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Sintesis 5-hidroksimetilfurfural (HMF) dari senyawa gula (glukosa dan fruktosa) dengan katalis zeolit alam Ende-Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) menggunakan pelarut dimetil-sulfoksida (DMSO) dan metode refluks telah dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat efektivitas zeolit alam Ende sebagai katalis transformasi senyawa gula menjadi 5-hidroksimetilfurfural (HMF). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa zeolit alam Ende tanpa aktivasi dan modifikasi (ZA), zeolit teraktivasi asam (ZAA), zeolit teraktivasi basa (ZAB), Na-zeolit teraktivasi asam (Na-ZAA), Na-zeolit teraktivasi basa (Na-ZAB), H-zeolit teraktivasi asam (H-ZAA), dan H-zeolit teraktivasi basa (H-ZAB) memiliki potensi sebagai katalis untuk transformasi senyawa gula menjadi HMF. Rendemen yang dihasilkan untuk substrat fruktosa berkisar 43-74%, sedangkan untuk substrat glukosa berkisar 2-12%. ZAA memiliki aktivitas katalitik terbaik sebagai katalis dalam mengkonversi fruktosa menjadi HMF dengan rendemen 74.84%, sedangkan untuk substrat glukosa adalah katalis H-ZAA dengan rendemen sebesar 12.77%. Kata kunci: 5-Hidroksimetilfurfural (HMF), fruktosa, glukosa, katalis, zeolit The synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from sugars (glucose and fructose) with natural zeolite catalyst of Ende-Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) in dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO) using reflux method has been done. This study aims to observe the ability of natural zeolite Ende as a catalyst for the transformation of sugar compounds into HMF. According to the research, Ende natural zeolite without activation and modification (ZA), acid activation zeolite (ZAA), alkaline activation zeolite (ZAB), acid activation Na-zeolite (Na-ZAA), alkaline activation Na-zeolite (Na-ZAB), acid activation H-zeolite (H-ZAA) and alkaline activation H-zeolite (H-ZAB) have the ability to transform sugar compounds into HMF. HMF yield for fructose as a substrate was 43-74%, while those for glucose as a substrate was 2-12%. ZAA catalyst had the best catalytic activity as a catalyst in converted fructose to HMF with yield was 74.84%, while for glucose substrate was H-ZAA catalyst with yield was 12.77%. Keywords: 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), catalyst, fructose, glucose, zeolite.

This study aims to analyze and evaluate internal migration in the population of the country of Timor-Leste based on Ravenstain’s theory (1885) and Lee (1966) on types of internal migration with respect push to pull and factors and defining the flow, direction, path and boundaries of internal migration in municipal in the country of Timor-Leste. This study uses a quantitative approach, using the concept of lifetime migration and inter-municipal displacement. The analysis of cross tabulation between the place of birth and the place of registration at the time of the CPH-TL2015 has resulted internal migration of population of Timor-Leste first type. This research uses CSpro, and Excel, and GIS analysis tools with the amount of population internal migration is the percentage of migration rates. The results of this study have produced first type internal migration of Timor-Leste, specific forms of internal migration such as residents who have carried out lifetime migration internal with direction and flow through international boundaries and procedures.The geographic position each municipality and special for municipality of Oe-cusse as an enclave is particularly important and significantly new type of internal migration.

This research aims to analyze and compare value of TL-SDI, within area of administrative posts in the municipality of Oecusse related to internal migration status. This study uses a quantitative approach based on the CPH-TL 2015 and TLSLS 2014 data, using lifetime migration that applied on the concept of TL-SDI, SCI, EcCI, and EnCI within area of administrative posts in the municipality of Oecusse. Analysis comparison of TL-SDI uses CSpro, SPSS, and Excel, tools with the amount of sustainable development indexes is the percentage of migration rates. The results of this study have produced three (3) type of specific values of TL-SDI, rejected the hypothesis that there is no significance the values of TL-SDI between the migrant population and the non-migrant population. The TL-SDI values in migrant populations are higher than in non-migrant populations. TL-SDI values in each region can be used as an evaluation of the results of development so far has been running and can be used as regional planning material, especially for indigenous people or migrants who come to the region.

We investigated the leaves of Kleinhovia hospita, a plant which has been traditionally used in Indonesia as phytotherapy to cure liver disease, to describe antioxidant materials from plant sources. K. hospita leaves were extracted with methanol and further partitioned into n-hexane, diethyl ether, and ethyl acetate. The antioxidant activity of each fraction and the residue was assessed using a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method and their cytotoxicity on HepG2 liver cancer cells was determined by a MTT assay. The K. hospita leaf methanol extract showed strong antioxidant activity (96%) compared with vitamin C (98%) by the DPPH method and the measured activity from the subsequent extracts of the methanol extract were 48.9% for n-hexane, 74.0% for diethyl ether, 84.3% for ethyl acetate, and 77.1% for the residue. The MTT assay showed the cytotoxicity of the methanol extract on HepG2 cells at 14%, 76%, and 80% at concentrations of 50µg/mL, 87.5µg/mL, and 125µg/mL, respectively. Leaf extracts of the medicinal plant K. hospita showed potent antioxidant activity and moderate cytotoxicity on HepG2 liver cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An active compound from the bulb of Eleutherine americana L. Merr. (Iridaceae) collected from East Kalimantan, Indonesia, was tested for its antidermatophyte and antimelanogenesis activity. Antifungal assay-directed fractionation of the n-hexane-soluble fraction of the methanolic extract of the bulb of E. americana led to the isolation of 1 as an active compound. The compound was identified as the naphthoquinone eleutherin by EI-MS and (1)H-, (13)C-, and two-dimensional NMR analyses. Antidermatophyte assay of 1 at concentrations of 10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 microg/disk and myconazole, a commercial antidermatophyte, at 10 microg/disk displayed 7, 8, 13, 16, 17, and 14 mm of inhibition zone against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, respectively. In a melanin formation inhibition assay, compound 1 displayed potent antimelanogenesis activity at 5 ppm with low toxicity compared with arbutin, a commercial skin-whitening agent. The results showed the high potential of 1, an active compound from E. americana, to be applied as an antidermatophyte and antimelanogenesis agent.