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The objective of this research is to reduce the interfacial tension of sodium lignosulfonate (SLS). SLS formulation (1%) showed the interfacial tension of 2.34 mN/m. This value is still relatively large when compared to interfacial tention of required surfactant for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The terms of surfactants that can be used in EOR must have ≤10-3 mN/m interfacial tension. The performance of SLS was expected to be improved by adding the epoxide compound and co-surfactants (1-octanol). Epoxide compound was made by reacting kapok oil with acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide with in-situ method. Temperature of epoxidation reaction was varied i.e. 60°C, 70°C and 80°C, while the time of reaction was varied from 15 to 90 minutes. The evaluation showed that equation of the reaction rate coefficient (k) for the epoxide was 𝑘= 124,82 exp (−24,14/RT). The addition of the epoxide compound 0.5% w/w of the formulation SLS was able to reduce the interfacial tension value up to 9.95 x 10-2 mN/m. The addition of co-surfactant (1-oktanol) was varied between 0.1 and 0.4% of the total mass (SLS + epoxide + water formation). The lowest interfacial tension (2.43 x 10-3 mN/m) was obtained by co-surfactants addition of 0.2% w/w. Keywords: Sodium lignosulfonat, epoxidation kapok oil, co-surfactant, interfacial tension, enhanced oil recovery Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menurunkan tegangan antarmuka dari sodium lignosulfonat (SLS). Pengukuran tegangan antarmuka yang telah dilakukaan pada formulasi sodium lignosulfonat atau SLS (1%) memiliki nilai tegangan antarmuka sebesar 2,34 mN/m. Nilai tegangan antarmuka dari SLS ini masih relatif besar jika dibandingkan dengan syarat surfaktan untuk perolehan kembali minyak bumi atau enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Syarat surfaktan sebagai agen EOR adalah memiliki nilai tegangan antarmuka sebesar ≤10-3 mN/m. Kekurangan dari SLS diharapkan dapat diperbaiki dengan penambahan senyawa epoksida dan kosurfaktan (1-oktanol). Senyawa epoksida dibuat dengan mereaksikan sabun minyak biji kapuk dengan asam asetat dan hidrogen peroksida secara insitu. Reaksi epoksidasi divariasikan pada suhu 60oC, 70oC, dan 80oC, sedangkan waktu reaksi divariasikan pada rentang 15 dan 90 menit. Persamaan konstanta laju reaksi untuk epoksidasi diperoleh sebesar 𝑘= 124,82 exp (−24,14/RT). Penambahan senyawa epoksida 0,5% w/w pada formulasi SLS mampu menurunkan nilai Tegangan antarmuka hingga 9,95x10-2 mN/m. Penambahan kosurfaktan 1-oktanol divariasikan antara 0,1–0,4% dari massa total formulasi utama (SLS+Epoksida+Air Formasi). Nilai tegangan antarmuka terkecil diperoleh pada penambahan kosurfaktan sebanyak 0,2% w/w, yaitu sebesar 2,43x10-3 mN/m. Kata kunci: Sodium lignosulfonat, epoksidasi, minyak biji kapuk, kosurfaktan, tegangan antarmuka, enhanced oil recovery

The abundance of nutmeg seed shells in Tidore is the reason to study the possibility to produce charcoal briquettes. The use of charcoal briquettes was expected to reduce waste of nutmeg seed shell and can be an alternative energy source with a high economic value. This study aims to investigate the effect of pyrolysis temperature and composition of tapioca adhesive to resulting quality of briquettes. The first step of the research was the preparation of nutmeg seed shells consisted of drying and size reduction into less than 20 mesh size. Afterward, the powder was put into furnace and heated to 350°C, 400°C, and 450°C for 90 minutes. During the process, volume of gas and liquids were measured every 15 minutes, while gas was sampled at 60-minute reaction. When pyrolysis was finished, about 20 g of charcoal was mixed with tapioca adhesive. The compositions of adhesive were 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%. Finally, composite was formed in a cylindrical shape and compressed with hydraulic press at f 3 tons weight for a minute. The briquettes were then dried and analyzed with proximate analysis test. The results show that the highest calorific value was 6717.74 cal/g for material pyrolyzed at 450oC and 20% adhesive. The effect of adhesive on shatter index test showed that increasing composition of adhesive makes a better briquette quality as shown by a lower shatter index. In this study, the minimum weight loss was obtained by the addition of 30% adhesive. Keywords: briquettes, nutmeg seed shells, pyrolysis Ketersediaan cangkang biji pala yang melimpah di kota Tidore menjadi dasar dilakukannya penelitian mengenai pemanfaatan cangkang biji pala menjadi briket arang. Penggunaan briket arang diharapkan dapat mengurangi limbah cangkang biji pala dan sebagai sumber energi alternatif ramah lingkungan yang memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh suhu pirolisis dan komposisi campuran perekat dengan arang cangkang biji pala terhadap kualitas briket. Tahap pertama dalam penelitian ini adalah penyiapan bahan baku berupa pengeringan dan penyesuaian ukuran cangkang biji pala sebesar 20 mesh. Tahap kedua yaitu proses pirolisis dengan cara memasukkan bubuk cangkang biji pala ke dalam tungku pirolisis (pirolisis selama 90 menit dengan variasi suhu 350oC, 400oC dan 450oC). Selama proses pirolisis berlangsung, volume gas dan cairan diukur setiap 15 menit, sedangkan pengambilan sampel gas dilakukan setelah pirolisis mencapai waktu 60 menit. Setelah dipirolisis, arang cangkang biji pala ditimbang seberat 20 gram kemudian bahan ini dicampurkan dengan perekat tapioka dengan variasi komposisi sebesar 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, dan 30%. Setelah itu, arang cangkang biji pala dicetak dalam bentuk silinder dan dikempa dengan alat kempa hidrolik dengan berat 3 ton selama 1 menit. Briket kemudian dikeringkan dan dianalisis uji proksimat. Hasil uji proksimat menunjukkan bahwa nilai kalor yang tertinggi sebesar 6717,74 kal/g dimiliki oleh bahan hasil pirolisis suhu 450oC dengan campuran perekat 20%. Pengaruh perekat terhadap uji shatter index menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi kandungan perekat dalam briket maka semakin baik shatter index dari briket. Pada penelitian ini diketahui bahwa briket dengan penambahan perekat sebesar 30% mengalami kehilangan berat yang paling sedikit. Kata kunci: briket, cangkang biji pala, pirolisis

Catalytic hydrocracking of waste lubricant oil into liquid fuel fraction using ZnO, Nb2O5, activated natural zeolite (ZAAH) and their modification has been investigated. The zeolite was produced in Wonosari, Yogyakarta. Activation of the zeolite was carried out by refluxing with HCl 3M for 30 min, produced the activated natural zeolite (ZAAH). The ZnO/ZAAH catalyst was prepared by impregnation of Zn onto the ZAAH by ion exchange method using salt precursor of Zn(NO3)2.4H2O. The Nb2O5/ZAAH catalyst was prepared by mixing the ZAAH sample with Nb2O5 and oxalic acid solution until the paste was formed. The impregnation of Zn onto Nb2O5/ZAAH was carried out using the same method to that of the ZnO/ZAAH catalyst resulted ZnO/Nb2O5-ZAAH catalyst. Characterization of catalyst includes determination of Zn metal by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), acidity by gravimetric method and catalyst porosity by Surface Area Analyzer (NOVA-1000). Catalytic hydrocracking was carried out in a semi-batch reactor system using ZnO, ZAAH, ZnO/ZAAH and ZnO/Nb2O5-ZAAH catalysts at 450 oC under the H2 flow rate of 15 mL/min. and the ratio of catalyst/feed = 1/5. The composition of liquid products was analyzed by Gas Chromatograpy (GC).The results showed that impregnation of ZnO and/or Nb2O5 on the ZAAH increased the acidity and specific surface area of catalyst. The products of the hydrocracking process were liquid, coke and gas. Conversion of liquid products was increased by the increase of catalyst acidity. The highest liquid product was produced by ZnO/Nb2O5-ZAAH catalyst, 52.97 wt-%, consist of gasoline, 38.87 wt-% and diesel, 14.10 wt-%. Keywords: hydrocracking, waste lubricant oil, liquid fuel fraction