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Background: Cases diagnosed as Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia in paediatric age group will be subjected to basic hematological indices and further confirmed in cases of high suspicion through Hemoglobin Electrophoresis and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. This study aimed to identify simple indices and cost-effective methods to detect undiagnosed cases of thalassemia syndromes being treated for nutritional deficiency anemias. Materials and Methods: The study included 100 pediatric patients, from a period of January 2018 to June 2020. Case selection was based on children whose hemoglobin levels were below the cutoff value according to age. They were further subjected to Sehgal’s and Mentzer’s indices and suggestive cases were subjected to Gel Electrophoresis (Both Alkaline and Acid) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Results: 43% of the cases showing abnormality on screening hematological indices were further subcategorized on gel electrophoresis and confirmed on HPLC. 27% of the cases were diagnosed to be β Thalassemia Trait, which constituted the most frequent type of hemoglobinopathy detected. There were 8% of the cases diagnosed to be as Sickle Cell disease which included major and minor forms. 5% of the study cases were diagnosed as β Thalassemia major. 3% of the cases were diagnosed as HbE disease, HbE trait and ȣβ Thalassemia. Conclusions: Hematological indices can be used effectively for early detection of suspected cases of hemoglobinopathies.

Background: Over recent years, wide-ranging changes have occurred in undergraduate medical curricula with reduced hours allocated for teaching anatomy. Anatomy forms the foundation of clinical practice. However, the challenge of acquiring sufficient anatomical knowledge in undergraduate medical education for safe and competent clinical practice remains. Assessment is an essential component of the teaching and learning process and is more important than teaching methods. It is essential to assess anatomy competencies for competent clinical practice. A single tool is not sufficient to assess anatomy competencies, so multiple methods are employed to assess anatomy in Competency based Medical Education (CBME). Aim and Objectives: The present study was undertaken to identify the most appropriate tools to assess anatomy competencies in CBME curriculum. Material and Methods: A modified Delphi technique with three rounds involving twenty renowned anatomists across the country was conducted. Anatomy assessment tools were generated from the opinions of this expert panel in the first round. The relevance of these tools was rated with a five-point Likert scale in the subsequent two rounds to generate consensus. Results: Response rates were 80% for the first round and 100% for the next two rounds. After three Delphi rounds, seven assessment tools were identified as the most valuable following iterations. Conclusion: The findings of this study provide anatomists with the current required essential tools for assessing anatomy competencies of higher-order cognitive domains and psychomotor domains for the CBME curriculum.

Background: Variations in osteological features are not uncommon; the mandible bone is one such paramount component of the facial skeleton fostering lower dentures, blood vessels, nerves, muscles, and ligaments for their structural and functional stability possessing numerous osteological features which tend to show variations in its anatomical presentations. Aim and Objectives: To study the morphology of retromolar, mandibular, and accessory mandibular foramen in dry mandibles belonging to the Southern part of Karnataka state and their clinical significance. Material and Methods: One hundred and twelve mandibles of either sex were used to study the retromolar region, accessory mandibular foramen along with the pattern of the mandibular canal. Morphometric measurements of these bony features were taken by using a digital caliper. Measurements of the exact anatomical location of the abovementioned bony features were subjected to statistical analysis and results were expressed (millimeters) in terms of percentage, and mean +/- standard deviation. Results: Retromolar foramen was found in 25%; their bilateral and unilateral existence were found at 4.5% and 20.5% respectively. Accessory mandibular foramen was found in 30.4% of specimens. It was located in posterior and posterosuperior relation with mandibular foramen opening in 4.5% and 8% of specimens respectively. The unusual bifurcation of mandibular foramen was found in 3% of specimens. Conclusion: The occurrence of uncommon features like retromolar foramen, accessory mandibular foramen, and split mandibular foramen and their occupancy with aberrant neurovascular channels and their relations with other bony features play an important role in several dental surgical and oromaxillary procedures including prosthetic rehabilitation.

The problem of an unsteady MHD Casson fluid flow towards a stretching surface with cross diffusion effects is considered. The governing partial differential equations are converted into a set of nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations with the help of suitable similarity transformations. Further, these equations have been solved numerically by using Runge-Kutta fourth order method along with shooting technique. Finally, we studied the influence of various non-dimensional governing parameters on the flow field through graphs and tables. Results indicate that Dufour and Soret numbers have tendency to enhance the fluid velocity. It is also found that Soret number enhances the heat transfer rate where as an opposite result is observed with Casson parameter. A comparison of the present results with the previous literature is also tabulated to show the accuracy of the results.

Background : Human papilloma virus (particularly HPV 6 and 11) has been documented in 20% to 76% of nasopharyngeal papillomas. HPV is also associated with 25% keratinizing nasopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma detected by studies using techniques of immunopathology and by modern molecular biology. Objectives: To study the role of human papilloma virus as an etiological agent in sinonasal papillomas and nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPCs) by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Materials and Methods: A total of 26 cases of neoplasms were studied for HPV antigen. Tumors were classified histopathologically by using Hematoxylin and Eosin-stained slides. Evidence of HPV infection like koilocytic changes and HPV antigens were noted down in all 26 cases. Results: There were 14 sinonasal papillomas, 7 each of fungiform and inverted types and 12 nasopharyngeal carcinomas. All cases of fungiform papillomas had either histological (koilocytes) or immunohisochemical evidence of HPV infection. 85.5% of inverted papillomas had evidence of HPV infection either in the form of koilocytes or in the form of positive immunohistochemistry or both. 50% of nasopharyngeal carcinomas had histological and immunohistochemical (either one or both) evidence of HPV infection. Conclusion: This study, unlike other studies, has found higher rate of HPV detection in both types of Schneiderian papillomas. Not many studies have been carried out on nasopharyngeal carcinomas. We have found evidence of HPV infection in 100% of moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinomas and 33.3% cases of poorly to undifferentiated cases of NPC.

Glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, results from progressive damage to the optic nerve, often linked to elevated Intra Ocular Pressure (IOP). Early detection is critical for preventing vision loss, yet traditional diagnostic methods can be limited in accessibility and effectiveness, particularly in the early stages of the disease. Addressing the need for early detection, we propose the Deep Neural Multi-Wavelet Segmentation and ResNet-50 Image Classification (DNMWS-ResNet-50IC) method, specifically designed to detect glaucoma at an early stage using retinal fundus images. In this work, we apply Anisotropic Gaussian Filtering for the preprocessing of retinal fundus images, effectively reducing image noise while preserving the original quality of the image pixels by creating an adaptive window size and scale space. We then utilize multi-wavelet-based image segmentation, leveraging wavelet transforms to analyze and decompose the image into its various frequency components. This technique is particularly advantageous for managing images with complex structures and textures. Subsequently, the segmented features are classified using the ResNet-50 model, which categorizes the images as normal, abnormal, or indicative of earlystage glaucoma. The effectiveness of the proposed method is assessed by measuring three key performance indicators sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy on digital retinal images from the HRF image database. Additionally, the model's performance is further evaluated on a separate test set, considering metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and prediction time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]