos-Santos, Karina, Mofatto, Luciana S, Simeoni, Camila L, Claro, Ingra M, Duarte, Adriana S S, Coletti, Thais M, Zangirolami, Audrey B, Costa-Lima, Carolina, Gomes, Arilson B S P, Buscaratti, Lucas I, Sales, Flavia C, Costa, Vitor A, Franco, Lucas A M, Candido, Darlan S, Pybus, Oliver G, de Jesus, Jaqueline G, Silva, Camila A M, Ramundo, Mariana S, Ferreira, Giulia M, Pinho, Mariana C, Souza, Leandro M, Rocha, Esmenia C, Andrade, Pamela S, Crispim, Myuki A E, Maktura, Grazielle C, Manuli, Erika R, Santos, Magnun N N, Camilo, Cecilia C, Angerami, Rodrigo N, Moretti, Maria L, Spilki, Fernando R, Arns, Clarice W, Addas-Carvalho, Marcelo, Benites, Bruno D, Vinolo, Marco A R, Mori, Marcelo A S, Gaburo, Nelson, Dye, Christopher, Marques-Souza, Henrique, Marques, Rafael E, Farias, Alessandro S, Diamond, Michael S, Faria, Nuno R, Sabino, Ester C, Granja, Fabiana, and Proença-Módena, Jose Luiz

Published
2021
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45. Changes in symptomatology, reinfection, and transmissibility associated with the SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7: an ecological study

Author

Koshy, Cherian, Ash, Amy, Wise, Emma, Moore, Nathan, Mori, Matilde, Cortes, Nick, Lynch, Jessica, Kidd, Stephen, Fairley, Derek J, Curran, Tanya, McKenna, James P, Adams, Helen, Fraser, Christophe, Golubchik, Tanya, Bonsall, David, Hassan-Ibrahim, Mohammed O, Malone, Cassandra S, Cogger, Benjamin J, Wantoch, Michelle, Reynolds, Nicola, Warne, Ben, Maksimovic, Joshua, Spellman, Karla, McCluggage, Kathryn, John, Michaela, Beer, Robert, Afifi, Safiah, Morgan, Sian, Marchbank, Angela, Price, Anna, Kitchen, Christine, Gulliver, Huw, Merrick, Ian, Southgate, Joel, Guest, Martyn, Munn, Robert, Workman, Trudy, Connor, Thomas R, Fuller, William, Bresner, Catherine, Snell, Luke B, Patel, Amita, Charalampous, Themoula, Nebbia, Gaia, Batra, Rahul, Edgeworth, Jonathan, Robson, Samuel C, Beckett, Angela H, Aanensen, David M, Underwood, Anthony P, Yeats, Corin A, Abudahab, Khalil, Taylor, Ben EW, Menegazzo, Mirko, Clark, Gemma, Smith, Wendy, Khakh, Manjinder, Fleming, Vicki M, Lister, Michelle M, Howson-Wells, Hannah C, Berry, Louise, Boswell, Tim, Joseph, Amelia, Willingham, Iona, Jones, Carl, Holmes, Christopher, Bird, Paul, Helmer, Thomas, Fallon, Karlie, Tang, Julian, Raviprakash, Veena, Campbell, Sharon, Sheriff, Nicola, Blakey, Victoria, Williams, Lesley-Anne, Loose, Matthew W, Holmes, Nadine, Moore, Christopher, Carlile, Matthew, Wright, Victoria, Sang, Fei, Debebe, Johnny, Coll, Francesc, Signell, Adrian W, Betancor, Gilberto, Wilson, Harry D, Eldirdiri, Sahar, Kenyon, Anita, Davis, Thomas, Pybus, Oliver G, du Plessis, Louis, Zarebski, Alex E, Raghwani, Jayna, Kraemer, Moritz UG, Francois, Sarah, Attwood, Stephen W, Vasylyeva, Tetyana I, Escalera Zamudio, Marina, Gutierrez, Bernardo, Torok, M. Estee, Hamilton, William L, Goodfellow, Ian G, Hall, Grant, Jahun, Aminu S, Chaudhry, Yasmin, Hosmillo, Myra, Pinckert, Malte L, Georgana, Iliana, Moses, Samuel, Lowe, Hannah, Bedford, Luke, Moore, Jonathan, Stonehouse, Susanne, Fisher, Chloe L, Awan, Ali R, BoYes, John, Breuer, Judith, Harris, Kathryn Ann, Brown, Julianne Rose, Shah, Divya, Atkinson, Laura, Lee, Jack CD, Storey, Nathaniel, Flaviani, Flavia, Alcolea-Medina, Adela, Williams, Rebecca, Vernet, Gabrielle, Chapman, Michael R, Levett, Lisa J, Heaney, Judith, Chatterton, Wendy, Pusok, Monika, Xu-McCrae, Li, Smith, Darren L, Bashton, Matthew, Young, Gregory R, Holmes, Alison, Randell, Paul Anthony, Cox, Alison, Madona, Pinglawathee, Bolt, Frances, Price, James, Mookerjee, Siddharth, Ragonnet-Cronin, Manon, Nascimento, Fabricia F., Jorgensen, David, Siveroni, Igor, Johnson, Rob, Boyd, Olivia, Geidelberg, Lily, Volz, Erik M, Rowan, Aileen, Taylor, Graham P, Smollett, Katherine L, Loman, Nicholas J, Quick, Joshua, McMurray, Claire, Stockton, Joanne, Nicholls, Sam, Rowe, Will, Poplawski, Radoslaw, McNally, Alan, Martinez Nunez, Rocio T, Mason, Jenifer, Robinson, Trevor I, O'Toole, Elaine, Watts, Joanne, Breen, Cassie, Cowell, Angela, Sluga, Graciela, Machin, Nicholas W, Ahmad, Shazaad S Y, George, Ryan P, Halstead, Fenella, Sivaprakasam, Venkat, Hogsden, Wendy, Illingworth, Chris J, Jackson, Chris, Thomson, Emma C, Shepherd, James G, Asamaphan, Patawee, Niebel, Marc O, Li, Kathy K, Shah, Rajiv N, Jesudason, Natasha G, Tong, Lily, Broos, Alice, Mair, Daniel, Nichols, Jenna, Carmichael, Stephen N, Nomikou, Kyriaki, Aranday-Cortes, Elihu, Johnson, Natasha, Starinskij, Igor, da Silva Filipe, Ana, Robertson, David L, Orton, Richard J, Hughes, Joseph, Vattipally, Sreenu, Singer, Joshua B, Nickbakhsh, Seema, Hale, Antony D, Macfarlane-Smith, Louissa R, Harper, Katherine L, Carden, Holli, Taha, Yusri, Payne, Brendan AI, Burton-Fanning, Shirelle, Waugh, Sheila, Collins, Jennifer, Eltringham, Gary, Rushton, Steven, O'Brien, Sarah, Bradley, Amanda, Maclean, Alasdair, Mollett, Guy, Blacow, Rachel, Templeton, Kate E, McHugh, Martin P, Dewar, Rebecca, Wastenge, Elizabeth, Dervisevic, Samir, Stanley, Rachael, Meader, Emma J, Coupland, Lindsay, Smith, Louise, Graham, Clive, Barton, Edward, Padgett, Debra, Scott, Garren, Swindells, Emma, Greenaway, Jane, Nelson, Andrew, McCann, Clare M, Yew, Wen C, Andersson, Monique, Peto, Timothy, Justice, Anita, Eyre, David, Crook, Derrick, Sloan, Tim J, Duckworth, Nichola, Walsh, Sarah, Chauhan, Anoop J, Glaysher, Sharon, Bicknell, Kelly, Wyllie, Sarah, Elliott, Scott, Lloyd, Allyson, Impey, Robert, Levene, Nick, Monaghan, Lynn, Bradley, Declan T, Wyatt, Tim, Allara, Elias, Pearson, Clare, Osman, Husam, Bosworth, Andrew, Robinson, Esther, Muir, Peter, Vipond, Ian B, Hopes, Richard, Pymont, Hannah M, Hutchings, Stephanie, Curran, Martin D, Parmar, Surendra, Lackenby, Angie, Mbisa, Tamyo, Platt, Steven, Miah, Shahjahan, Bibby, David, Manso, Carmen, Hubb, Jonathan, Chand, Meera, Dabrera, Gavin, Ramsay, Mary, Bradshaw, Daniel, Thornton, Alicia, Myers, Richard, Schaefer, Ulf, Groves, Natalie, Gallagher, Eileen, Lee, David, Williams, David, Ellaby, Nicholas, Harrison, Ian, Hartman, Hassan, Manesis, Nikos, Patel, Vineet, Bishop, Chloe, Chalker, Vicki, Ledesma, Juan, Twohig, Katherine A, Holden, Matthew T.G., Shaaban, Sharif, Birchley, Alec, Adams, Alexander, Davies, Alisha, Gaskin, Amy, Plimmer, Amy, Gatica-Wilcox, Bree, McKerr, Caoimhe, Moore, Catherine, Williams, Chris, Heyburn, David, De Lacy, Elen, Hilvers, Ember, Downing, Fatima, Shankar, Giri, Jones, Hannah, Asad, Hibo, Coombes, Jason, Watkins, Joanne, Evans, Johnathan M, Fina, Laia, Gifford, Laura, Gilbert, Lauren, Graham, Lee, Perry, Malorie, Morgan, Mari, Bull, Matthew, Cronin, Michelle, Pacchiarini, Nicole, Craine, Noel, Jones, Rachel, Howe, Robin, Corden, Sally, Rey, Sara, Kumziene-SummerhaYes, Sara, Taylor, Sarah, Cottrell, Simon, Jones, Sophie, Edwards, Sue, O'Grady, Justin, Page, Andrew J, Mather, Alison E, Baker, David J, Rudder, Steven, Aydin, Alp, Kay, Gemma L, Trotter, Alexander J, Alikhan, Nabil-Fareed, de Oliveira Martins, Leonardo, Le-Viet, Thanh, Meadows, Lizzie, Casey, Anna, Ratcliffe, Liz, Simpson, David A, Molnar, Zoltan, Thompson, Thomas, Acheson, Erwan, Masoli, Jane AH, Knight, Bridget A, Ellard, Sian, Auckland, Cressida, Jones, Christopher R, Mahungu, Tabitha W, Irish-Tavares, Dianne, Haque, Tanzina, Hart, Jennifer, Witele, Eric, Fenton, Melisa Louise, Dadrah, Ashok, Symmonds, Amanda, Saluja, Tranprit, Bourgeois, Yann, Scarlett, Garry P, Loveson, Katie F, Goudarzi, Salman, Fearn, Christopher, Cook, Kate, Dent, Hannah, Paul, Hannah, Partridge, David G, Raza, Mohammad, Evans, Cariad, Johnson, Kate, Liggett, Steven, Baker, Paul, Bonner, Stephen, Essex, Sarah, Lyons, Ronan A, Saeed, Kordo, Mahanama, Adhyana I.K, Samaraweera, Buddhini, Silveira, Siona, Pelosi, Emanuela, Wilson-Davies, Eleri, Williams, Rachel J, Kristiansen, Mark, Roy, Sunando, Williams, Charlotte A, Cotic, Marius, Bayzid, Nadua, Westhorpe, Adam P, Hartley, John A, Jannoo, Riaz, Lowe, Helen L, Karamani, Angeliki, Ensell, Leah, Prieto, Jacqui A, Jeremiah, Sarah, Grammatopoulos, Dimitris, Pandey, Sarojini, Berry, Lisa, Jones, Katie, Richter, Alex, Beggs, Andrew, Best, Angus, Percival, Benita, Mirza, Jeremy, Megram, Oliver, Mayhew, Megan, Crawford, Liam, Ashcroft, Fiona, Moles-Garcia, Emma, Cumley, Nicola, Smith, Colin P, Bucca, Giselda, Hesketh, Andrew R, Blane, Beth, Girgis, Sophia T, Leek, Danielle, Sridhar, Sushmita, Forrest, Sally, Cormie, Claire, Gill, Harmeet K, Dias, Joana, Higginson, Ellen E, Maes, Mailis, Young, Jamie, Kermack, Leanne M, Gupta, Ravi Kumar, Ludden, Catherine, Peacock, Sharon J, Palmer, Sophie, Churcher, Carol M, Hadjirin, Nazreen F, Carabelli, Alessandro M, Brooks, Ellena, Smith, Kim S, Galai, Katerina, McManus, Georgina M, Ruis, Chris, Davidson, Rose K, Rambaut, Andrew, Williams, Thomas, Balcazar, Carlos E, Gallagher, Michael D, O'Toole, Áine, Rooke, Stefan, Hill, Verity, Williamson, Kathleen A, Stanton, Thomas D, Michell, Stephen L, Bewshea, Claire M, Temperton, Ben, Michelsen, Michelle L, Warwick-Dugdale, Joanna, Manley, Robin, Farbos, Audrey, Harrison, James W, Sambles, Christine M, Studholme, David J, Jeffries, Aaron R, Darby, Alistair C, Hiscox, Julian A, Paterson, Steve, Iturriza-Gomara, Miren, Jackson, Kathryn A, Lucaci, Anita O, Vamos, Edith E, Hughes, Margaret, Rainbow, Lucille, Eccles, Richard, Nelson, Charlotte, Whitehead, Mark, Turtle, Lance, Haldenby, Sam T, Gregory, Richard, Gemmell, Matthew, Wierzbicki, Claudia, Webster, Hermione J, de Silva, Thushan I, Smith, Nikki, Angyal, Adrienn, Lindsey, Benjamin B, Groves, Danielle C, Green, Luke R, Wang, Dennis, Freeman, Timothy M, Parker, Matthew D, Keeley, Alexander J, Parsons, Paul J, Tucker, Rachel M, Brown, Rebecca, Wyles, Matthew, Whiteley, Max, Zhang, Peijun, Gallis, Marta, Louka, Stavroula F, Constantinidou, Chrystala, Unnikrishnan, Meera, Ott, Sascha, Cheng, Jeffrey K.J., Bridgewater, Hannah E., Frost, Lucy R., Taylor-Joyce, Grace, Stark, Richard, Baxter, Laura, Alam, Mohammad T., Brown, Paul E, Aggarwal, Dinesh, Cerda, Alberto C, Merrill, Tammy V, Wilson, Rebekah E, McClure, Patrick C, Chappell, Joseph G, Tsoleridis, Theocharis, Ball, Jonathan, Buck, David, Todd, John A, Green, Angie, Trebes, Amy, MacIntyre-Cockett, George, de Cesare, Mariateresa, Alderton, Alex, Amato, Roberto, Ariani, Cristina V, Beale, Mathew A, Beaver, Charlotte, Bellis, Katherine L, Betteridge, Emma, Bonfield, James, Danesh, John, Dorman, Matthew J, Drury, Eleanor, Farr, Ben W, Foulser, Luke, Goncalves, Sonia, Goodwin, Scott, Gourtovaia, Marina, Harrison, Ewan M, Jackson, David K, Jamrozy, Dorota, Johnston, Ian, Kane, Leanne, Kay, Sally, Keatley, Jon-Paul, Kwiatkowski, Dominic, Langford, Cordelia F, Lawniczak, Mara, Letchford, Laura, Livett, Rich, Lo, Stephanie, Martincorena, Inigo, McGuigan, Samantha, Nelson, Rachel, Palmer, Steve, Park, Naomi R, Patel, Minal, Prestwood, Liam, Puethe, Christoph, Quail, Michael A, Rajatileka, Shavanthi, Scott, Carol, Shirley, Lesley, Sillitoe, John, Spencer Chapman, Michael H, Thurston, Scott AJ, Tonkin-Hill, Gerry, Weldon, Danni, Rajan, Diana, Bronner, Iraad F, Aigrain, Louise, Redshaw, Nicholas M, Lensing, Stefanie V, Davies, Robert, Whitwham, Andrew, Liddle, Jennifier, Lewis, Kevin, Tovar-Corona, Jaime M, Leonard, Steven, Durham, Jillian, Bassett, Andrew R, McCarthy, Shane, Moll, Robin J, James, Keith, Oliver, Karen, Makunin, Alex, Barrett, Jeff, Gunson, Rory N, Graham, Mark S, Sudre, Carole H, May, Anna, Antonelli, Michela, Murray, Benjamin, Varsavsky, Thomas, Kläser, Kerstin, Canas, Liane S, Molteni, Erika, Modat, Marc, Drew, David A, Nguyen, Long H, Polidori, Lorenzo, Selvachandran, Somesh, Hu, Christina, Capdevila, Joan, Hammers, Alexander, Chan, Andrew T, Wolf, Jonathan, Spector, Tim D, Steves, Claire J, and Ourselin, Sebastien

Published
2021
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46. Virus genomes reveal factors that spread and sustained the Ebola epidemic

Author

Dudas, Gytis, Carvalho, Luiz Max, Bedford, Trevor, Tatem, Andrew J, Baele, Guy, Faria, Nuno R, Park, Daniel J, Ladner, Jason T, Arias, Armando, Asogun, Danny, Bielejec, Filip, Caddy, Sarah L, Cotten, Matthew, D’Ambrozio, Jonathan, Dellicour, Simon, Di Caro, Antonino, Diclaro, Joseph W, Duraffour, Sophie, Elmore, Michael J, Fakoli, Lawrence S, Faye, Ousmane, Gilbert, Merle L, Gevao, Sahr M, Gire, Stephen, Gladden-Young, Adrianne, Gnirke, Andreas, Goba, Augustine, Grant, Donald S, Haagmans, Bart L, Hiscox, Julian A, Jah, Umaru, Kugelman, Jeffrey R, Liu, Di, Lu, Jia, Malboeuf, Christine M, Mate, Suzanne, Matthews, David A, Matranga, Christian B, Meredith, Luke W, Qu, James, Quick, Joshua, Pas, Suzan D, Phan, My VT, Pollakis, Georgios, Reusken, Chantal B, Sanchez-Lockhart, Mariano, Schaffner, Stephen F, Schieffelin, John S, Sealfon, Rachel S, Simon-Loriere, Etienne, Smits, Saskia L, Stoecker, Kilian, Thorne, Lucy, Tobin, Ekaete Alice, Vandi, Mohamed A, Watson, Simon J, West, Kendra, Whitmer, Shannon, Wiley, Michael R, Winnicki, Sarah M, Wohl, Shirlee, Wölfel, Roman, Yozwiak, Nathan L, Andersen, Kristian G, Blyden, Sylvia O, Bolay, Fatorma, Carroll, Miles W, Dahn, Bernice, Diallo, Boubacar, Formenty, Pierre, Fraser, Christophe, Gao, George F, Garry, Robert F, Goodfellow, Ian, Günther, Stephan, Happi, Christian T, Holmes, Edward C, Kargbo, Brima, Keïta, Sakoba, Kellam, Paul, Koopmans, Marion PG, Kuhn, Jens H, Loman, Nicholas J, Magassouba, N’Faly, Naidoo, Dhamari, Nichol, Stuart T, Nyenswah, Tolbert, Palacios, Gustavo, Pybus, Oliver G, Sabeti, Pardis C, Sall, Amadou, Ströher, Ute, Wurie, Isatta, Suchard, Marc A, Lemey, Philippe, and Rambaut, Andrew

Subjects
Infectious Diseases, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Biodefense, Vaccine Related, Prevention, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Climate, Disease Outbreaks, Ebolavirus, Genome, Viral, Geography, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola, Humans, Internationality, Linear Models, Molecular Epidemiology, Phylogeny, Travel, General Science & Technology
Abstract

The 2013-2016 West African epidemic caused by the Ebola virus was of unprecedented magnitude, duration and impact. Here we reconstruct the dispersal, proliferation and decline of Ebola virus throughout the region by analysing 1,610 Ebola virus genomes, which represent over 5% of the known cases. We test the association of geography, climate and demography with viral movement among administrative regions, inferring a classic 'gravity' model, with intense dispersal between larger and closer populations. Despite attenuation of international dispersal after border closures, cross-border transmission had already sown the seeds for an international epidemic, rendering these measures ineffective at curbing the epidemic. We address why the epidemic did not spread into neighbouring countries, showing that these countries were susceptible to substantial outbreaks but at lower risk of introductions. Finally, we reveal that this large epidemic was a heterogeneous and spatially dissociated collection of transmission clusters of varying size, duration and connectivity. These insights will help to inform interventions in future epidemics.

Published
2017

47. Routes of importation and spatial dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 variants during localised interventions in Chile

Author

Gutierrez, Bernardo, primary, Tsui, Joseph L.-H., additional, Pullano, Giulia, additional, Mazzoli, Mattia, additional, Gangavarapu, Karthik, additional, Inward, Rhys, additional, Bajaj, Sumali, additional, Evans Pena, Rosario, additional, Busch Moreno, Simon, additional, Suchard, Marc A., additional, Pybus, Oliver G., additional, Dunner, Alejandra, additional, Puentes, Rodrigo, additional, Ayala, Salvador, additional, Fernandez, Jorge, additional, Araos, Rafael, additional, Ferres, Leo, additional, Colizza, Vittoria, additional, and Kraemer, Moritz U.G., additional

Published
2024
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48. HIV Maintains an Evolving and Dispersed Population in Multiple Tissues during Suppressive Combined Antiretroviral Therapy in Individuals with Cancer

Author

Rose, Rebecca, Lamers, Susanna L, Nolan, David J, Maidji, Ekaterina, Faria, NR, Pybus, Oliver G, Dollar, James J, Maruniak, Samuel A, McAvoy, Andrew C, Salemi, Marco, Stoddart, Cheryl A, Singer, Elyse J, and McGrath, Michael S

Subjects
Medical Microbiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Immunology, Biotechnology, Infectious Diseases, Cancer, HIV/AIDS, Genetics, Aetiology, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Anti-Retroviral Agents, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active, Autopsy, Cerebellum, DNA, Viral, Genetic Variation, HIV, HIV Infections, In Situ Hybridization, Lymph Nodes, Neoplasms, Phylogeny, RNA, Viral, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Sequence Homology, Sustained Virologic Response, Viral Load, env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Biological Sciences, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Virology, Agricultural, veterinary and food sciences, Biological sciences, Biomedical and clinical sciences
Abstract

UnlabelledWhile combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) can result in undetectable plasma viral loads, it does not eradicate HIV infection. Furthermore, HIV-infected individuals while on cART remain at an increased risk of developing serious comorbidities, such as cancer, neurological disease, and atherosclerosis, suggesting that during cART, tissue-based HIV may contribute to such pathologies. We obtained DNA and RNA env, nef, and pol sequences using single-genome sequencing from postmortem tissues of three HIV(+) cART-treated (cART(+)) individuals with undetectable viral load and metastatic cancer at death and performed time-scaled Bayesian evolutionary analyses. We used a sensitive in situ hybridization technique to visualize HIV gag-pol mRNA transcripts in cerebellum and lymph node tissues from one patient. Tissue-associated virus evolved at similar rates in cART(+) and cART-naive (cART(-)) patients. Phylogenetic trees were characterized by two distinct features: (i) branching patterns consistent with constant viral evolution and dispersal among tissues and (ii) very recently derived clades containing both DNA and RNA sequences from multiple tissues. Rapid expansion of virus near death corresponded to wide-spread metastasis. HIV RNA(+) cells clustered in cerebellum tissue but were dispersed in lymph node tissue, mirroring the evolutionary patterns observed for that patient. Activated, infiltrating macrophages were associated with HIV RNA. Our data provide evidence that tissues serve as a sanctuary for wild-type HIV during cART and suggest the importance of macrophages as an alternative reservoir and mechanism of virus spread.ImportanceCombined antiretroviral therapy (cART) reduces plasma HIV to undetectable levels; however, removal of cART results in plasma HIV rebound, thus highlighting its inability to entirely rid the body of infection. Additionally, HIV-infected individuals on cART remain at high risk of serious diseases, which suggests a contribution from residual HIV. In this study, we isolated and sequenced HIV from postmortem tissues from three HIV(+) cART(+) individuals who died with metastatic cancer and had no detectable plasma viral load. Using high-resolution evolutionary analyses, we found that tissue-based HIV continues to replicate, evolve, and migrate among tissues during cART. Furthermore, cancer onset and metastasis coincided with increased HIV expansion, suggesting a linked mechanism. HIV-expressing cells were associated with tissue macrophages, a target of HIV infection. Our results suggest the importance of tissues, and macrophages in particular, as a target for novel anti-HIV therapies.

Published
2016

49. Exceptional Heterogeneity in Viral Evolutionary Dynamics Characterises Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection.

Author

Raghwani, Jayna, Rose, Rebecca, Sheridan, Isabelle, Lemey, Philippe, Suchard, Marc A, Santantonio, Teresa, Farci, Patrizia, Klenerman, Paul, and Pybus, Oliver G

Subjects
Humans, Hepacivirus, HIV-1, Hepatitis C, Chronic, HIV Infections, Follow-Up Studies, Evolution, Molecular, Virus Replication, Female, Male, Evolution, Molecular, Hepatitis C, Chronic, Virology, Microbiology, Immunology, Medical Microbiology
Abstract

The treatment of HCV infection has seen significant progress, particularly since the approval of new direct-acting antiviral drugs. However these clinical achievements have been made despite an incomplete understanding of HCV replication and within-host evolution, especially compared with HIV-1. Here, we undertake a comprehensive analysis of HCV within-host evolution during chronic infection by investigating over 4000 viral sequences sampled longitudinally from 15 HCV-infected patients. We compare our HCV results to those from a well-studied HIV-1 cohort, revealing key differences in the evolutionary behaviour of these two chronic-infecting pathogens. Notably, we find an exceptional level of heterogeneity in the molecular evolution of HCV, both within and among infected individuals. Furthermore, these patterns are associated with the long-term maintenance of viral lineages within patients, which fluctuate in relative frequency in peripheral blood. Together, our findings demonstrate that HCV replication behavior is complex and likely comprises multiple viral subpopulations with distinct evolutionary dynamics. The presence of a structured viral population can explain apparent paradoxes in chronic HCV infection, such as rapid fluctuations in viral diversity and the reappearance of viral strains years after their initial detection.

Published
2016

50. COVID-19 pandemic re-shaped the global dispersal of seasonal influenza viruses

Author

Chen, Zhiyuan, primary, Tsui, Joseph L.-H., additional, Gutierrez, Bernardo, additional, Moreno, Simon Busch, additional, Plessis, Louis du, additional, Deng, Xiaowei, additional, Cai, Jun, additional, Bajaj, Sumali, additional, Suchard, Marc A, additional, Pybus, Oliver G., additional, Lemey, Philippe, additional, Kraemer, Moritz U. G., additional, and Yu, Hongjie, additional

Published
2023
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