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Chromatogeny is a hydrophobization technique with fatty acid chloride without solvent that confers an improved barrier to water and water vapour, thanks to a technology that can be implemented on an industrial scale and adapted to any hydroxylated substrate, including cellulosic materials. In this work, a chromatogenically modified polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) coating layer was used as a high oxygen barrier material and as a model for hydroxylated polymers, including microfibrillated cellulose coating. Multiple passes can be applied to the coated layer to improve grafting densities. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms and distribution of the reagent in the coated layer or whether it also modifies the board. In this work, we have demonstrated that the modification proceeds from the surface to the interior of the PVA layer by developing an imaging technique based on labelling with osmium tetroxide (OsO4) of the double bond of an oleyl acyl chloride used as an unsaturated hydrophobizing agent. The result is a brilliant marking of the modified PVA layer strictly limited to the top surface, as revealed by SEM images. Calculations based on simple assumptions about volume expansion due to modification were compared with experimental data, i.e. measurements of the thickness of the grafted layers. The results showed that, under our experimental conditions, the reagent penetrates a zone strictly limited to the upper part of the PVA layer and never reaches the board. Moreover, the second pass does not significantly increase the reagent's penetration depth, but does significantly increase the hydrophobicity of the grafted material, as shown by the Cobb measurements. The cardboard remains intact in all the experimental situations explored on a pilot scale. The techniques developed will be transferred to the emergence of a cellulose-based barrier coating with cellulose microfibril films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to investigate the structural, surface and particles properties of a series of zinc oxides (ZnO) doped with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) that were prepared using the sol-gel method. The results demonstrated that the crystallinity of the catalysts decreased as the PVA content increased beyond 5 PVA/ZnO. However, on raising the calcination temperature up to 500 °C, the average crystal size of the PVA/ZnO nanoparticles increased. Next Pyridine adsorption was used to measure the surface acidity of the catalysts, and the results showed that doping ZnO with PVA and raising the calcination temperature to 500 °C increased the catalyst's surface acidity. Furthermore, the data indicates that raising the ratio of the Brønsted to Lewis acid sites enhanced the catalytic activity for the synthesis of coumarin derivatives. We concluded that the structural and acidity characteristics of the catalysts under study had a significant impact on the catalytic activity. Furthermore, a study examining the biological activity of ZnO/PVA and pure ZnO revealed that 5PVA/ZnO performed the best in terms of improving the kidney functions of diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of a hydrogel for wound dressing can be achieved through the combination of different materials having unique properties. Graviola fruit extract (GrE) not only imparts antimicrobial properties to the hydrogel but also contributes to the potential acceleration of wound healing due to its anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In this study, the freeze–thaw method was employed to create composite hydrogels consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, hyaluronic acid, cross‐linked with glutaraldehyde, and GrE. The study evaluated various properties of the gels, including swelling, porosity, gel fraction, and morphology. The obtained results indicated that the physicochemical characteristics of the hydrogels were affected by the level of GrE. The hydrogels had a significant capacity to absorb wound exudate, and their porous structure increased with GrE addition. Our results proved that different GrE‐based hydrogels (Gr1 and Gr2) treatments exhibited excellent hemolysis, hemostasis, antibacterial activity, and wound healing promotion. They also inhibited proinflammatory cytokines (IL‐6 and TNF‐α) and exhibited higher wound repair capacity. CD‐31 and collagen I increased significantly in wound tissues treated with Gr1 and Gr2 hydrogels. So, Gr1 and Gr2 hydrogels have demonstrated their potential as valuable local treatment and management for full‐thickness wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic waste and wastewater are indeed significant environmental issues that have wide‐ranging impacts on ecosystems, human health, and the economy. This study outlines the synthesis of biodegradable polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)–starch polymeric films incorporating multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) derived from plastic waste and unzipped carbon nanotubes oxides (UMCNOs) as co‐filled nanomaterials. These films were formulated based on data generated using a mixture design method in Design Expert 13 software, resulting in the synthesis of 19 films utilizing five types of PVA–starch polymer solutions (Types A–E). The synthesized films underwent characterization to study their surface morphology via scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. Subsequently, the films were individually subjected to vacuum filtration, through which cationic dyes such as methylene blue (MB) and anionic dye Congo red (CR) were passed in batches. The highest removal efficiency of 96.43% for MB dye was achieved, accompanied by an exceptionally high flux of 3146.78 LMH. Similarly, the maximum removal of 88.08% for CR was observed with a flux of 1512.66 LMH. The renewable active sites mechanism resulted in increased dye removal with every cycle. Results indicated efficient reusability, particularly when washed with ethanol–water solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article was to design and develop new thermodynamically stable starch-based compounds, with scalable properties, that are melt-processable into finished products by classic or 3D printing methods. This is based on phenomena of de-structuring, entanglement compatibilization, and re-structuring of starch, along with the modification of the polymer, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), by following an experimental sequence involving pre-treatment and melt compounding in two stages. The new compounds selection was made considering the dependence of viscoelastic properties on formulation and flowing conditions in both the melted and solid states. Starting from starch with 125 °C glass transition and PVA with a Tg at 85 °C, and following the mentioned experimental sequence, new starch-PVA compounds with a high macromolecular miscibility and proven thermodynamic stability for at least 10 years, with glass transitions ranging from −10 °C to 50 °C, optimal processability through both classical melt procedures (extrusion, injection) and 3D printing, as well as good scalability properties, were achieved. The results are connected to the approaches considering the relationship between miscibility and the lifetime of compounds with renewable-based polymer content. By deepening the understanding of the thermodynamic stability features characterizing these compounds, it can be possible to open the way for starch usage in medium-life compositions, not only for short-life applications, as until now. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In eastern Spain, Bonelli's eagle (Aquila fasciata) abundance has declined almost 50% in the last 25 years and, consequently, the species is listed as regionally endangered. Therefore, the aim of this study is to report the mortality causes of territorial breeding Bonelli's eagles, including the spatial and temporal patterns, and to assess the effects on population dynamics. From 2015–2023, we tracked 60 Bonelli's eagles via global positioning system‐global system for mobile communications (GPS‐GSM) telemetry; 33 of the eagles died (median survival time = 1,519 days). Survival did not differ in relation to sex, age at capture (subadult vs. adult birds), breeding site (coastland vs. inland territories), or transmitter's model. One‐year probability of survival (95% CI) was 0.716 (0.607–0.845); 2‐year survival was 0.640 (0.524–0.781); and 3‐year survival was 0.581 (0.464–0.729). Anthropogenic mortality (66.7% of cases) prevailed over natural (27.3%) and unknown causes (6.0%). Causes of mortality were intra‐ and interspecific predation (24.2% of cases), electrocution (18.2%), poisoning (15.1%), collision with power lines (9.1%), shooting (9.1%), drowning (9.1%), collision with other man‐made infrastructure (6.1%), and disease (3.0%). Deaths were most frequent during the early breeding season. Only 2 (6.1%) of 33 deaths recorded occurred within a protected area. Natural causes of mortality were more frequent away from the Mediterranean coast. In contrast, anthropogenic deaths were more frequent near the Mediterranean coast, where human population density is high. We estimated that probability of extirpation of the species in our study area is 17.8% in the next 50 years and 99.2% in 100 years. Nonetheless, a small reduction in adult mortality by ≥15% could prevent extirpation in the next 50 years. Therefore, actions to reduce adult mortality are urgently needed to preserve the Bonelli's eagle in eastern Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, designing and fabricating effectual wound dressings have gained a great deal of interest for the proper management of wound infections and biofilms. The present study is focused on the fabricating and characterizing silver chloride-loaded polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers as antibacterial and conductive wound dressing scaffold by electrospinning technique. Polyvinyl alcohol was subjected to the electrospinning process, and silver chloride was incorporated within PVA nanofibers via in situ reaction between silver nitrate and sodium chloride during the fiber-forming process. The obtained silver-free and silver chloride-containing nanofibers were characterized by different techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (DSC and TGA), etc. The gravimetric method and tensile testing were used to determine the porosity and mechanical properties of the fabricated nanofibers. The nanofiber's in vitro degradation, swelling, and water retention properties were assessed, and their drug loading and release profiles were evaluated by the atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) method. The wound healing characteristics of the obtained nanofibers, such as antibacterial activity, hemocompatibility, electrical conductivity, and cytotoxicity were evaluated in vitro. The results of this study confirmed that the silver chloride-containing nanofibers exhibit desired physicochemical, morphological, and mechanical properties and could be considered as a potential wound dressing for the management of infectious wounds. On the other hand, the obtained nanofibers showed higher hemocompatibility (less than 5% hemolysis ratio) and cell viability (over 80% after 48 h) as well as appropriate antibacterial activity against two representative strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, flexible polymeric nanocomposite film of poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(ethylene glycol) (PVA–PEG) blend filled with aluminum (Al)-doped zinc oxide (AZO) nanoparticles has been successfully synthetized and characterized. The solution casting technique was used to prepare pure PVA–PEG polymeric blend and polymeric blend nanocomposite (PNC) films filled with different concentrations of AZO nanoparticles. The morphological, structural and optical properties of AZO NPs and PNC films were investigated using different techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) spectroscopy and UV–VIS–NIR spectrophotometer. The XRD results shows that nanoparticles are well distributed in the host blend matrix. TEM observation reveals an average particle size about 49 nm. The contact angle analysis was carried out for PNC films to investigate the effect of AZO filling upon the nanocomposite water wettability. Loading PNC with nanopowder AZO influences their electrical optical properties. The addition of AZO nanoparticles in the polymeric blend reduces its band gap and increases its DC electrical conductivity. The antibacterial activity of the prepared nanocomposite films was tested against various pathogenic bacteria including two types of gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Bacillus) and two types of gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Escherichia coli (E. coli)). The assay results suggested that the pure blend film has no activity against all types of bacteria. While filled PNC films exhibit a significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus, Bacillus and P. aeruginosa bacteria, they have no any activity against E. coli bacteria. This activity is improved with increasing the filler concentrations in blend matrix. Finally, the obtained results suggest that the prepared PNC films can be a potential multifunctional candidate for different applications, especially optoelectronic devices and biomedical uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) based hydrogels have gained more interest in the field of biomaterials because of their many biomedical uses (i.e., wound healing, drug delivery, and tissue engineering) and intrinsic physicochemical and biological characteristics. They can be made using a variety of synthetic techniques, but all of them are very time-consuming. Among them, photopolymerization also referred to as light-induced polymerization, has drawn a lot of attention because of its benefits, which include not requiring the use of solvents, easy and quick network formation, energy efficiency, quick processing, control over both space and time and reliability of crosslinking density and matrix strength. Ultraviolet (UV)-curable hydrogels containing PVA as a main component are gaining interest because of their excellent properties, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, less cytotoxicity and remarkable mechanical strength. This review highlights the significance of UV curable systems and their components, types, advantages and disadvantages of photoinitiators (PIs), UV curable monomers and their structures, properties of UV-cured PVA hybrid hydrogels, and their characterizations and applications in different fields. The photopolymerization mechanisms, tunable properties, and unique advantages of these hydrogels have been explored in detail. Furthermore, it sheds light on recent advancements in PVA-based hydrogels research and future exploration in this domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)/Sodium Caseinate (NaCAS) were cross‐linked by mixing with Lactic acid (LA) in different proportions (0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 4%). Composite films were obtained from the prepared solutions using the solution casting method. The obtained composite films were appeared as slightly opaque and lightly yellowish, but mostly transparent. As the amount of LA increased, the polarized microscope surface images of the composite films became rougher. It was explained that cross‐linking occurred with the aldehyde groups (CHO) determined in the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The increasing 5% weight loss temperature of the films because of cross‐linking also increased the thermal strength. In X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD), the 2θ peak intensity of the 2% LA‐added film, which had the highest cross‐link density, was indicated to be the lowest. It was reported that 4% and above the LA contribution rate negatively affects the physical and mechanical properties of the PVA/NaCAS matrix. The pure PVA/NaCAS film had 30.08 MPa tensile strength and 1.49% tensile strain. The film with 2% LA added showed the tensile strength value closest to the pure film with 23.89 MPa. With a 6.52% value, the film containing 2% LA showed the lowest moisture retention behavior. Pure PVA/NaCAS film, which has a hydrophilic structure with a contact angle of 57°, gained hydrophobic ability with the addition of LA. The 1% LA‐added film exhibited the highest hydrophobic behavior with a contact angle value of 99°. With the LA additive, an increase in the contact angle values of the composite films was observed between approximately 61% and 74%. In addition, the water vapor permeability (WVTR) with 582.37 g/m2 day value of pure PVA/NaCAS composite film decreased after the addition of LA. It was degraded to 322.72 g/m2 day WVTR value in the 1% LA‐added film. 100% antibacterial activity against both E. coli and S. aureus was observed in composite films containing 1% or more LA additive. The resulting films were suggested to be used as active food packaging with antibacterial effects. Highlights: LA can be used as a crosslinking agent for PVA/NaCAS blends.2% LA contribution has shown the highest cross‐linking density.4% LA and higher LA contribution would negatively affect the mechanical properties of the matrix.High antibacterial activity was obtained against both E. coli and S. aureus in films containing 1% or more LA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blockage of gas transmission pipelines due to gas hydrates poses a significant challenge for the gas industry. Low‐dosage hydrate inhibitors (LDHI) are utilized to influence the kinetics of hydrate formation, including nucleation, growth, and/or agglomeration. In the current study, a series of batch, isochoric, and isothermal tests were carried out to investigate the impacts of two LDHIs, poly N‐vinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl alcohols (PVA). This study examined the influence of these inhibitors on nucleation and growth of ethane+propane mixture in the presence of kaolin nanoparticles. In laboratory studies and using pure constituents, the rate of hydrate formation is low to investigate the inhibitors effect. To enhance the rate of hydrate formation, kaolin nanoparticles were utilized as they serve as a suitable representative for solid minerals commonly found in pipelines. The gas phase's compositional change were measured using a gas chromatograph. The results revealed that the growth stage of mixed‐gas exhibited two distinct steps, attributed to the formation of two different structures known as structure II and structure I. During the first step, structure II was formed, and the cavities were occupied by both gas components. In the second stage, structure I was formed by ethane. The effect of temperature on the induction time (nucleation rate) and the growth rate during the second stage was lower than that at the first stage. The increase in PVA concentration resulted in an increase in the induction time and a decrease in the rate of growth during the first stage. The performance of PVA was found to be affected by temperature. Lower temperatures resulted in the formation of less foam, providing improved performance for PVA at −0.5°C. PVP had a stronger impact on induction time and both growth steps compared to PVA, indicating stronger inhibitory impact of PVP on nucleation of hydrates initiated by propane and the growth of both propane and ethane hydrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As demand for sustainable building materials rises, the use of waste rubber in civil engineering is gaining attention. This study proposes a method to modify waste rubber using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to enhance its material properties and expand its applications. A dataset was created focusing on the mechanical strength of cementitious materials incorporating PVA-modified waste rubber, and multiple machine learning methods were used to develop regression prediction models, particularly evaluating the support vector regression (SVR) model. Results show that the SVR model outperforms others, achieving mean squared errors of 1.21 and 0.33, and mean absolute errors of 2.06 and 0.15. Analysis indicates a negative correlation between waste rubber content and the water-to-cohesive ratio (w/c) with strength indexes, while a positive correlation exists between curing age and PVA. Notably, waste rubber content significantly affects strength. The mechanical strength of cementitious materials was notably enhanced by PVA-modified waste rubber, likely due to PVA's dispersion and bridging effects. This study presents a novel approach to sustainably recycle waste rubber, highlighting its potential in construction materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was crosslinked with a homologous series of four different dicarboxylic acids, HOOC(CH2) n‐2COOH (n = 2 to 5) viz. oxalic acid (OA; C2), malonic acid (MA; C3), succinic acid (SA; C4) and glutaric acid (GA; C5) containing odd and even number of carbon atoms. The characterization and assessment of synthesized crosslinked films were done using ATR‐FTIR, XRD, SEM, AFM, DSC, rheology, percent swelling and sessile drop contact angle. The odd‐even effect of dicarboxylic acids was observed to significantly influence the physicochemical properties of PVA when employed as a crosslinker. PVA films crosslinked using dicarboxylic acids containing an even number of carbon atoms, displayed translucency, roughness, and an irregular matrix. In contrast, films incorporating an odd number of carbon atoms were transparent, homogenous, and densely packed. Furthermore, films containing even acids exhibited relatively lower crystallinity, lower melting temperature (Tm) and displayed an unexpected irregular trend in swelling as crosslinker concentration increased compared to films containing dicarboxylic acids with an odd number of carbon atoms which exhibits a consistent swelling with increasing crosslinker concentration. These results are attributed to the difference in the solubility and crystal structures of the odd‐even series of dicarboxylic acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Initially, the carboxylated-acryl amido propane sulfonic acid (C-AMPSA) was synthesized through the thiol-ene reaction using 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and 3-mercapto propane sulfonic acid monomers. The C-AMPSA was cross-linked with polyvinyl alcohol to create a non-perfluorinated membranes were of these acid group-containing monomers. Using a cross-linking technique, a poly vinyl alcohol cross-linked C-AMPSA (PVA-C-AMPSA) polymer was prepared. Following that, the MoS2 nanosheets (NSs) were synthesized through the one-pot hydrothermal method, and their phase purity, functionality, and morphology were evaluated by p-XRD, FT-IR, and FE-SEM analyses. These nanosheets were then incorporated into PVA-C-AMPSA polymer nanocomposite membranes at various concentrations (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 5% by weight). In addition, the physicochemical properties of bare and MoS2 nanosheets incorporated PVA-C-AMPSA polymer nanocomposite membranes were assessed, including water uptake, swelling ratio, and ion-exchange capacity. Remarkably, the membrane with 5% of MoS2 NSs in PVA-C-AMPSA displayed an ion-exchange capacity of 1.13 mmol g−1 and a proton conduction of 1.8 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 110°C. The Arrhenius plot indicated that the proton transport was involved in both Grotthuss and vehicular mechanisms. In the fuel cell testing, the PVA-C-AMPSA polymer nanocomposite membrane containing MoS2 NSs demonstrated superior performance, achieving a peak power density (PD) exceeding 0.7 W cm−2 and an open-circuit voltage (OCV) surpassing 0.93 V at 110°C. In contrast, the pure PVA-C-AMPSA membrane exhibited a peak PD of over 0.4 W cm−2 and an OCV of around 0.6 V at the same temperature. Additionally, the 5% of MoS2 NSs incorporated PVA-C-AMPSA polymer nanocomposite membrane exhibited outstanding oxidative stability with 87.7% of degradation when exhibited to a Fenton reagent at 80°C for 8 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PVA‐κcarrageenan (κCar) gel is widely used in the pharmaceutical field for transdermal drug delivery, enhancing drug stability and bioavailability. This study aims to modify PVA‐κCar gel by introducing tannic acid. Lidocaine was used as a model drug for incorporation into the novel gel. The PVA‐κCar matrix was mixed with tannic acid prior to freeze– thaw cycle to create a gel composite. The physicochemical features of this gel were evaluated using FTIR, XRD, thermal analysis, and SEM. The presence of tannic acid has reduced the thermal stability of PVA‐κCar from 84 to around 70 °C. The gel content of tannic acid‐modified PVA‐κCar was 34.6% (A) and 52.1% (B). The addition of tannic acid substantially increased gel viscosity. Cytotoxicity analysis showed that tannic acid‐modified PVA‐κCar gel did not affect the viability of HCT colon cancer cells. The encapsulation efficiency of lidocaine in tannic acid‐modified PVA‐κCar was 13 ± 0.2% (A) and 12 ± 0.5% (B), while the drug loading was 0.96 ± 0.01 (A) and 0.91 ± 0.02 (B). In vitro release of lidocaine from the modified PVA‐κCar exhibited a sustained release mechanism in phosphate‐buffered saline solution. These findings indicate that the gel possesses advantageous characteristics as a drug carrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim and Objectives: The present work aimed to prepare a FDBF with a fixed dose of Doxylamine succinate. This film provides fast relief from sudden allergic reactions. Materials and Methods: FDBF were produced employing a technique known as solvent casting. Eight different formulations were tested in an experiment where we varied three factors: X1-PVA concentration, X2-PVP concentration and X3-PG concentration. The two responses were: Y1-disintegration time (sec) and Y2-cumulative drug release (%). Each formulation was subjected to a range of evaluations, including weight variation, folding endurance, thickness, drug content and in vitro studies. Statistical analysis of the responses was performed using Design Expert software version 13.0 trial edition. Results: All the formulations of the films were transparent, non-sticky and could be easily peeled off. They satisfactory exhibited all the evaluation parameters. The concentration of the PVA, PVP and PG was observed to significantly influence on both the disintegration time and drug release. The optimized formulation OF1, dissolved in 68 sec and drug released at 71.5%. Ex vivo testing on goat buccal mucosa showed a drug release rate of 73.3%. The results of the short-term stability test of optimized formulation OF1 according to the International Council for Harmonization guidelines confirmed that the product stays stable for one month at temperature of 30°C±2°C and relative humidity of 65%±5%. Conclusion: Based on these results, it can be concluded that FDBF present a promising drug delivery approach for DOXS bypassing first-pass metabolism. This facilitates rapid drug permeation, improving absorption and bioavailability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water content and solvent structure of six poly(vinyl alcohol)-based hydrogels possessing different proportions of borax have been studied as a function of cross-linker concentration. The differing proportions of borax in the matrices cause mesoscopic structural changes in the polymer hydrogel network which lead to differences in water content. The FTIR data show non-monotonic variations in the intensities of the various bands. For the Raman data, the region sensitive to the OH vibrations has been fitted with four Gaussian peaks corresponding to the stretching modes of liquid water. The wavenumber positions of the peaks are dependent on the water content. The non-monotonic behavior of the peak parameters suggests that the structure of entrapped water molecules is dependent on the local mesoscopic structure. From the measurements, cross-linker proportions are seen to affect, both, polymer network and the solvent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineering cardiac implants for treating myocardial infarction (MI) has advanced, but challenges persist in mimicking the structural properties and variability of cardiac tissues using traditional bioconstructs and conventional engineering methods. This study introduces a synthetic patch with a bioactive surface designed to swiftly restore functionality to the damaged myocardium. The patch combines a composite, soft, and conductive hydrogel‐based on (3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene‐sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). This cardiac patch exhibits a reasonably high electrical conductivity (40 S/cm) and a stretchability up to 50% of its original length. Our findings reveal its resilience to 10% cyclic stretching at 1 Hz with no loss of conductivity over time. To mediate a strong cell–scaffold adhesion, we biofunctionalize the hydrogel with a N‐cadherin mimic peptide, providing the cardiac patch with a bioactive surface. This modification promote increased adherence and proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFbs) while effectively mitigating the formation of bacterial biofilm, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus, a common pathogen responsible for surgical site infections (SSIs). Our study demonstrates the successful development of a structurally validated cardiac patch possessing the desired mechanical, electrical, and biofunctional attributes for effective cardiac recovery. Consequently, this research holds significant promise in alleviating the burden imposed by myocardial infarctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The yearly production of agro-solid waste in the form of maize (Zea mays) cobs is almost ten million tons, and its use as dissolution medium in animal health products, fluid retainer in gardening, soil conditioner, and strengthening agent in biomaterials is remarkable. The focus of this article is to explore the possibility of using maize (Zea mays) cob powder (ZMCP) as reinforcement filler in a PVA matrix. The composite films were made using the solution casting technique with a ZMCP concentration of 5–25 wt% in a homogeneous PVA polymer solution. The composite films were uniformly pale yellow in hue. The PVA/ZMCP films were characterized by FTIR, XRD, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), morphology, transmissibility, tensile test, % of water absorption, WVP, and soil burial tests. The incorporation of Zea mays cob powder enhanced the thermal stability, transmissibility, and biodegradation properties of the film. The PVA/ZMCP biofilm samples were thermally stable up to 322.16 °C. The surface morphology of films indicated that the excellent compatibility between base materials up to 20wt% of ZMCP loading. PVA/(20wt%) ZMCP biofilm exhibited maximum tensile properties. Because of the ZMCP concentration throughout the PVA matrix, the % of water uptake, % of film solubility, and WVP all rose gradually. PVA/ZMCP biofilms lost up to 56.8% of their weight in the soil after 30 days. In essence, the PVA/ZMCP films possessed all desirable properties to be considered as novel and intelligent materials for packaging and enfolding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the frequency with which translocation is implemented as a conservation tool, remarkably little research has assessed the sustainable management of translocation source populations. We sought to make an a priori estimate of the impact of multiple alternative harvesting scenarios on five passerine species endemic to Norfolk Island which may benefit from future translocation. Population parameters for our five focal taxa were quantified using distance sampling at 298 point surveys conducted in 2019. Intensive nest monitoring between 2018 and 2020 was used to estimate reproductive rates. We modelled population trajectories for all five taxa under alternative harvesting scenarios in forward projections over a 25‐year period to assess the likelihood that focal populations could recover from a harvesting event. We used sensitivity analysis to assess the robustness of models to uncertainty around some population parameters. We estimate that Norfolk Island National Park supported 1486 Norfolk Robins Petroica multicolor (95% confidence interval (CI) 1017–1954), 7184 Slender‐billed White‐eyes Zosterops tenuirostris (95% CI 5817–8551), 2970 Norfolk Grey Fantails Rhipidura albiscapa pelzini (95% CI 2094–3846), 3676 Norfolk Gerygones Gerygone modesta (95% CI 2869–4482) and 1671 Norfolk Golden Whistlers Pachycephala pectoralis xanthoprocta (95% CI 1084–2259) in 2019. All five species were predicted to recover from the harvest of 50, 100 or 150 individuals within 10 years. Despite considerable variation in population parameters, we demonstrate that all five focal taxa have the potential to sustain harvesting at rates required for future conservation translocations. We provide a clear comparison of differing intensity harvesting strategies for on‐ground managers. More broadly, we provide a rare example of an a priori assessment of the impact of harvesting for translocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the Arctic, ice‐affiliated marine mammals constitute local subsistence resources but detrimental effects of declines in their sea ice habitats create a need for harvest sustainability assessments in light of climate change. At the same time, empirical data required for thorough population analysis of these species are often sparse at best, as illustrated by the focal species in this study, ringed seals in Svalbard: the last population survey took place two decades ago (2002–2003), demographic data are limited to age, sex, and reproductive status of a small subset of shot individuals, and harvest reporting is patchy and incomplete. Data sparsity is one of the main reasons why potential biological removal (PBR) became a commonly used tool for assessing sustainability of marine mammal harvests. Herein, we calculated PBR for Svalbard ringed seals using both recommended default parameters and population‐specific parameters obtained from an integrated population model (IPM). PBR estimates were highly uncertain, suggesting the number of sustainably harvestable individuals could lie anywhere between 0 and 91, with a substantial chance of any harvest being unsustainable under current environmental conditions and trends. Subsequent population viability analyses (PVAs) further confirmed that the current harvest was likely unsustainable, even in a scenario in which sea ice conditions would not deteriorate (and therefore lower pup survival) further. However, uncertainty in population projections was high, and forecasts thus not ideal for formulating management advice. Better forecasts will require more frequent population surveys and obtaining more knowledge regarding the links between vital rates and environmental conditions, both of which may be facilitated by the adoption of novel technology (e.g., drone monitoring, genetic studies). The modeling framework created in this study can be readily updated with new data as they become available, and can serve as a tool for adaptive management of this and other marine mammal populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, with the aim of monitoring soil loss and infiltration rate in loamy sand soil. The study focused on the effects of applying polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and mulch under simulated rainfall conditions. The experimental setup involved testing three levels of PVA (0.5%, 0.75%, and 1.0%), one level of wheat-straw mulch (600 g/m2), and a Control treatment (untreated soil). Each of these treatments was replicated four times. The lowest soil loss (20.9 g/m2) was recorded under the 1.0% PVA treatment, while the highest (120.1 g/m2) was seen under the 0.5% PVA treatment. The 1.0% PVA treatment showed a significant reduction in soil loss compared to the 0.5% PVA, 0.75% PVA, mulch, and Control treatments, with reductions of approximately 82.6%, 45.1%, 81.2%, and 89.6%, respectively. Regarding infiltration rates, the Control treatment exhibited the lowest rate (2.4 cm/h), while the 1.0% PVA treatment displayed the highest rate (9.6 cm/h). Additionally, the use of mulch led to a 44.7% reduction in soil loss compared to the treatment without mulch, likely due to the mitigated impact of raindrops. The infiltration rate was significantly higher (4.8 cm/h) under the mulched treatment compared to the unmulched treatment (2.4 cm/h). Overall, the application of PVA and mulch resulted in a drastic reduction in soil loss, likely attributable to the enhanced stability of soil aggregates, improved infiltration rate, and reduced runoff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bycatch is one of the leading threats facing aquatic organisms, worldwide. Pesticide bycatch can occur when nontarget species are incidentally killed during chemical application targeting noxious species. The common mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) is a river‐dwelling salamander that is susceptible to bycatch from 3‐trifluoromethyl‐4‐nitrophenol (TFM) applications. However, the long‐term consequences of TFM bycatch on mudpuppy populations are not well understood. We used population viability analysis to reveal potential impacts of TFM application on a mudpuppy population in Ohio's Grand River under plausible bycatch scenarios. We found that the population was more sensitive to increased juvenile mortality and rapid declines occurred when both adults and juveniles were impacted at high bycatch rates (≥5% of the population) or more frequent TFM intervals (≥5 years). Our results suggest that continued use of TFM could pose a risk to mudpuppy population persistence if bycatch occurs at moderate to high levels and affects both juveniles and adults. Future TFM use and management decisions should be directed with these potential nontarget impacts in mind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary goal of this study is to elucidate the structural and electrical characteristics, alongside potential applications, of ceramic-polymeric composites. These composites are achieved by incorporating lithium-lanthanum titanates (Li 3x La 2/3−x TiO 3 - LLTO) into a polyvinyl alcohol polymeric matrix (PVA). The synthesis of lithium-lanthanum titanates occurred through high-energy ball milling method. Then, three types of composites were produced using the solvent casting method: a sample of pure Poly (vinyl alcohol) polymer (PVA), a second PVA composite with the addition of La 0 · 59 Li 0 · 24 TiO 3 (Li-0.24) and a third sample with La0· 56 Li 0 · 33 TiO 3 (Li-0.33). SEM and AFM analyzes revealed notable changes in the morphology and 3D spatial patterns of the films upon incorporating lithium-lanthanum titanates into the PVA matrix. The PVA film presents a topography featuring a more evenly distributed range of topographic heights, indicating a smoother surface structure. With varying LLTO content, the morphology of the PVA composite underwent changes. The lower roughness of the PVA surface is evident from its measured average roughness value (Ra = 1.9 ± 0.5 nm). Upon incorporating LLTO, the surfaces displayed increased roughness, measuring specifically at 40.1 ± 7.3 nm (Li-0.24) and 22.7 ± 5.5 nm (Li-0.33). Notably, there was an approximately 43 % reduction in the average roughness value from Li-0.24 to Li-0.33. The analysis by Raman allowed the identification of functional groups of the PVA polymeric chain, in addition to the presence of some vibrational modes related to the structure of lithium-lanthanum titanates for the sample with the highest content of Li+ ions (Li-0.33). Finally, the sample Li-0.33 showed the lowest value of electrical resistance (67 kΩ) and of phase angle (16°), compared to the PVA (100 MΩ and 90°). These results show that the presence of the LLTO changed the insulating behavior of the PVA matrix changed and improved potential to electronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research characterized the dielectric, magnetic, microwave shielding, and mechanical properties of a highly flexible microwave shielding material made by a solution casting process using NiFe2O4 and biocarbon particles in a PVA matrix. Black gram waste pods were used to create biocarbon, while NiFe2O4 was used as-is for the magnetic counterpart. Solution casting was used to create the composites, which were then cured at room temperature. The results demonstrate that the shielding properties can be improved by using NiFe2O4-biocarbon hybrid particles. Results showed that the NB31 provides the best shielding efficiency at 20 GHz of 61.4 dB, better than any other composites. Similarly, the composite NB31 also has a maximum relative permittivity of 5.6 at 20 GHz. In addition to this, the highest values recorded for NB31's magnetization, coercivity, and retentivity were 1320 E-6 emu, −12600 G, and 1215 E-6 emu. Finally, the inclusion of NiFe2O4-biocarbon greatly increases the tensile strength, tear strength, elongation, and hardness of composites to 38 MPa, 168 MPa, 18.4%, and 36 Shore-D, respectively. The electron microscopy fractographic images show that the NiFe2O4-biocarbon hybrid particle is evenly distributed in the PVA matrix, helping to fill up the voids and boost the material's mechanical capabilities. These EMI shielding-improved flexible PVA composites could be used in electronic and defense applications where high-frequency waves need to be prevented from creating interference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation reveals the successful incorporation of strontium‐doped thorium oxide (SrThO3) NPs into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer nanocomposites. The fabrication process of these PVA nanocomposites entails utilizing varying amounts (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 wt%) of SrThO3 nanofillers through a straightforward solution casting technique. The microstructure and overall structure of the resulting polymer nanocomposites were analyzed using powdered x‐ray diffraction for crystalline structure and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for molecular composition. The introduced SrThO3 nanofiller demonstrates a strong affinity for the hydroxyl groups present in the PVA polymer, a phenomenon validated through FTIR spectroscopy. In order to comprehend the impact of doping, the surface morphology of the PVA polymer nanocomposites underwent examination via scanning electron microscopy. The absorption and transmission of light were quantitatively assessed using UV–visible spectroscopy. The excitation and emission behaviors of electrons in both the PVA and SrThO3‐doped PVA nanocomposites were scrutinized through photoluminescence spectroscopy. Furthermore, the extent of UV light absorption was investigated by studying the degradation of methylene blue dye, a substance known for its sensitivity to UV light. Results indicate that the intentional incorporation of SrThO3 NPs significantly enhances UV stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of innovative food packaging technologies, particularly those capable of monitoring freshness, has become increasingly important in the food industry. This research explores the development of a pH-responsive freshness sensor using polyvinyl alcohol-red cabbage (PVA/RC) nanofibers. The nanofibers are fabricated through the electrospinning technique and meticulously analyzed via scanning electron microscopy, Fourier -transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results underscore the fine structure of the nanofiber matrix, with an average diameter of ~68 nm. FTIR analysis substantiates the presence of anthocyanin compounds from RC within the PVA/RC nanofibers, which confirms the integration of beneficial components into the nanofiber matrix. Moreover, DSC investigations reveal the outstanding thermal properties of PVA/RC, which demonstrates the resilience of the nanofibers to higher temperatures, with a melting point of ~223 °C. Notably, the PVA/RC nanofibers with a 3:1 ratio exhibit excellent thermal stability, although the color change due to pH fluctuations shifts toward transparency. This study lays down the foundation for future exploration and the potential for a diverse array of applications and material enhancements. The findings presented herein open up new opportunities for the use of PVA/RC nanofibers in the development of freshness sensors, heralding a new era in smart food packaging technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofoam (Biodegradable foam) is an alternative packaging to Styrofoam made from natural raw materials that can be biodegraded in the soil. Biofoam is generally made from 3 constituent materials in the form of main ingredients in the form of starch or other similar materials, plasticizers such as PVA and also fillers in the form of fibers containing cellulose. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the combination of porang glucomannan, PVA and seaweed pulp on biofoam and to determine the best formulation and characteristics of the biofoam samples made. The technique of making biofoam was done using baking technique with 9 different treatments. Each treatment was repeated 3x and observations were made on biofoam structure, mechanical properties testing (tensile strength, elongation and young modulus), water absorption test, and biodegradation test. The results showed that Polyvinyl Alcohol plays a role in the formation of a hollow biofoam structure. The thickness parameter value for each treatment was 0.628-1.939 mm. The tensile strength value of each treatment has a value ranging from 15.989-35.265 N/mm². The elongation value for each treatment ranged from 25.719-76.427%. The young modulus value for each treatment ranged from 0.343-0.896 N/mm². The water absorption value of each treatment obtained values ranging from 35.81-77.12%. And the value of testing biodegradation parameters obtained values ranging from 8.68-32.18%. So that the best treatment obtained using the multiple attribute method is the A3B1 treatment (PVA 15% and the ratio of seaweed pulp concentration to glucomannan 1: 2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer nanocomposite films comprising polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix loading with Co0.85Mg0.15Fe1.95Y0.05O4 (CMYFO) spinel ferrite nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated using casting method. The as-prepared polymer films (P-CMYFO) were analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), an optical microscope, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. The CMYFO spinel ferrite NPs synthesis was confirmed by XRD, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. Also, the P-CMYFO films' XRD spectra confirmed the inclusion of the CMYFO NPs in the polymer matrix, besides the descending in the PVA main peak with increasing CMYFO NPs content. Moreover, the particle size of the CMYFO grew with increasing its content inside the PVA matrix. The OM shows the aggregations with high disorder in film morphology, and the particles become denser in the matrix with increasing CMYFO content. The P-CMYFO film spectrum shows a strong absorption edge in the UV-region, which is related Moreover, the transparency of the polymer film decreases gradually from 91% for the unloaded sample to about 15% for the loaded sample with a higher content of CMYFO NPs. The optical bandgap was found to decrease from 5.59 eV for the unloaded film to 4.74 eV for the loaded sample with a higher content of CMYFO NPs. The higher content of CMYFO NPs resulted in an increase in the refractive index from 1.876 to 2.041. Additionally, optical parameters like metallization criterion, optical basicity, and electronegativity showed an enhancement with the inclusion of the NPs in the polymer matrix. P-CMYFO films have intriguing optical properties that could be a viable option for optoelectronic uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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An inexpensive membrane with high proton conductivity and high fuel cell performance, which can be an alternative to Nafion for PEMFC (Proton exchange membrane fuel cell), will overcome the obstacle to widespread commercialization of fuel cells due to high cost. For this purpose, SPEEK (sulfonated polyether ether ketone)-PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) blend membranes with colloidal silica additives were synthesized in this study. Ludox AS-40 was used as the colloidal silica source and the blend membrane was prepared by solution casting method. Water uptake capacity, swelling property, size change, dynamic mechanical analysis, ion exchange capacity, AC impedance analysis, hydrolytic and oxidative stability experiments of the synthesized Ludox additives blend membranes for fuel cell application were carried out, and the membranes were also characterized by FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) analysis. While the water uptake capacities of SPEEK/PVA membranes containing 1% Ludox, 5% Ludox, and 10% Ludox at room temperature were found to be 14.08%, 14.84%, and 16.6%, respectively, the water uptake capacities at 80oC increased to 14.73%, 15.17%, and 17.11%. The proton conductivities of 1% Ludox, 5% Ludox and 10% Ludox doped SPEEK/PVA membranes at 80oC were 0.25 S/cm, 0.56 S/cm, and 0.65 S/cm, respectively. Similarly, ion exchange capacities were determined to be 1.41 meq/g, 1.63 meq/g, and 1.71 meq/g, respectively. All Ludox-added membranes exhibited excellent hydrolytic stability, retaining approximately 88% of their mass after 650 h. In addition, in oxidative stability experiments carried out in 4 ppm Fe+ 2 at 80oC, the 10% Ludox-added membrane exhibited the highest weight loss of 88.8% at the end of 24 h, while the 5% Ludox-additive membrane retained 91.6% of its total weight. Considering the proton conductivity and longevity tests of the synthesized membranes, they are thought to be promising structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the preparation, hydrogel kinetics, and mechanical analysis of Boron Nitride (BN) reinforced PVA/PVP/PEO‐BN hydrogel composite films using Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and Polyethylene oxide (PEO) commercial polymers. Dynamic mechanical analysis tests reveal that PVA90PEO5PVP5‐BN composite films exhibit plastic‐viscoelastic behavior under a maximum force of 18 N. The Young's Modulus values for PVA90PEO5PVP5, PVA90PEO5PVP5‐BN%10, and PVA90PEO5PVP5‐BN%20 are 0.22, 0.32, and 0.44 MPa, respectively. The highest % Strain value is observed in PVA90PEO5PVP5‐BN%20, reaching 279.80%. In the hydrogel kinetics study, Schott's and Fickian models are utilized. The regression from the Fickian model is quite low, with exponential diffusion index, n, values lower than 0.5, indicating a classical Fickian water diffusion mechanism. Schott's model provides graphs with significantly higher regression compared to the Fickian model. The results indicate compatibility with the other model and confirm the presence of water‐based diffusion. Equilibrium swelling values (Se, g H2O/g gel) are 6.71, 7.03, and 7.91 for PVA90PEO5PVP5, PVA90PEO5PVP5, PVA90PEO5PVP5‐BN%10, and PVA90PEO5PVP5‐BN%20, respectively. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis results show that the glass transition temperatures, Tg, are 52.37, 60.20, and 63.05°C for PVA90PEO5PVP5, PVA90PEO5PVP5‐BN%10, and PVA90PEO5PVP5‐BN%20, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize is an important staple crop in Ethiopia, but there is a limited number of pro-vitamin A (PVA) and quality protein maize (QPM) varieties under commercial production compared with normal maize varieties in the country. Therefore, developing nutritionally enriched maize varieties is helpful to mitigate malnutrition problems among communities whose diets are more dominated with maize. This study was carried out to determine genotype by environment (G × E) interaction and grain yield stability of introduced and locally developed PVA and QPM hybrids and identify promising hybrids for further evaluation to promote release. Forty-four hybrids, including 20 PVA and 18 QPM hybrids with six checks (One PVA, two QPM, three normal maize) were evaluated using a row-column design (22-rows and six columns) with three replications at six locations in Ethiopia in 2022. The effects of genotype, environment and G × E interaction were highly significant for grain yield. Based on additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI), genotype plus genotype by environment (GGE) biplot analysis and yield stability index (YSI), the most stable PVA and QPM hybrids were identified, but none of them had high or comparable grain yield potential compared with normal checks. Among top ten hybrids, entry 15 (3XM2100055) was the highest yielding QPM hybrid which had comparable yield performance with the best normal maize checks (BH549 and BH546) and out yielded to QPM (BQPY545 and BHQP548) and PVA (BHA5211) checks, and this hybrid was well adapted to ArsiNegele, Bako and Jima environments. The GGE analysis delineated the six testing environments into three mega environments. Ambo and ArsiNegele were the most discriminating and representative environments therefore, these environments are the most suitable to select genetically well adapted PVA and QPM hybrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to investigate the structural, surface and particles properties of a series of zinc oxides (ZnO) doped with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) that were prepared using the sol-gel method. The results demonstrated that the crystallinity of the catalysts decreased as the PVA content increased beyond 5 PVA/ZnO. However, on raising the calcination temperature up to 500 °C, the average crystal size of the PVA/ZnO nanoparticles increased. Next Pyridine adsorption was used to measure the surface acidity of the catalysts, and the results showed that doping ZnO with PVA and raising the calcination temperature to 500 °C increased the catalyst’s surface acidity. Furthermore, the data indicates that raising the ratio of the Brønsted to Lewis acid sites enhanced the catalytic activity for the synthesis of coumarin derivatives. We concluded that the structural and acidity characteristics of the catalysts under study had a significant impact on the catalytic activity. Furthermore, a study examining the biological activity of ZnO/PVA and pure ZnO revealed that 5PVA/ZnO performed the best in terms of improving the kidney functions of diabetic rats.

Abstract Because of the abundance of sodium resources, sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) offer a promising alternative electrochemical energy storage solution. One of the current roadblocks to the development of NIBs technology is a lack of electrode materials capable of reversibly storing/releasing sodium ions for a sufficiently long time. Thus, this work aims to study, theoretically, the effect of glycerin incorporation on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/sodium alginate (Na Alg) blend as electrode materials for NIBs. The electronic, thermal, and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) descriptors of polymer electrolytes based on a blend of PVA and Na Alg and glycerin are the main topics of this work. These properties are examined here using semi-empirical methods and the density functional theory (DFT). Bandgap energy (Eg) is examined because the structural analysis reveals details regarding the interactions between PVA/Na Alg and glycerin. The findings indicate that the addition of glycerin caused the Eg value to drop to 0.2814 eV. The molecular electrostatic potential surface, or MESP, shows the electron-rich and deficit regions throughout the electrolyte system as well as the distribution of molecular charges. Thermal parameters that are studied include enthalpy (H), entropy (ΔS), heat capacity (Cp), Gibbs’ free energy (G), and heat of formation. Additionally, the study examines several QSAR descriptors, such as total dipole moment (TDM), total energy (E), ionization potential (IP), Log P, and Polarizability. The results show that H, ΔS, Cp, G, and TDM increased with increasing temperature and glycerin content. Meanwhile, heat of formation, IP, and E decreased, improving reactivity and polarizability. Additionally, the cell voltage increased to 2.488 V due to glycerin addition. The overall DFT and PM6 calculations of cost-effective PVA/Na Alg based glycerin electrolytes indicate that they can partially replace lithium-ion batteries due to their multifunctionality, but requires further improvement and investigations.

Abstract A study was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, with the aim of monitoring soil loss and infiltration rate in loamy sand soil. The study focused on the effects of applying polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and mulch under simulated rainfall conditions. The experimental setup involved testing three levels of PVA (0.5%, 0.75%, and 1.0%), one level of wheat-straw mulch (600 g/m2), and a Control treatment (untreated soil). Each of these treatments was replicated four times. The lowest soil loss (20.9 g/m2) was recorded under the 1.0% PVA treatment, while the highest (120.1 g/m2) was seen under the 0.5% PVA treatment. The 1.0% PVA treatment showed a significant reduction in soil loss compared to the 0.5% PVA, 0.75% PVA, mulch, and Control treatments, with reductions of approximately 82.6%, 45.1%, 81.2%, and 89.6%, respectively. Regarding infiltration rates, the Control treatment exhibited the lowest rate (2.4 cm/h), while the 1.0% PVA treatment displayed the highest rate (9.6 cm/h). Additionally, the use of mulch led to a 44.7% reduction in soil loss compared to the treatment without mulch, likely due to the mitigated impact of raindrops. The infiltration rate was significantly higher (4.8 cm/h) under the mulched treatment compared to the unmulched treatment (2.4 cm/h). Overall, the application of PVA and mulch resulted in a drastic reduction in soil loss, likely attributable to the enhanced stability of soil aggregates, improved infiltration rate, and reduced runoff.

This study explores the synthesis and application of carbon-negative technology that leverage circular economy and environmentally friendly methodologies. Porous silica using plant-derived silica sources and self-assembled lignin templates were prepared, achieving an impresive surface area of up to 104.76 m2/g. Additionally, we prepared porous composite films via a freeze-drying process incorporating polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). These films demonstrated enhanced tensile properties, with a tensile strength reaching 285.72 kPa. Notably, the film surfaces engaged in a third-body tribology mechanism, which endowed them with excellent abrasion resistance and a low friction coefficient. The specific surface area of the films was measured at 20.15 m2/g, making them ideal substrates for CO₂ adsorption functionalization. The functionalized films showcased outstanding CO₂ adsorption capabilities, with a maximum uptake of 29.38 mg/g. Furthermore, they retained over 90% of their adsorption capacity after five adsorption/desorption cycles. Under high CO₂ conditions, these composite films combine the desirable attributes of both solid and liquid adsorbents—high surface area, low volatility, and adsorption stability—contributing significantly to greenhouse gas mitigation and the pursuit of carbon neutrality.

In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/Na-Bentonite composites were prepared. In the preparation of composites, a maximum of 13% polymer by mass was loaded into the clay. Structural properties of composites prepared by solution mixing technique were examined using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), Fourier Transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Dielectric properties were determined with the help of Dielectric spectroscopy (DS). From the XRF study, it was understood that the origin of the clay was Calcium bentonite (Ca-Bentonite) provided from the Asbro-Horio reservoir on the island of Milos, Greece, and that the Supplier (Imerys-Türkiye) converted the clay into NaBentonite through the sodium enrichment process. From XRD and FTIR measurements, it was observed that PVA interacted with the Na-Bentonite surface instead of being located between the Na-Bentonite galleries. This interaction between polymer and clay limited both the segmental movement of the polymer chains and the orientation of the hydroxyl groups on the clay surface. The electrode polarization effect is significantly reduced in composites with low PVA content. In low-dimensional capacitive systems, the use of materials with low dielectric constant comes to the fore to prevent resistance-capacitance (RC delay) delay. The important factor affecting the dielectric constant in the low frequency region is the electrode polarization effect. Thus, the low electrode polarization effect composites produced in this study can serve this purpose [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Spinel Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (LTO), a zero-strain material, is a promising anode material for solid-state thin-film lithium-ion batteries (TFB). However, the preparation of high-performance Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 thin-film electrodes through facile methods remains a significant challenge. Herein, we present a novel approach to prepare a binder- and conductor-free porous Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (P-LTO) thin-film. This approach polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-assisted spray deposition and does not require the use of complex or expensive methods. Adding PVA to the precursor solution effectively prevents thin-film cracking during high-temperature annealing, enhances adhesion, and forms a highly interconnected porous structure. This unique structure shortens the lithium-ion diffusion pathways and facilitates electron transport. Therefore, P-LTO thin film electrodes demonstrate exceptional rate capacity of 104.1 mAh/g at a current density of 100C. In addition, the electrodes exhibit ultra-long cycle stability, retaining 80.9 % capacity after 10,000 cycles at 10C. This work offers a novel approach for the preparation of high-performance thin-film electrodes for TFBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper utilizes the reaction of phytic acid (PA) and urea (UM) in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution to synthesize flame retardant gasses (CO2, NH3) for the preparation of PVA composite films containing flame retardant microbubbles. The flame retardancy of PVA composite films was assessed using methods including limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL 94), and cone calorimetry. The results indicated an increase in the LOI of the PVA composite film containing flame retardant microfoam from 20% to 30% compared with the pure PVA film, and that UL 94 reached VTM‐0. Furthermore, its peak exothermic rate and total exothermic amount were reduced by 36.25% and 38.92%, respectively, compared with the pure PVA film. The investigation of the flame‐retardant mechanism employed thermogravimetric‐infrared (TG‐IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that the CO2 and NH3 flame retardant microbubbles within the composite film render it less ignitable at the initial stage, and that the internal UM of the composite film continues to decompose, releasing CO2 and NH3 upon heating. In addition, the acidic substances decomposed by PA during combustion promote the dehydration, cross‐linking, and cyclization of PVA, generating chemical structures such as POC, POP, and PO4 with enhanced thermal stability. This encourages the formation of a continuous, dense charcoal layer and impedes the transfer of oxygen and heat into the interior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is well-known for its excellent mechanical properties and eco-friendliness in food packaging. Recently, PVA has gained significant attention in research due to its potential as antibacterial substrates. However, because of its high hydrophilicity, practical application of pure PVA film has been limited by low water resistance and rapid bacterial growth in humid conditions. Diverse effective strategies have been developed to decrease hydrophilicity and endow films with antibacterial properties. This review provides an overview of universal antibacterial agents and their functions in PVA-based packaging films. It also introduces the changes in the mechanical and physical properties of PVA-based films after adding antibacterial agents. Additionally, the release behavior of antibacterial agents in PVA-based film materials and their practical applications in the food industry is discussed in fresh food packaging. Biodegradability of PVA-based films is also mentioned, with a promising future for more effective and eco-friendly food packaging materials.

Abstract The proficient handling of diabetic wounds, a rising issue coinciding with the global escalation of diabetes cases, poses significant clinical difficulties. A range of biofunctional dressings have been engineered and produced to expedite the healing process of diabetic wounds. This study proposes a multifunctional hydrogel dressing for diabetic wound healing, which is composed of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) and N1-(4-boronobenzyl)-N3-(4-boronophenyl)-N1, N1, N3, N3-teramethylpropane-1, 3-diaminium (TSPBA), and a dual-drug loaded Gelatin methacryloyl (GM) microgel. The GM microgel is loaded with sodium fusidate (SF) and nanoliposomes (LP) that contain metformin hydrochloride (MH). Notably, adhesive and self-healing properties the hydrogel enhance their therapeutic potential and ease of application. In vitro assessments indicate that SF-infused hydrogel can eliminate more than 98% of bacteria within 24 h and maintain a sustained release over 15 days. Additionally, MH incorporated within the hydrogel has demonstrated effective glucose level regulation for a duration exceeding 15 days. The hydrogel demonstrates a sustained ability to neutralize ROS throughout the entire healing process, predominantly by electron donation and sequestration. This multifunctional hydrogel dressing, which integrated biological functions of efficient bactericidal activity against both MSSA and MRSA strains, blood glucose modulation, and control of active oxygen levels, has successfully promoted the healing of diabetic wounds in rats in 14 days. The hydrogel dressing exhibited significant effectiveness in facilitating the healing process of diabetic wounds, highlighting its considerable promise for clinical translation. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a unique radiotherapy of selectively eradicating tumor cells using boron compounds (e.g., 4-borono-l-phenylalanine [BPA]) that are heterogeneously taken up at the cellular level. Such heterogenicity potentially reduces the curative efficiency. However, the effects of temporospatial heterogenicity on cell killing remain unclear. With the technical combination of radiation track detector and biophysical simulations, this study revealed the cell cycle-dependent heterogenicity of BPA uptake and subsequent biological effects of BNCT on HeLa cells expressing fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicators, as well as the modification effects of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The results showed that the BPA concentration in the S/G2/M phase was higher than that in the G1/S phase and that PVA enhances the biological effects both by improving the uptake and by canceling the heterogenicity. These findings might contribute to a maximization of therapeutic efficacy when BNCT is combined with PVA and/or cell cycle-specific anticancer agents.

The study focuses on developing a new way to deliver the narcolepsy medication pitolisant. Electrospinning was used to make polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG) polymers into pitolisant nanofibers (PT-NF). A design expert created the best formulation to optimise the process variables like applied voltage, distance, and feed rate. The nanofibers were characterised using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, FT-IR, entrapment efficiency, and in-vitro drug release studies. Results showed that the optimal PT-NF formulation had an average diameter of 172 ​nm with an entrapment efficacy of 95 ​% and 92 ​% drug release within 45 ​min. HPG polymer was included in the optimised formulation, whose average fibre diameter was 118 ​nm with 98 ​% entrapment efficacy and 98 ​± ​2 ​% drug release within 30 ​min. These findings strongly suggest that PT nanofibers hold substantial promise as a viable alternative to conventional solid dosage forms for brain-targeted administration, especially when administered via a transdermal patch to a patient during sleep.

Fluorene derivatives have been widely developed in OLEDs because of its efficient fluorescence quantum efficiency, but for which unique rigid biphenyl planar structure and large conjugated system, we hypothesize that they have a great potential for room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) applications, and confirmed this conjecture by subjecting polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and phosphors to thermal annealing. The cross‐linked structure formed during thermal annealing judiciously modulates the phosphorescence emission characteristics of the fluorenol with the synergistic interaction between PVA and fluorenol. Specifically, the lifetime exhibited a substantial increase from 1352.2 ms to 2874.1 ms, accompanied by a quantum yield augmentation from 4.8 % to 11.3 %, which substantiate that cross‐linked induced by thermal annealing effectively amplifies the phosphorescent intensity and stability of the phosphors, facilitating ultralong phosphorescent emission at ambient conditions. Furthermore, an effective probe based on this film is developed for its highly sensitive, quantitative and immediate detection of volatile organic compounds. This investigation not only proffers a novel paradigm for the development of advanced RTP materials but also imparts insightful considerations for optimizing the performance of polymers in conjunction with functional materials, encompassing bioimaging, sensing, and optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Where stable source populations of at-risk species exist, translocation may be a reasonable strategy for re-establishing extirpated populations. However, the success rates of such efforts are mixed, necessitating thorough preliminary investigation. Stochastic population modeling can be a useful method of assessing the potential success of translocations. Here, we report on the results of modeling translocation success for the Gallinula galeata sandvicensis or 'alae 'ula (Hawaiian Common Gallinule), an endangered waterbird endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Using updated vital rates, we constructed a model simulating 3 existing extant (wild) source populations and a hypothetical recipient site on another island. We then projected the effects of 6 different translocation scenarios and sensitivity of the results to variation of three important demographic parameters on the probability of extinction (PE) of the reintroduced and donor populations. Larger translocations, of at least 30 birds, had low probability of extinction in the reintroduced population, but raised extinction risk of the smallest source population. Spacing out translocations in time (e.g. 10 birds translocated in total in 3 installments over 9 years), led to lower PE than translocating all individuals at once (i.e. bulk translocations) for both the source and reintroduced populations. Brood size and hatch-year juvenile survival had a disproportionate impact on reintroduced population viability. Importantly, the reported juvenile survival rate is very near the threshold for population failure. This suggests that post-introduction and subsequent management of wetlands, particularly predator control, could be critical to reintroduction success. We recommend that individuals should be translocated from multiple, genetically distinct subpopulations to reduce the possibility of inbreeding depression. Based on this analysis, the recipient wetland should be sufficiently large that it can support at least 25 pairs of gallinules. Based on recent estimates of population densities on O'ahu, such a wetland would need to be between 3.75 and 74.6 ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study is to synthesize nanocomposite PVA/ Co0.2Zn0.2Cd0.6Fe2O4 films with varying contents of Co0.2Zn0.2Cd0.6Fe2O4 nanoparticles (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) to improve the structural, optical, and mechanical characteristics of the examined materials. Casting technique is used to prepare PVA/ Co0.2Zn0.2Cd0.6Fe2O4 films. X-ray diffraction, FTIR, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and Vickers Hardness were used to examine the effect of magnetic nanoparticle content on the structural, optical, and mechanical characteristics of PVA nanocomposite films. The refractive index rises from 1.4967 for pure PVA to 7.6511 for PVA + 0.8Co0.2Zn0.2Cd0.6Fe2O4, allowing it to be employed in a variety of applications such as solar cell construction. Because of the presence of ferrite in the glass matrix, the average hardness values enhanced and increased from 90.7 to 114.2 MPa. The stress exponent (n) varies from 1.12 to 3.33, with grain boundary sliding as the deformation mechanism for x = 0, viscous glid for x = 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6, and dislocation climb for x = 0.8 nanocomposite thin films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, poly(vinyl alcohol)/polyaniline blend films were fabricated using solution casting technique with different weight ratios of PANI (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10) wt.%. The results showed that the best ratio of the polymer blend was (92% PVA/8% PANI), based on the electrical conductivity of direct current. The results showed that 8 wt.% PANI possessed the highest conductivity. Then, the composite films were prepared by adding multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) to the optimum ratio of the polymer blend as a base material and at different weight ratios (0, 1, 3, 5, 7 wt.%). A tension device was used to examine and characterize the prepared samples. It was found that the addition of MWCNT to PVA/PANI caused an obvious decrease in elongation while there was an increase in tension strength and "Young's modulus". Optical microscopy results showed a good picture of the distribution of MWCNT particles for composites up to 1 wt.% MWCNT. But, some aggregations can be observed in films with 3, 5, and 7 wt.% MWCNT content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan and vinyl polymer have notably contributed to critical engineering and medical applications. This study focused on combining these biopolymers with the reinforcement of unique graphene to fabricate newly quaternary biopolymers-based nanocomposites for the first time for notable characterizations and properties. The nano chitosan (CS) doped graphene oxide (GO) nanosheet was mixed with two selected vinyl family polymers with different end vinyl functionalities, polyvinyl propylene (PVP) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). It was mixed separately with polyacrylic acid (PAA) and CS-doped GO nanosheets to fabricate new PVP-PAA-CS/GO (Ps) and PVV-PAA-CS/GO (Ns) nanocomposites. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy exhibited strong hydrogen bonding between the component matrix with different behaviors of nanocomposites. X-ray diffraction results revealed different semicrystalline behavior of nanocomposites due to changing the vinyl polymers. Field emission scanning electron microscopy presented good homogeneity and fine dispersion of nanomaterials with different fracture surface behavior of two nanocomposites. UV–visible spectrophotometer utilized absorption peaks at 260 nm of Ps and 300 nm of Ns nanocomposites; the energy gap improved the forbidden indirect transition from 3.4 to 2.95 eV and 3.9 to 3.2 eV, respectively. The inhibition zone of bacteria presented the best result of Ps nanocomposites, which improved from 6.2 mm to 14 mm S. aureus bacteria ranged, whereas 7 mm to 11 mm was the range for group Ns. Meanwhile, Ps revealed the best inhibitory of E. coli from 19 to 23 mm and 18 to 20 mm for Ns nanocomposites compared to S. aureus. These new nanocomposites presented promising for biological and opto-electro applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]