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Putchkov, Alexander V., Markina, Tetiana Yu. (2020): The description of the tiger beetle larvae of Cosmodela aurulenta (Fabricius 1801)(Coleoptera, Cicindelidae). Zootaxa 4859 (4): 537-544, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4859.4.5

Cosmodela aurulenta aurulenta (Fabricius, 1801) Description of third instar larva. Measurements: HL = 2.10���2.25 (2.14) mm; HW = 3.62���3.84 (3.68) mm; PNL = 2.20���2.35 (2.32) mm; PNW = 3.75���3.94 (3.82) mm. Head above almost black with faint lustre (sometimes greenish-blue). Most part of head below light brown, but almost black on anterior margin. Maxillae light brown (labium and antennae darkened) but apical region of mandibles and antennae almost black. Maximum width of head on level of stemma I. Nasale transverse, wider base of mandible and slightly rounded at apex, with longitudinal grooves at base. Lateral lobes small, lateral plates below lateral lobes widened, almost rectangular. Disk of clypeus almost smooth. Setae thin, long and acute on apexes (but some of them near stemmata I and II slightly obtuse). All setae reddish-transparent.A1 with 5���6, A2 with 8���10 long setae. Length ratio of antennae (starting with the first) = 1.5:1.8: 1.2:1.0. Galea distinctly longer than maxillary palpus (Fig 4). Maxillae slender, stipes with 1 bristle on internal margin base and almost equal in length to galea. LP1 with three shortened spine-liked projections and three long lateral setae. LP2 with one seta near middle. Epicranial suture distinct, longer than diameter of fourth antennomere. Pronotum almost black. Setae thin, reddish-transparent. Marginal setae acute on apexes, setae on disk of PN slightly obtuse). PNa wide and with slightly rounded apices; swellings of PNa and callous elevations of PN distinct (Fig. 1). PN1 with 8���10 setae, PNm with 4���5 setae, ridge of PNa with 2 setae. Legs light brown, partly darkened above and habitually similar to those of other Cicindelinа larvae. Sclerotized areas of abdomen distinct. T3 almost rectangular (angles rounded) and with 10���14 reddish-transparent setae. Hypopleuron consisting of one large sclerites and 3-4 small ones (type I). CT5 and AT5 almost semicircular and not jointed on inner margin (Fig. 2); apex of MH almost reached middle of AT5; LCT5 with 6-7 long setae; CT5 with 20-25 stout setae (similar to those of inner hook) and some thin small setae on posterior margin (Fig. 2); MH with three long setae but upper seta (near middle of MH) slightly displaced and directed nearly upward (Fig. 2), 4.0 times longer than wide on base; IH directed up, its central spine in 3 times shorter lateral setae; IH 0.4 times as long as MH, 2.2-2.4 times longer than wide. TE9 with 6���7 setae (four from them on middle shorter) (Fig. 4). EU9 with two groups of four setae each (Fig. 3). PY with 26-28 setae dorsally and 10-12 thin setae ventrally; apex of PY with 18-20 stout and long setae (Fig. 3). Description of second instar larva. Measurements: HL = 1.25 mm; HW = 2.20 mm; PNL = 1.25 mm; PNW = 2.40 mm. Head above almost black with faint greenish lustre. Antennae and apical parts of mandibles brown, other appendages light brown. Setae thin, acute (only some setae near stemmata I and II obtuse). Most setae reddish transparent, but those on appendages brown. Nasale transverse, apex slightly rounded. A1 with five long setae and A2 with six long setae. Galea slightly longer maxillary palpus. Apex of LP1 with two long lateral setae and three spinelike projections; LP2 with one seta slightly below middle. Epicranial suture distinct. PN almost black with faint greenish-bronzed lustre. PNa dark brown, slightly rounded and directed forward; setae of PN disk light brown, thin, some of them obtuse, others acute; marginal setae reddish-transparent. Swellings of PNa and callous elevations of PN distinct. PN1 with 8���10 setae, swellings of PNa with 2 setae. Legs brown above, but light brown below. Sclerotized areas of abdomen distinct, light brown. Third abdominal tergite with 7���8 setae. Sclerites of hump divided, not jointed on inner margin; apex of MH extends beyond middle of AT5; MH 3.3 times longer than wide, with two long setae but upper seta slightly displaced and directed up; IH 0.4 times as long as MH; central spine of IH 0.7 times as long as lateral setae; CT5 with 18���20 stout setae and 6���7 small setae on posterior margin; LCT5 with four long setae. TE9 with seven setae (four of them on middle shorter and 0.3 times as long as lateral setae). EU9 with two groups of four setae. PY with 20 setae dorsally (those near 10 are stout) and seven smaller setae ventrally; apex of PY with 17 setae. Description of first instar larva. Measurements: HL = 0.85 mm; HW = 0.75 mm; PNL = 0.87 mm; PNW = 1.42 mm. Head dark brown. Antennae and apical part of mandibles brown. Other appendages light brown. Setae reddishtransparent, long and obtuse. A1 bare, second and third with two setae apically. Galea slightly longer than maxillary palpus. LP1 with three spine-like projections, LP2 with one seta distinctly below middle. PN brown with anterolateral angles light brown; anterior margin of PN almost straight (Fig. 5); swellings of PNa and callous elevations of PN distinct; setae on anterior margin and inside PN obtuse; other marginal setae acute. PN1 with five setae, excluding marginal setae (Fig. 5). Legs light brown above. Sclerotized areas of abdomen slightly chitinized and pale brown. T3 with three setae. MH distinctly curved after middle (Fig. 6), with one seta on middle; IH 0.6 times as long as MH; central spine of IH large; CT5 bare; LCT5 with one long seta; AT5 with four setae (Fig. 6). TE9 with 6 setae. EU9 with two groups of three setae on posterior margin (Fig. 8). PY with eight setae dorsally and bare ventrally; apex of PY with 12 setae (Fig. 7). Distribution and ecological peculiarities. Cosmodela a. aurulenta is a common species in Bali Island. Adults and larvae were collected along the shores of small rivers and streams (usually in deep clefts), commonly on claysand or sand soils without or with very sparse vegetation (but near forests) (Fig. 9). Larvae usually aggregated at moist sand loose soil. The depth of larval burrows vary from 8���10 cm (first and second instar larvae) to 15���18 cm (third instar larvae). Interesting hidden larval burrow plugs and their function were observed by Lin & Okuyama (2013) in the similar species Cosmodela batesi, whose larval III instar differences are compared in Table 1 here. The habitat of Cosmodela aurulenta in other regions has not been recorded, but presumably adults occur near forest streams like some related species (for example, Cosmodela virgula Fleutiaux, 1893) (Acciavatti & Pearson 1989)., Published as part of Putchkov, Alexander V. & Markina, Tetiana Yu., 2020, The description of the tiger beetle larvae of Cosmodela aurulenta (Fabricius 1801) (Coleoptera, Cicindelidae), pp. 537-544 in Zootaxa 4859 (4) on pages 538-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4859.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/4413370, {"references":["Lin, S. & Okuyama, T. (2013) Hidden burrow plugs and their function in the tiger beetle, Cosmodela batesi (Coleoptera, Cicindelidae). Journal of Ethology, 32, 23 - 27. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10164 - 013 - 0389 - 6","Acciavatti, R. E., & Pearson, D. L. (1989) The tiger beetles Genus Cicindela (Coleoptera, Insecta) from the Indian subcontinent. Annals of Carnegie Museum, 58 (4), 77 - 353."]}

Putchkov, Alexander V., Markina, Tetiana Yu., Nitochko, Mariya I. (2019): Larvae of Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta (Fleutiaux) (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) and general review of larval features in the subgenus Eugrapha. Zootaxa 4664 (3): 412-422, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4664.3.8

Key to second and third instar larvae of the subgenus Eugrapha 1 Type I of HY; PNa directed forwards, and not longer than anterior margin of PN, which is slightly prominent; MH less curved in upper third and their tips not reach anterior margin of AT5; central spine of IH evident, but very small. Southeastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia. Usually on the sands and close to water basin.............................. C. sublacerata - Type II of HY; PNa slightly directed laterally; anterior margin of PN distinctly prominent and longer than apices of PNa; MH strongly curved in upper third and their tips reach at least anterior margin of AT5; central spine of IH usually indistinct or absent................................................................................................ 2 2 CT5 and AT5 widely fused on inner margin and partly in contact on external margin; AT5 partly covers inner part of IH (Fig. 3); MH very long and strongly curved above the middle; tips of MH traversing anterior margin of AT5 (third instar larvae) or reaching its anterior margin (second instar larvae) (Figs. 3, 7); IH 5���6.0 times shorter than MH. PN of 1.53���1.60 (1.55) linear width/length ratio (table 1). Southeastern Europe, Transcaucasia, Minor and Central Asia, West Siberia (south), Mongolia. Sands plots near saline basins.................................................................... C. contorta - CT5 and AT5 fused on inner margin, but not in contact on external margin; AT5 not reaching IH; MH less curved above the middle; apices of MH reaching its anterior margin only; IH 4,5���5.0 times shorter than MH; CT5 with 16���22 setae in third instar larvae; PN of 1.60���1.76 (1.55) linear width/length ratio (table 1)................................................ 3 3 PN of no more than 1.70 linear width/length ratio; pronotum more narrowed basally................................ 4 - PN of more than 1.68 linear width/length ratio; pronotum less narrowed basally.................................... 5 4 Ridge of PNa with 1���2 setae in second-third instar larvae; CT5 with 15���22 stout setae in second instar and 18���24 stout setae in third instar larvae; LCT5 with 3���4 long setae in second instar and 7���10 long in third instar larvae. Europe. Mainly on the sands, near water reservoirs or far from water bodies....................................................... С. arenaria - Ridge of PNa with 1���2 seate in second instar and 2���5 setae in third instar larvae; CT5 with less than 13���17 stout setae in second instar and 17���22 stout setae in third instar larvae; LCT5 with 2���3 long setae in second instar and 5���7 long setae in third instar larvae. Far East. Mesohygrophytic meadows and near water bodies........................................ C. elisae 5 Linear width/length ratio of PN 1.55���1.63 (1.60); PNa with 2���3 setae; tip of PY with 12���15 setae; CT5 with 16���18 stout setae. South Europe. Near freshwater and saline bodies................................................... C. trisignata - Linear width/length ratio of PN 1.64���1.67 (1.66); PNa with 2���4 setae; tip of PY with 15���18 setae; CT5 with 18���20 stout setae. Southeastern Europe and Central Asia. Usually near different freshwater reservoirs........................ C. litterifera, Published as part of Putchkov, Alexander V., Markina, Tetiana Yu. & Nitochko, Mariya I., 2019, Larvae of Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta (Fleutiaux) (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) and general review of larval features in the subgenus Eugrapha, pp. 412-422 in Zootaxa 4664 (3) on page 421, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4664.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/3385603

Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta Description of third instar larva. Upper part of head brown or dark brown, with weak bronze luster (sometimes greenish hue), lower part of head light brown. Other appendages light brown, except for darkened apical part of mandibles. Maximum width of head at level of stemma I. Setae pale, thin, long and acute apically; some setae near stemmata I-II slightly obtuse. Epicranial suture distinct, but short. Disk of PN dark brown with weak coppery luster. Apices of PNa and narrow marginal sides of PN lighter. Swellings of PNa and callous elevations on disk moderately distinct (Fig. 2). PNa widened with slightly rounded apices directed somewhat outwards and shorter than almost even anterior margin of PN. Setae pale with a reddish hue, most of them thin and long. PN1 with 12���16 setae, and 5���6 setae along PNm, ridge of PNa with 2���3 setae (Fig. 2). Sclerotized areas of abdomen indistinct, gray with reddish hue. T 3 almost square or oval with 6���9 reddish setae. Type II hypopleuron (two large sclerites). CT5 and AT5 light brown, almost semicircular, widely fused on inner margin and partly in contact on external margin (Fig. 3). Sclerotization of AT5 covers inner part of IH (Fig. 3). LCT5 with 4���5 long setae. CT5 with 20���25 stout setae (similar to those of IH) and some thin small setae on posterior margin. Most setae of AT5 located on its lower (external and inner) part (Fig. 3). MH with 3 (rarely 2) setae at the middle. MH slender, very long and strongly curved above the middle. Tips of MH traversing anterior margin of AT5 and distinctly directed outward. MH almost 5���6 times as long as wide at base. IH short, with two long stout setae and directed almost upwards. Central spine of IH absent or point-shaped (Fig. 3). IH 5.6���6.0 times shorter than MH. TE9 with 8 setae (4 of them at the middle shortened) (Fig. 5). EU9 with 2 groups of 3 long setae each (Fig 4). PY (except apex) with 10���17 setae dorsally and 10���12 thinner setae ventrally. Tip of PY with 12���16 bristles, setae on dorsal side shorter. Description of second instar larva. Upper part of head brown, with weak bronze-copper luster; lower part of head light brown. Setae pale or reddish transparent; most setae thin and acute, some obtuse apically. Epicranial suture distinct, but very short. Disk of PN and head of same coloration. Apices of PNa widened and directed forwards. Anterior margin of PN greatly elongate, much longer than apices of PNa (Fig. 6). Setae of PN1 pale or light brown. Marginal setae reddish, transparent; most of them thin and long, acute, some setae obtuse. PN1 with 10���14 setae, and 4���5 setae along PNm, ridge of PNa with 2���3 setae (Fig. 6). Sclerotized areas of abdomen slight distinct, gray. T 3 almost square, with 5���7 reddish setae. CT5 and AT5 light brown, widely fused on inner margin and divided on external margin. Sclerotization AT5 covers inner part of IH too (Fig. 7). LCT5 with 2���3 long setae. CT5 with 12���16 stout setae and some thin small setae on posterior margin. Most setae of AT5 located on lower part (Fig. 7). MH with 2 (rarely 3) setae on middle. MH slender, long and distinctly curved above of upper third. Tips of MH reaching (slight traversing) anterior margin of AT5 and directed outward. Length of MH almost in 4.5���5.0 times more width at base. Central spine of IH present but very small (Fig. 7). IH length in 5 times less those MH. TE9 with 8 setae (4 of them on middle shortened) (Fig. 8). EU9 with 2 groups of 3 long setae each (Fig. 9). PY (except apex) with 10���12 setae dorsally and 5���7 ventrally. Tip of PY with 12���14 setae. Description of first instar larva. Coloration of head and pronotum the same as in second and third instar larvae, but without luster. Setae pale; most setae thin and acute, some obtuse apically. Epicranial suture present, but indistinct. PNa more widened and directed outwards; its apices rounded. Anterior margin of PN much longer than apices of PNa and middle region very distinctly concave (Fig. 10). All setae of PN transparent pale. Most of them thin and long, acute; some marginal setae obtuse. PN1 with 5���6 setae, 3���4 setae located along PNm. PNa without setae (Fig. 10). Sclerotized areas of abdomen indistinct, grayish. T 3 almost square with 3 reddish setae. CT5 and AT5 light brown, indistinctly contacting at inner margin. Lower parts AT5 and CTL5 more sclerotized; AT5 with 2 setae (Fig. 11). CT5 without setae. LCT5 with one long seta. MH with one long seta above the middle. MH distinctly narrowed and curved above the middle. Tips of MH reaching anterior margin of AT5. MH almost 4.0 times as long as wide at base. Central spine of IH present, but very small (Fig. 11). IH no more than 3.5 times as long as MH. TE9 with 6 setae (Fig. 12). EU9 with 2 groups of 3 long setae each (Fig. 13). PY (except apex) with 6 setae dorsally and bare ventrally. Tip of PY with 10 setae. Distribution and ecological peculiarities. In Southern Ukraine the tiger beetle Cylindera contorta is found sporadically at open areas of the sea coastline: at the outer coasts of the Kinburn, Tendra and Dzharylgach sand spits of the Kherson Region, whose total coastal line is 142 km long (Fig. 1). Adults and larvae of the species are moderately halophilous, thus concentrated at small narrow saline lagoons, 3���5 m wide and 5���30 m long, less at the zone of sea surf (Figs. 14���17). The life cycle of C. contorta lasts from one to two years, but a two years cycle is more common (Putchkov & Nitochko, 2016). Oviposition is observed from late spring (May) to mid-summer (July). The overwintering phase is usually third instar larvae, rarely the adults hibernate. Pupation takes place from end of May to June. Adults live from 3 months to 1���2 years, while larvae live up to 2 years. Copulation (Fig. 19) is usually observed from first days of June to middle of July. Adults are found at open sandy sea shore areas, occasionally adults are recorded at sandy-shellfish beaches, salt lakes and estuaries (Fig. 14���15). Adults are registered from early May to late August, in highest quantities from late May to mid-July. The species is locally distributed, though occasionally abundant. The larvae of first and second instars are recorded at first and second decades of July, and third instar larvae are found from the end of July to middle of August. Larvae prefer only the sandy areas at the littoral zone of quiet bays, estuaries and salt lakes (Fig. 16���17), as well as at the depressions with sufficient soil moisture; and larvae discard the sandy areas at zone of sea surf (Fig. 20). Larvae usually aggregated at certain elements of mesorelief (Fig. 16���17): small lagoons 3���5 m wide and of various lengths (usually 5-30 m long). Moreover, the burrows made by larvae are found at very limited section of lagoons, along their outer contour, but not in the very moist central part (Fig. 18, 20). Larvae cover the upper part of burrows with soil (sometimes to one third of the total length) when the cold weather, heavy rain or very hot (dry) periods come and remain inactive until conditions improve. Under excessive moisture or habitat destruction caused by storms, the larvae leave the burrows and migrate (usually at night) to more favorable areas, sometimes up to several tens of meters away. Usually larvae can be found only in limited periods of the year: from the end of July to August. Adults and larvae of Cylindera contorta are often found simultaneously with the Eurasian species Calomera littoralis (Fabricius). However, these species differ in bionomy and habitat preferences. Adults and larvae of C. littoralis are numerous throughout the littoral zone (beetles are often recorded far from water): at areas with dense clay soils to sands with varying degree of moisture. The species is common during all warm season, from April-May to September. They usually overwinter as both, adults and third instar larvae. The oviposition is usually prolonged and lasts from the beginning of May to the end of August. Thus, specimens of C. littoralis are developing asynchronously. The depth of larval burrows vary from 15 cm (first and second instar larvae) to 25 cm (third instar larvae). Adults and larvae of C. contorta occur mostly at sandy coastal areas. Beetles are found from the beginning of May to the end of second decade of August, with maximal abundance from the middle of July to mid-August. They usually overwinter as third instar larvae. Most of first and second instar larvae occur at July, but third instar larvae are recorded since first half of August. Thus, specimens in studied populations of C. contorta are developing synchronously. The depth of larval burrows varies from 8���15 cm (first and second instar larvae) to no more than 20 cm (third instar larvae). Protection and limiting factors. In Ukraine, over 90% of habitats of C. contorta is covered by the Ramsar sites. These habitats are partially protected at the Black Sea Biosphere Reserve, ���Dzharylgachsky��� National Nature Park and ���Beloberezhie of Svyatoslav��� National Nature Park (all in Kherson Region). A number of factors limit the abundance of C. contorta in Ukraine: small habitat areas, storms that destroy the main biotopes (lagoons and sea spits), flooding of areas with larval burrows. However, the anthropogenic pressure is especially dangerous, namely the urbanization of sea coasts: development of tourist infrastructure with recreation centers and resorts (especially in Dzharylgach island). Comparative notes. In Cicindelidae the larvae of different instars (including Eugrapha) are well distinguishable by some qualitative and quantitative characteristics. The most important are the proportions of pronotum, especially its length/width ratio that varies from 1.41���1.53 (R 1, R 2) to 2.15���2.40 (R 3) in different larvae of the subgenus (table 2 and abbreviations of the table). Moreover, the larval instars are well identified by the chaetotaxy of different segments. The most important and constant feature of chaetotaxy is the number of setae on the second segment of the galea: one seat for first instar larvae; two setae for second instar larvae; three or four setae for third instar larvae. *���R1 = second instar larvae/first instar larvae; R2 = third instar larvae/second instar larvae; R3 = third instar larvae/first instar larvae In addition, other peculiarities can be used to identify different larval instars of Eugrapha and other Cicindelina: ��� no setae on AN1, PNa, and CT 5 in first instar larvae; 4���6, 1���3, and 13���25 setae on AN1, PNa, and CT 5 in second and third instar larvae respectively; ��� only 3���4 setae on T 3 in first instar larvae; 5���9 setae on T 3 in second instar larvae; 6���15 setae on T 3 in second and third instar larvae; ��� LCT5 with one bristle in first instar larvae; LCT5 usually with 3���5 bristles in second instar larvae; LCT5 with 5���10 bristles in third instar larvae; ��� LP1 with only 3 setae in first instar; LP1 usually with 5 setae in second instar; LP1 with 7 setae in third instar larvae. Our previous research revealed, that all Eugrapha larvae are characterized by some specific features and they are well distinguished from other larvae the genus Cylindera and other genera of the subtribe Cicindelina (Putchkov, 2001, 2013). Thus, second and third instar larvae of the genus Eugrapha exhibit following combination of characters: ��� central spine of IH absent or very small (short); ��� IH very short, usually 4���5 times shorter than MH; ��� MH slender and usually strongly curved in upper third, their tips usually reaching anterior margin of AT5 or longer; ��� tergites of fifth abdominal segment always fused on inner margin; ��� sclerotized areas of abdomen slightly distinct; ��� EU9 always with 2 groups with 3 setae; ��� anterior margin of PN longer than apices of PNa; ��� head and PN no more than 1.8 mm wide in second instar larvae and no more than 2.8 mm wide in third instar larvae. The first instar larvae of the genus Eugrapha differ in having following combination of characters (in contrast to larvae of other Cicindela s.l.): ��� AT5 of the fifth abdominal segment is more sclerotized along posterior inner margin only (as separate areas); ��� MH long, slightly curved, but distinctly narrowed in the upper third; ��� central spine of IH distinct, but short; ��� anterior margin of PN strongly convex, distinctly longer than cephalolateral angles; However, many larval characters of Eugrapha, especially features of chaetotaxy, taken separately appear to be relatively similar or overlapping within the subgenus (table 3). Thus, determination of the species becomes reliable only based on a complex of features: these are given in an updated key for larvae of the subgenus Eugrapha (see below)., Published as part of Putchkov, Alexander V., Markina, Tetiana Yu. & Nitochko, Mariya I., 2019, Larvae of Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta (Fleutiaux) (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) and general review of larval features in the subgenus Eugrapha, pp. 412-422 in Zootaxa 4664 (3) on pages 414-420, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4664.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/3385603, {"references":["Putchkov, A. V. & Nitochko, M. I. (2016) The tiger beetles (Coleoptera, Cicindelidae) of plains of the Lower Dnieper. Biology and valeology, 18, 62 - 75. [in Russian] https: // doi. org / 10.5281 / zenodo. 167378","Putchkov, A. V. (2001) Larvae of the beetle of Cylindera (Eugrapha) elisae Motsch., 1859 (Coleoptera, Cicindelidae) and the characteristics of the larvae of the subgenus. Russian entomological journal, 10 (3), 323 - 326. [in Russian]","Putchkov, A. V. (2013) The tiger beetles larvae of Cicindelina subtribe (Coleoptera, Cicindelidae) of Palearctic region (morphology, taxonomy, key). Vestnik zoologii, 29, 47 - 87. [in Russian]"]}

Anthracus longicornis (Schaum, 1857) Stenolophus longicornis Schaum, 1857: 145. D i s t r i b u t i o n. South, Middle and East Europe (south regions), Asia Minor, West Kazakhstan (Yaeger, Kataev, 2003), South Tadjikistan (one speciman from “Tigrovaya Balka” Reserve is preserved in collection of V. Michailov, Kharkov). In Ukraine known from Transcarpathien lowland, hills of West Macroslopes of Carpathien (Rizun, 2003), but more often occurs in south regions of Ukraine (Putchkov, 2012), especially often in the Black Sea Biosphere Reserve and in plains of Crimea (own data). E c o l o g i c a l d a t a. Littoral swamp mesohygrophilous species. In Kherson Region (all places of the Black Sea Biosphere Reserve) the beetles often found under sediments, in grooves on wet soil, salt marshes, along the shores of lakes and estuaries. In the south-western part of Ukraine the species was collected in humid forest habitats too (Odessa city env., Luzanovsky forest, ending of May). In the Crimea it is common in wetlands, occurring both near the basins and along the rivers, streams and lakes, as well as the meadowlands and along the seacoast (Petrusenko, Petrusenko, 1973). The beetles are recorded from early May to mid-July (but usually at ending of May-beginning of June)., Published as part of Putchkov, A. V. & Nitochko, M. I., 2015, The Ground-Beetles Of The Genus Anthracus (Coleoptera, Carabidae) Of Ukraine, pp. 187-190 in Vestnik Zoologii 49 (2) on page 188, DOI: 10.1515/vzoo-2015-0021, http://zenodo.org/record/6452324, {"references":["Rizun, V. B. The Ground-beetles of Ukrainian Carpathians. - Lviv, 2003. - 208 p. - Ukrainian: Рizuн V. B. Tuрuнi Ukрayнсьkik Kaрpat.","Putchkov, A. V. A review of caraboids-beetles (Coleoptera, Caraboidea) of Ukraine // Ukranian Entomological Journal. - 2012. - 2 (5). - P. 3 - 44. - Russian: Puckov A. V. Фauнiсticiсkiй obzoр kaрaboidныk zukov (Coleoptera, Сaraboidea) Ukрaiны.","Petrusenko, A. A., Petrusenko, S. V. The Ground-beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) of wetlands of Crimea // Vestnik zoologii. - 1973. - N 1. - P. 30 - 33. - Russian: Pitрuсiнko A. A., Pitрuсiнko С. V. Zuziлitы (Coleoptera, Carabidae) zaboлociнныk ucaсtkov Kрымa."]}

A description of larval characters of the genus Megacephala Latreille and a larval key to five of the six subgenera are given. The most characteristic larval characters of Megacephala are the Y-shaped gular suture (known from all Megacephalini) and the lack of an oval double sclerite on the prementum. The anterior margin of the clypeus of the subgenus Phaeoxantha is serrated, which is probably the plesiomorphic character state. The subgenus Tetracha includes at least two distinct species groups, which are distinguished by the chaetotaxy of the pronotum and abdomen., Contributions to Entomology = Beiträge zur Entomologie, Bd. 47 Nr. 1 (1997)