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Daging ayam merupakan bahan pangan yang bersifat mudah rusak dan memiliki umur simpan yang pendek. Dewasa ini, telah muncul kemasan pintar (Smart packaging) yang dilengkapi label pintar. Label pintar berbasis ekstrak antosianin ubi jalar ungu dirasa dapat menjadi solusi yang tepat untuk digunakan sebagai penentu tingkat kesegaran daging ayam. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengembangan prototype label pintar ekstrak antosianin ubi jalar ungu dan kelayakannya untuk menentukan tingkat kesegaran daging ayam. Esktrak ubi jalar ungu diperoleh dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut metanol 96% yang diasamkan HCl 1%. Hasil ekstrak antosianin memiliki pH sebesar 5.58 ± 0.013 dan nilai kadar antosianin sebesar 62.79 ± 0.558 mg/100 g. Label pintar menunjukkan tingkat kesegaran daging ayam dengan adanya perubahan warna, dimana warna ungu muda menandakan daging ayam segar, warna ungu pudar menandakan bahwa daging ayam masih segar, dan label pintar warna ungu kebiru-biruan menandakan daging ayam pada kondisi tidak segar. Hasil kelayakan label pintar pada stabilitas pH mengalami perubahan warna baik pada suasana asam dan suasana basa, tetapi lebih stabil pada suasana asam.

Metal substrates beneath polymeric coatings are susceptible to localized corrosion, which could result in lifetime reduction and catastrophic failure without timely repair treatment. In situ detection of corrosion and repair coating defects are in high demand yet challenging to fulfill so far. Herein, we report a smart polymeric coating by integrating nanosensors into the coating matrix, which is capable of efficient corrosion sensing and active anticorrosion protecting. The nanosensors were constructed by zeolitic imidazolate framework encapsulated with the polyethylene glycol-tannic acid complex. The morphology, chemical constitution, and stimulus responsiveness of nanosensors were systematically analyzed. The generation of local corrosion beneath coating can be promptly sensed and reported by a conspicuous purple color derived from tannic-iron ion coordinates. Meanwhile, local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results proved that the metal degradation process at the defected interface can be largely inhibited, exhibiting active anticorrosion property. Furthermore, the constructed smart coating possessed superior impermeability and long-term protective performance under simulated seawater and harsh salts spray conditions. This feasible and effective strategy based on simple nanosensors to engineer smart coatings paves a new way to develop high environmental adaptability protective materials with protecting, corrosion sensing, and self-healing functions.

Feline Plasmacytic Pododermatitis is an uncommon dermatological disorder that affects one or multiple paw pads and leads to swelling, ulceration, hemorrhage, scaling, erythema, and striation. Its etiopathogenesis is poorly understood, however, an immune-mediated basis is strongly suggested. A two-year-old neutered, mixed breed, male cat was referred to the Veterinary Clinic of the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Curitibanos Campus, with a brief clinical history of progressive lesions on palmar and plantar pads for one month. On physical examination, the patient had enlarged popliteal and inguinal lymph nodes, and paw pads with thin, swollen, hyperemic, erythematous, and purple color skin with multiple white striations. Histopathological diagnosis confirmed plasmacytic pododermatitis, and glucocorticoid therapy with prednisolone was prescribed. In the present report, the patient's clinical follow-up was compromised, as the tutor did not perform the prescribed treatment and did not return with the animal for further evaluations.

There is a need to educate students at the high school level about recycling. Recycled bacterial culture media can be used as ultraviolet (UV) fluorescent ink. We propose two sets of experimental demonstrations; in the first set, an anticounterfeiting demonstration can be performed using this ink in a fountain pen. Enhanced visibility of the handwritten words on filter paper due to strong blue fluorescence can be demonstrated through UVA-360 nm light exposure. Bacterial culture media are rich sources of proteins, so, in the second set, a ninhydrin test can be performed on the filter paper. Turn “off” fluorescence of bacterial culture media can be observed after Ruhemann’s purple color formation. A low-cost handheld UV lamp (4 W, battery operated) is capable of all UV exposure experiments. Through these experimental demonstrations, students will learn about recycling, the potential use of laboratory based redundancies and wastes, fluorescence, anticounterfeiting security inks, turn “off” fluorescence, and a qualitative protein test. Use of recycled bacterial culture media in chemical education is a cost-effective as well as green chemistry approach, and both demonstrations are very informative. Both can be easily demonstrated in school science practical and science exhibitions and may provide a good interactive session for students.

Students have long enjoyed color-change demonstrations and experiments. This paper describes the development of purple color in aqueous solutions of anthocyanins by the addition of alum, which enhances the color intensity, and neochlorogenic acid, which enhances the color stability. The range of colors can be further extended with high visual impact by changing the pH of the solutions. Variations of this demonstration are presented that can be adapted for a wide range of educational settings, including using typical anthocyanins to illustrate the chemistry of complexation for undergraduate students (part I); using morning glory flowers to observe a natural dye rainbow suitable for elementary school students; and using different combinations of pH and metal ions to demonstrate coordination complexes for high school students (part II). Follow-up lessons on chemical color stability are possible, given the enduring color of these solutions, even after several months. Suggestions for alternative materials that can be used to conduct these demonstrations are provided to ensure availability for teachers around the world.

Exotic ornamental plants belonging to various cultural centers are grown in Van Gardens that goes back to the Urartians. Dahlia Cav. is one of the exotic types brought to be grown in Van. Exotic ornamental plants belonging to various cultural centers in Van Gardens dating back to the Urartians are grown. There were the exotic plants that grow in tradition Van gardens. Dahlia Cav. was one of the exotic plants brought to be grown in Van Gardens. As a result of the experimentations, 3 groups of Dahlia cv. having different morphologic characteristics have been identified in Eminpaşa District. According to the group keys of identified Dahlia cv., it has been identified that the first group consists of the flowers having yellow color and is 10 cm in diameter, the second one has red color and its diameter is under 10 cm, and the last one has a purple color and is under 10 cm in diameter. In Van and its vicinity, Dahlia cv. types which fit the climate, soil and other surrounding conditions have existed up until today. The usage of these types that do not belong to the very nature of Van, that is, not from Van, would be a cultural and biological achievement in reforming the urban identity.

What determines which colour combinations will be attractive to a person and which will not? Is colour attractiveness only a subjective human experience, or can we predict it based on physical colour parameters? One of the pioneers of the attraction of colour theories was Michel Eugène Chevreul (1786–1889). He distinguished two types of colour harmony – analog colour and contrast – and tried to describe what harmonics are based on physical colour parameters. This was later done by other scientists. Later, semantic evaluation of colours was introduced and factor analysis attempted to identify emotions caused by colours or combinations of colours. The aim of this research is to test whether there is a consistent pattern of judgments of colour combinations under controlled conditions and, if so, to what extent they are influenced by the objective physical characteristics of those combinations. Subjects. The study involved 40 students (20 men, 20 women). All subjects had normal colour vision and were not related to fine art. Research tools. The study used 8 colours: 4 opponent (green, red, yellow and blue) and 4 additional (orange, lettuce, blue and purple). The 28 colour combinations (made up of two different colours) were composed of those 8 colours and printed onto cardboard card where each colour had area of 80 mm x 80 mm. Questionnaire of 40 adjectives consisting of 20 pairs of antonyms were used for semantic colour assessment. Procedure. The investigation was conducted in a dark room. Initially, all 28 cards with colour combinations were placed randomly on a desk lit by a 40 cm high fluorescent lamp (4000K correlated colour temperature). The subject was asked to select one of the cards with the most preferable colour combination, to write its code on the questionnaire and to mark all the epithets in the questionnaire which suits this colour combination. The same procedure was applied to the all other cards. One experiment lasted 35–50 minutes. Results and conclusions. Independent component analysis distinguished 4 dimensions describing colours: pleasure, energy, purple color and strength. Logistic regression analysis was run on colour factor loadings to discriminate colour combinations into two groups: liked and disliked colour combinations. It shows that that colour combination could be predicted as being liked or disliked with 85% probability. Adding physical colour parameters to the regression increases prognostic probability to 92 %. Also a relationship between subjective factors and physical characteristics of colour combinations was found. Pleasure correlates with hue contrast and strength with saturation contrast. It can be argued that the reliability of colour combinations is determined by both subjective and physical factors.

A new Rosa cultivar ‘Pinky Luna’ was bred at Jeollabuk-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services. In the year 2011, between ‘Rose Yumi’ of white color as a mother plant and ‘Ocean Song’ of light purple color as a father plant were artificially crossed, and 87 seeds were obtained, subsequently 66 seedling individuals were raised during the course of the next year. The ‘R111953-25’ line, which possessed pristine characteristics such as a beautiful flower shape and petal color, a fragrance, and good productivity, was selected via the characteristic trial during the years 2012 - 2013, then finally named as ‘Pinky Luna’ after investigating the characteristics, the preference, and the productivity during the years 2014 - 2015. ‘Pinky Luna’ cultivar was a standard type for cut flower with the pastel color of pale pink (petal’s surface - pinkish white, WN155C (RHS color chart), petal’s back – very pale purple, RP69D) and a sweet fragrance within the flower. The new bred cultivar possessed several morphological characteristics including medium elliptical leaf shape, a deep green (N137A) leaf color, circular flower shape, and a broad oval petal type. The flower width and height of ‘Pinky Luna’ was larger than the control cultivar ‘Ocean Song’ at 10.5 cm, and 4.1 cm. respectively, and the number of its petals were far more than those at 67.0, and in addition, the diameter of petal was wider. The cut flower length and leaf growth of ‘Pinky Luna’ were smaller than the control cultivar, however, the annual amount of average cut flowers per square of the new cultivar were 157.6, which was 10.2 more stems than ‘Ocean Song’. Vase l ife lasted longer for a period of 11.7 days, and additionally the consumer preference of cut flowers was higher than that of ‘Ocean Song’.

Air-free glassware and techniques are used in most organometallic research laboratories, but their relative effectiveness has not been well studied. We report a method for quantitatively comparing air and moisture exclusion by air-free glassware. Samples of benzophenone dianion in various glassware are monitored by video as their purple color is quenched. Numerical values for time until colorless are extracted from the video data and interpreted as a relative measure of air and moisture exclusion. Low pressure/vacuum (LPV) NMR tubes demonstrated by far the best performance, compared to a variety of Schlenk flasks and standard NMR tubes. The findings are of immediate practical use for synthetic chemists, and the evaluation methods can be used by individual laboratories to assess other conditions for air and moisture exclusion.

This work reports for the first-time the adsorption of anthocyanins (ACN) on the surface of laponite ® (Lap), as well the physicochemical characterization of ACN-Lap powders after the adsorption process. ACN were extracted from eggplant peel by using an acidified water solution. The adsorption/desorption tests were carried out at different temperature and pH values. The best adsorption conditions were at 20 °C and pH 1.0. The adsorption mechanism of ACN on Lap was better explained by Langmuir and pseudo-first-order kinetic models, therefore, the ACN adsorption on Lap can be classified as monolayer adsorption, influenced by physical interactions. Lap has a high ratio of adsorption/desorption. After adsorption, the ACN-Lap powder presents an amorphous structure with a purple color, which changes with pH modification. Lap can be used to valorize food residues rich in ACN such as eggplant peel. The ACN-Lap powder has potential application as dye or pigment in the food industry.

Purple sweet potato (Ipomea batatas L.) is a tuber that has purple meat and skin. The purple color of purple sweet potato is usually used by the community as a food coloring, while the sweet potato skin is considered only waste and disposed of. This study aims to determine whether purple sweet potato skin extract can be used as an alternative dye on microscopic observations of Paramecium sp. The research used experimental approach with post test only control group design. The process of purple sweet potato skin extraction using chemical solvents is ethanol, acetic acid and water. The extractions with three treatments were A, B, and C respectively different ratios (25: 1: 5), (15: 1: 15) and (5: 1:25). The results of microscopic observations quantitatively analyzed using Anova One Way test obtained sign. > 0.05 which means the purple sweet potato skin extraction results can be used as an alternative dye for microscopic observation of Paramecium sp. Qualitative analysis of the results of observations in which treatment A shows the best dye results in coloring Paramecium sp.

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la composición química y la degradabilidad in situ (DIS) de la materia seca (MS) y orgánica (MO) de la vaina de mezquite a distinto estado de madurez en la localidad de Usmajac del municipio de Sayula, Jalisco, México. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: a) vaina tierna (VT); de coloración verde fuerte y con semillas aun en formación; b) vaina madura (VM); de coloración morado intenso con líneas verdes y textura blanda; y c) vaina seca (VS); coloración morado pálido, con las semillas completamente formadas, una vaina gruesa y textura dura. La composición química de las vainas fue evaluada; para la DIS se utilizaron dos novillos Holstein con cánula ruminal permanente para incubar por cuadriplicado cada uno de los tratamientos experimentales por 16, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96 h. VT, tuvo el mayor contenido de proteína cruda, VM y VS presentaron mayor contenido de carbohidratos no fibrosos. Se encontraron diferencias (P < 0.05) entre tratamientos en la DIS de la MS, las vainas maduras tuvieron los valores más altos. Hubo diferencia entre tratamientos (P < 0.05) en la DIS de la MO, hasta las primeras 36 h, VT y VM mostraron los valores más altos, posterior a esta hora no hubo diferencia entre ellos (P > 0.05). De acuerdo con la composición química y la digestibilidad in situ de la vaina de mezquite, puede considerarse como una alternativa para la alimentación de rumiantes.

The yield of pepper with purple leaves (PF) is low, while the pepper with green leaves (GM) is not resistant to strong light and high temperature. In this study, we analyzed the photosynthesis characteristics and genetic stability of their hybrid progenies using PF(CS3) and GM(SJ11-3) as controls. Based on the decreased purple color and increased green color, the hybrid pepper was divided into five groups: Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4 and Z5. Results showed that as the purple color increased, the anthocyanin content in leaves increased. Simultaneously, we found that PF exhibited higher resistance to strong light and high temperature. Thus, the purple hybrid progenies with higher photosynthetic rate were recommended, as they showed higher yield and better resistance to strong light and high temperature.

Blackcurrants (BC; Ribes nigrum) are relatively new to the U.S. market; however, they are well known and popular in Europe and Asia. The use of BC has been trending worldwide, particularly in the United States. We believe that demand for BC will grow as consumers become aware of the several potential health benefits these berries offer. The objectives of this review were to provide an up-to-date summary of information on BC based on articles published within the last decade; furthermore, to provide the food industry insights into possibilities for the utilization of BC. The chemistry, processing methods, and health benefits have been highlighted in addition to how the environment and variety impact the chemical constituents of BC. A search for journal publications on BC was conducted, which included keywords such as chemical characterization, health benefits, processing, technologies, anthocyanins (ANC), and proanthocyanidins. This review provides up-to-date information available on the subject. In conclusion, BC and their products have industrial uses from which extractions can be made to produce natural pigments to be used as food additives. BC contain flavonoids, specifically ANC, which provide the fruits with their purple color. BC are a rich source of phytochemicals with potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Also, BC have the potential to improve overall human health particularly with diseases associated with inflammation and regulation of blood glucose.

The luminescence of coordination polymers of Pr3+, Nd3+, and Lu3+ with tetrafluoroterephthalate and camphorate, [Ln2(Fbdc)3(DMF)2(H2O)]2 (Ln = Pr, Nd, Lu) and [Ln2(Camph)2(NO3)2(MeOH)]4 (Ln = Pr, Nd, Lu), was studied. Ligand-centered and/or metal-centered emissions appear, which depend on the excitation wavelength, ultimately allowing the emitted light color to be adjusted. Low-efficiency ligand-to-metal energy transfer leads to a difference between the excitation spectra of the tetrafluoroterephthalate- and camphorate-Pr3+ compounds, arising from a primary filtering effect on the ligand-centered excitation, by Pr3+ absorption. A secondary inner filter effect significantly changes the shape of the luminescence band, allowing a wide variation in the emission color, producing, for instance, a purple color, which is not the normal spectral emission. The low-efficiency energy transfer renders tetrafluoroterephthalate and camphorate ineffective as traditional “antenna” ligands for Pr3+ and Nd3+.

We herein described a rapid, sensitive, and selective colorimetric sensing platform for biothiols in human serum, which relies on the dual functions of biothiols as anti-etching and aggregating agent for silver nanoprisms (AgNPRs). In principle, the target biothiols that bind to the surface of AgNPRs through Ag–S covalent interactions protect the AgNPRs from being etched by chloride ion (Cl−) in human serum, thus exhibiting the blue/purple color that is indicative of AgNPRs. On the other hand, the color of AgNPRs turned to yellow in the absence of biothiols or the presence of non-sulfur-containing amino acids, indicating the formation of small silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Importantly, we found that individual biothiols (Hcy, Cys, and GSH) exert not only the anti-etching effect, but also the aggregating effect on AgNPRs, which can be modulated by simply tuning the pH conditions, and this consequently allows for the discriminative detection of each biothiol. Based on this simple and cost-effective strategy, we successfully determined the Hcy, Cys, and GSH in human serum with high sensitivity and selectivity within 10 min, demonstrating the diagnostic capability and potential in practical applications.

The presence of anthocyanins in purple-fleshed sweet potato has been intensively promoted as functional foods regarding its high antioxidant activity and essential health benefits. Therefore, a number of attractive and nutritious food products needs to be developed in order to diversify the utilization and increase the consumption. As selected promising purple-flesh sweet potato genotypes have been available, their suitability prepared for different food products needs to be studied. About 12 genotypes of sweet potato with varied purple color intensity or deepness were processed into crispy chips (crisps) and noodles and evaluated their physical properties (yield, lightness, hardness) and sensorial attributes (color, aroma, texture, taste) using a Hedonic test with 20 panelists. The results showed that sweet potato genotypes with purple flesh in combination with yellow/orange or white color, namely MSU 06046-74, Antin 1, and MSU 06044-05 were suitable for crisps making, followed by those with medium purple color, such as Aya Murasaki, MIS 0612-73, MIS 0614-02, MIS 0601-22, and MSU 06014-51. Conversely, sweet potato with deep purple color, namely MSU 06028-71 and MSU 06046-48 were tailored for the ingredients of noodles. This information would be useful for releasing new purple sweet potato varieties in addition to their excellent agronomic traits.

The target partners in the Public Partnership Program (PKM) of Jusinta Tape Fermentation technology are students at the XII grade SMA Yatama Mandiri Islamic Boarding School, Gowa Regency. The location of the Islamic boarding school is in the area of Pallangga Subdistrict, Gowa Regency, which has the first highest cassava production and second highest sweet potatoes production land in South Sulawesi.. The implementation of activities is supported by the field of expertise of the implementing team related to the results of research in the form of a tape product called "Tape Jusinta" (Muhiddin, et al., 2018). This tape is made through the fermentation process of a mixture of purple sweet potato tubers and cassava roots using a local ragi tape starter. The process of making tape from purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) and cassava roots (Manihot esculenta Crantz) with a local ragi tape starter, has received patent certificate in January 2020. Another thing that supports the potential of students who really need knowledge development and skills to grow economically productive businesses with Islamic boarding schools located in sweet potato and cassava production centers. The output target that is expected to be achieved in this PKM activity is that students have the knowledge and skills in producing Jusinta Tape through fermentation technology. The results of the activity are expected to be developed into a learning tool for biotechnology materials. The methods used are: lectures, demonstrations, discussions, practice and mentoring. The instruments used to determine the participants' responses to the Tape Jusinta fermentation technology training were questionnaires, observation, interviews, and documentation. The results achieved were that the participants could easily understand the processing of purple sweet potato and cassava roots into Tape Jusinta through fermentation technology. As many as 60% of the participants from the teacher group answered that the Tape Jusinta fermentation technology was in accordance with the students' abilities and was suitable to be applied in biotechnology learning. The organoleptic test results show that the Tape Jusinta product has a light purple color with an average of 4.4, the aroma of alcohol is less sharp with an average of 4.2, a soft texture with an average of 8.6, a slightly sour taste with an average of 4.4, the taste is quite sweet on average 6.5, and product palatability by the society is well received with an average of 8.9.

International audience; Natural radiation-induced red fluorescence of fluorite consists of two broad bands at 750 and 635 nm with very short decay times of 20.3 and less than 5 ns, respectively. The first one is connected to an M center compensated by Na, while the second is connected to an M+ center, possibly formed as result of the M center’s destruction by UV irradiation. The optically active centers in naturally irradiated fluorite responsible for red luminescence and purple color are different from one another. The most probable reason for the purple color is colloidal calcium and not the MNa center.

Hydrangea sepals exhibit a wide range of colors, from red, through purple, to blue; the purple color is a color mosaic. However, all of these colors are derived from the same components: simple anthocyanins, 3-O-glycosyldelphinidins, three co-pigment components, acylquinic acids and aluminum ions (Al3+ ). We show the color mosaic is a result of graded differences in intravacuolar factors. In order to clarify the mechanisms of mosaic color, we performed single-cell analyses of vacuolar pH, and anthocyanin, co-pigment and Al3+ content. From the sepals, a protoplast mixture of various colors was obtained. The cell color was evaluated by microspectrophotometry and vacuolar pH then was recorded by using a pH microelectrode. The organic and Al3+ contents were quantified by micro-HPLC. We found that the bluer the cell, the greater the ratio of 5-O-acylquinic acids and Al3+ to anthocyanins. Furthermore, reproducing experiments were conducted by mixing the components under various pH condition; all the colors could be reproduced in the various mixing conditions. Based on the above, we provide experimental evidence for cell color variation in hydrangea. Our study demonstrates the expression of phenotypic differences without any direct genomic control.

Background Endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection (ESTD) has recently been an effective procedure for resecting large early esophageal neoplasm. However, excessive dissection beyond the distal limit may occur because the prepared distal end often cannot be distinguished through the tunnel. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of a novel crystal violet navigation (CVN) for identifying the distal end. Material and methods In the observational case series study, all 22 patients who underwent esophageal ESTD using the CVN were included. When setting the distal end, the distal incision line was dyed purple using a crystal violet solution. The rates of purple color identified via the tunnel, successful tunnel penetration without extra dissection, en bloc and curative resection, procedure time for ESTD and CVN, and procedure-associated complications were evaluated. Results The rates of purple color and successful tunnel penetration were both 100%. En bloc and curative resection were 100%, and 86%, respectively. The mean total procedure time was 103.9 ± 46.2 (mean ± SD) minutes, while the mean time for the CVN was 14.1 ± 3.44 s. No complications were observed. Conclusions The simple CVN method can be a navigation tool for identifying the distal end during the ESTD procedure.

Vesuvius eruption that destroyed Pompeii in AD 79 represents one of the most important events in history. The cataclysm left behind an abundance of archeological evidence representing a fundamental source of the knowledge we have about ancient Roman material culture and technology. A great number of textiles have been preserved, rarely maintaining traces of their original color, since they are mainly in the mineralized and carbonized state. However, one outstanding textile sample displays a brilliant purple color and traces of gold strips. Since the purple was one of the most exclusive dyes in antiquity, its presence in an important commercial site like Pompeii induces us to deepen the knowledge of such artifacts and provide further information on their history. For this reason, the characterization of the purple color was the main scope of this research, and to deepen the knowledge of such artifacts, the SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering) in solution approach was applied. Then, these data were enriched by HPLC-HRMS analyses, which confirmed SERS-based hypotheses and also allowed to hypothesize the species of the origin mollusk. In this context, a step-by-step integrated approach resulted fundamental to maximize the information content and to provide new data on textile manufacturing and trade in antiquity.

Anthocyanins are natural plant pigments and used extensively in many food and beverage formulations due to their atrractive red, blue, or purple color. However, this color is highly sensitive to light, and therefore unstable and degraded even in the presence of ascorbic acid. This leads to the loss in the bioactivity of anthocyanin and also loss in the color of food or beverages. Hence, the present study focuses on the preservation of anthocyanin from Syzygium cumini (L.) using natural preservatives such as Limonia acidissima (L. acidissima) and Citrullus lanatus (C. lanatus) seed protein hydrolyzates at elevated temperature (35°C/5 days). Different concentrations (0.04–2%) of L. acidissima and C. lanatus protein hydrolyzates were examined for its preservative action against 5% crude extract of anthocyanin from Syzygium cumini (L.) preservation. This concentration of protein hydrolyzates followed the first order of reaction. Both concentrations of protein hydrolyzates reduced the rate of change in absorbance. However, 2% concentration of C. lanatus protein hydrolyzate was found to be very effective in providing highestthe preservation of color. Therefore, the overall study highlights the preservation effect of L. acidissima and C. lanatus protein hydrolyzate.

Euterpe oleracea is a palm native in the Amazon region. Its exotic fruit of purple color is called acai. Over the past few decades, due to its putative role as a functional food, the acai aroused the interest of consumers and researchers around the world. Studies were conducted in order to establish scientific evidence related to the potential benefits of this fruit under oxidative stress conditions. Several in vitro and in vivo investigations were performed and, more sparsely, clinical trials, which have proved the potential antioxidant effect of acai. This property is attributed essentially to the presence of polyphenols, mainly anthocyanins, in this fruit. Based on these findings, this chapter reviews the literature on the antioxidant properties of acai in different study models, highlighting the source of data on the oxidative state and its possible mechanisms.

This research presents the results of the appearance of chromatic effect of crispening on a designer solution in which the primary stimuli are made in the purple color with the values of 55% RTV and 65% RTV and backgrounds are made in the green-blue color, and their variations are designed in the values of 25% RTV, 50% RTV, 75% RTV and 100% RTV that are placed around the primary stimuli. The test subjects (n=10) that took part in the research had the task to equalize the test primary stimuli with the referential stimuli on a computer screen with the help of the technique of simultaneous binocular harmonization. The strength of the crispening effect was defined and shown in the CIEDE00 system. The conclusion of the conducted tests indicates that the intensity of crispening was stronger on the test primary stimuli 65% RTV, where the differences in the perception of color were more significant.

Mazamorra morada is a dessert consumed by Peruvian people, but currently there is no information about its sensory characteristics. In this case, it is very important to know the sensory characteristics of this product for future commercialization. The present study evaluated the influence of type and content of potato, sweet potato and corn starches on sensory characteristics (Check-all-that-apply (CATA) questions with ideal profile), overall liking, pH, and total soluble solids (°Brix) of mazamorra morada. Ten samples were manufactured, varying the type and content of starch. According to the results, samples with only potato starch or with the three starches in the same proportion showed the highest overall liking ratings by consumers. Therefore, future formulations of mazamorra morada should have the characteristics of these two samples because it generates attributes such as: gelatinous texture, thick texture, fruit taste, sweet taste, bright appearance, homogenous appearance, cinnamon taste, slight bitter taste, and purple color. Few differences were found for pH and soluble solids in all samples. Results suggest that CATA questions with an ideal profile were helpful to better understanding the consumer perception guaranteeing the sensory quality of mazamorra morada subjected to variation of type and content of starch.

We herein report the synthesis of a novel 2-(2-pyridylazo)-5-(diethylamino) phenol (PADAP)-containing tetraphenylethene (TPE) derivative, T-PADAP, to examine the solvent effect in the selective colorimetric detection of Cu2+ and UO22+. We found that the coordination of metal ions was influenced by adjusting the H2O:DMSO ratio, which ultimately led to differently colored solutions in the presence of the two metal ions. More specifically, T-PADAP exhibited a purple color in the presence of Cu2+ in a DMSO/H2O mixture containing 60% water, and a blue color in the presence of UO22+ in a DMSO/H2O mixture containing 40% water. T-PADAP was therefore considered a suitable colorimetric sensor for both Cu2+ and UO22+. Importantly, this compound exhibited a high selectivity, a wide effective pH range, and good anti-interference qualities. As such, this system constitutes a simple method for the detection of both Cu2+ and UO22+ using a single colorimetric sensor and through facile variation in the solvent ratio. In addition, it illustrates the use of solvent effects to regulate the coordination abilities of sensors. We expect that this study will promote the development of novel recognition methods for metal ions in environmental samples.

The paper presents the results of the research on the manifestation of the chromatic effect crispening, where the primary stimuli are designed as squares in the blue-green color with the values of 55% RTV and 65% RTV, while the secondary stimuli are designed as backgrounds in the purple color and their variations are made in the values of 25% RTV, 50 % RTV, 75% RTV and 100% RTV that surrounds the primary stimuli. Ten respondents of both sexes participated in the research. They had the task to match on a computer screen through the binocular harmonization technique the test primary stimuli with the referential stimuli, so that the test primary stimuli are perceived the same or equal to the referential primary stimuli. The intensity of the effect was determined and presented in the CIEDE00 system. The results of the research show that the intensity of the effect was more pronounced on the test primary stimuli of 65% RTV, where the deviations in the perception of color were more pronounced. The smallest deviation was measured on the primary stimulus of 55% RTV with the background of 75% RTV, which is also a recommendation to the designers when creating a conceptual solution with the combination of pairs presented in this paper.

This study aims to evaluate properties as antioxidant activity, solar protection factor (SPF) and wound healing ability of jaboticaba peel's extract by in vitro methods. Jaboticaba peels were removed, dried, and then subjected to extraction method using ethanol. The extract was in vitro evaluated for preliminary studies about SPF, antioxidant activity and wound healing assay. Thereafter the extract was incorporated in an oil-in-water emulsion (phytocosmetic). The phytocosmetic was submitted to stability study and in vitro SPF evaluation. The extract's showed purple color with in vitro SPF of 24.86, stimulated keratinocytes migration after 9 h of exposition and presented antioxidant activity. The incorporation of the extract gave the phytocosmetic formulation a light pink shade with an in vitro SPF of 19.00. Under stress conditions, the formulation was stable, especially when stored in low temperatures. Jaboticaba peel extract promoted wound healing in vitro presenting SPF and antioxidant activity. Final phytocosmetic formulation was stable when stored protect from light and heat, indicating that Jaboticaba extract can be used to develop products to protect skin against aging and sun exposure.

Black rice has a high anthocyanin content in the pericarp layer, which provides a dark purple color. Anthocyanin serve as an antioxidant that control cholesterol level in the blood, prevent anemia, potentially improve the body's resistance to disease, improve damage to liver cells (hepatitis and chirrosis), prevent impaired kidney function, prevent cancer/tumors, slows down antiaging, and prevent atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Exploration results at AIAT Yogyakarta, Indonesia from 2011 to 2014 obtained 18 cultivar of local black rice Indonesia. The names of the rice are related to the color (black, red or purple) formed by anthocyanin deposits in the pericarp layer, seed coat or aleuron. The objective of the study was to classify several types of local black rice from explorations based on the total anthocyanin content. The study was conducted by clustering analyzing the total anthocyanin content of 18 local black rice cultivars in Indonesia. Cluster analysis of total anthocyanin content were done using SAS ver. 9.2. Clustering dendogram shows that there were 4 groups of black rice cultivars based on the total anthocyanin content. Group I consists of Melik black rice, Patalan black rice, Yunianto black rice, Muharjo black rice, Ngatijo black rice, short life of Tugiyo black rice, Andel hitam 1, Jlitheng, and Sragen black rice. Group II consists of Pari ireng, Magelang black hairy rice, Banjarnegara-Wonosobo black rice, and Banjarnegara black rice. Group III consists of NTT black rice, Magelang non hairy black rice, Sembada hitam, and longevity Tugiyo black rice. Group IV consist only one type of black rice namely Cempo ireng. The grouping result indicate the existence of duplicate names among the black rice namely Patalan with Yunianto black rice, and short life Tugiyo with Andel hitam 1 black rice.

Inflorescences of lisianthus ‘Magic Blue’ were harvested with one, two or three open basal flowers and maintained at 15 or 25 °C; 85 % of relative humidity (RH) to evaluate changes during vase life in order to determine the best harvest index. Inflorescences maintained under 15 °C obtained the highest water uptake, the pure purple color and lightness (h=297.5, C*=32.5 and L*=34.5), consequently better appearance by 13 days than inflorescences stored at 25 °C, which showed regular appearance by 10 days. However, in inflorescences stored at 25 °C the highest number of open flowers was quantified. Inflorescences harvested with greater number of open flowers showed greatest total number of open flowers at the end of the experiment, approximately 1 or 2 flowers are opened during vase life, regardless of the number of flowers with which the inflorescence is harvested. Thus, results indicate that storage at 15 °C increased shelf life of lisianthus ‘Magic Blue’ by 3 days. No effect was observed in quality parameters by the harvest index.

A soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] mutant line producing deep purple flowers (E013-C-1) was developed from an ethylmethane sulfonate-treated population of the cultivar ‘Bay’, which has purple flowers. Genetic analysis was performed on a cross between ‘E013-C-1’ and the cultivar ‘Clark’ that had purple flowers. F₁ plants had purple flowers whereas F₂ plants segregated into a 3:1 purple/deep purple ratio. The results suggest that a single gene controls flower color and that purple color is dominant to deep purple. F₃ plants derived from F₂ plants with deep purple flowers were fixed for deep purple flowers. F₃ plants derived from F₂ plants with purple flowers segregated into two families segregating for flower color and one family that was fixed for purple flower color. The results confirmed that a single gene controls flower color and its recessive allele is responsible for deep purple flower color. The gene was designated Wd. Linkage mapping with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers suggested that the Wd gene was located between Satt612 and Sct_199 in chromosome 18. Deep purple petals contained 50% higher levels of anthocyanins than purple petals. The vacuolar pH of deep purple flowers was similar to that of purple ones. These results suggest that the Wd gene controls the amount of anthocyanins and it is responsible for the development of deep purple flowers.

Characters on hypocotyl dan cotyledon are very potential used for effective and efficient morphology marker for some crop plants. However, the information about the inheritance of qualitative and quantitative characters on hypocotyl and cotyledon of chili pepper was not available. The aim of this research was to determine the inheritance of qualitative and quantitative characters on hypocotyl and cotyledon of chili pepper. This research used purple chili pepper (P1 (IPB C20)), green chili pepper (P2 (IPB C2)), F1, F1R, BCP1, BCP2, and F2 populations. Analysis for qualitative characters used mendelian genetics analysis, whereas model genetic prediction for quantitative characters used join scaling test analysis. The result showed that hypocotyl and cotyledon color of chili pepper controlled by single gene. The gene controlling purple color was dominant than the gene controlling green color on hypocotyl, whereas the gene controlling green color was dominant than the gene controlling purple color on cotyledon. The additive-dominant genetic model with influence of additive-additive and additive-dominant interaction was suitable for hypocotyl length. The additive-dominant genetic model with influence of additive-dominant and dominant-dominant interaction was suitable for hypocotyls diameter. The additive-dominant genetic model with influence of additive-additive and dominant-dominant interaction was suitable for cotyledon width and cotyledon length. Keywords: genetic model, morfology marker, natural cross-pollination

Ascorbic acid plays an important role in the growth and immunity of the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, a valuable commercial species in China, South Korea, and Japan. In this study, we investigated the dietary ascorbic acid requirements of two newly discovered color morphs of A. japonicus, white and purple, and compared them with that of the common green morph. Six test diets were formulated containing 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg ascorbic acid equivalent per kg, as l-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate. The color morphs were fed the test diets for 60 days, and their growth, energy budget, and immunological performance recorded. Dietary ascorbic acid levels had a significant effect on the growth of A. japonicus (P

Cronobacter sakazakii (C. sakazakii) is a foodborne pathogen, posing a high risk of disease to infants and immunocompromised individuals. In order to develop a quick, easy, and sensitive assay for detecting C. sakazakii, a rabbit anti-C. sakazakii immunoglobulin G (IgG) was developed using sonicated cell protein from C. sakazakii. The developed anti-C. sakazakii (IgG) was of good quality and purity, as well as species-specific. The developed rabbit anti-C. sakazakii IgG was attached to the surface of a sulforhodamine B-encapsulated liposome to form an immunoliposome. A test strip was then prepared by coating goat anti-rabbit IgG onto the control line and rabbit anti-C. sakazakii IgG onto the test line, respectively, of a plastic-backed nitrocellulose membrane. A purple color signal both on the test line and the control line indicated the presence of C. sakazakii in the sample, whereas purple color only on the control line indicated the absence of C. sakazakii in the sample. This immunochromatographic strip assay could produce results in 15 min with a limit of detection of 107 CFU/ml in C. sakazakii culture. The immunochromatographic strip assay also showed very good specificity without cross-reactivity with other tested Cronobacter species. Based on these results, the developed immunochromatographic strip assay is efficient for the detection of C. sakazakii and has high potential for on-site detection.

The main floral scent compounds and the dynamic changes in the flower opening process of Symplocos decora, S. botryantha, and S. paniculata were analyzed by SPME and GC-MS techniques. The results showed that terpenes and alcohols are the main floral scent compounds in S. decora with purple color, whereas in S. decora with white color, there is considerable relative content of aldehydes and ketones except terpenes and alcohols. Aldehydes and alcohols are the main floral scent compounds in S. botryantha and S. paniculata. Among the major compounds, l-verbenone is the specific volatile compound in S. decora, while 2-ethylbutanal is the specific volatile compound in S. botryantha. Generally speaking, the varieties of floral scent compounds are increasing with the development of flower stages and attain the largest numbers at fullopening stage. The differences in the kinds of main floral scent compounds and the relative content of them may be the main reason for the fragrance difference among these thr...

Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea), a twining vine native to Southeast Asia, produces deep blue to purple flowers that bloom nearly year-round in ideal conditions. When extracted in a liquid, the addition of a mild acid such as lemon or lime juice turns the naturally deep blue to purple color into a much lighter pink or purple color, giving the extract its color-changing ability. This new 5-page publication of the UF/IFAS Environmental Horticulture Department outlines the use of butterfly pea flower extract (BPFE) as a pH-dependent natural colorant, including an explanation of the science behind the color change, detailed parameters for flower extraction, instructions for storage and processing of the extract as well as a discussion of some of the other benefits of using BPFE. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ep573

Boring sponges are among the most important erosive organisms causing relevant damage on calcium carbonate substrates in marine environments. The present work offers a contribution to the knowledge of the bioerosive impact of sponges on archaeological artifacts such as the marble statues recovered from the shipwreck of Antikythera (Greece) and the Blue Grotto (Capri, Italy). These peculiar substrates lie on the seabed, but only little information is available about the risks during their underwater life. Bioeroding sponges caused the loss of substantial parts of the artifacts’ lithic substrate (penetrating up to some centimeters depth), often in association with microborers and boring bivalves. The results highlighted that the bioeroding species in Capri were mostly Dotona pulchella mediterranea, Cliona janitrix,Cliona schmidtii, and Spiroxya levispira. Their chambers were often filled by secondary, non-eroding sponges such as Agelas oroides,Jaspis incrustans, Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus, Erylus sp., and Pachastrella monilifera. In the Antikythera statues, C. schmidtii was the most frequent species, often easily recognized by its purple color. It was often associated with other excavating sponges such as Cliona vermifera, and Dotona pulchella mediterranea. Pachastrella monilifera and Jaspis incrustans were also present as insinuating species. Incomplete sets of spicules and bioerosion pits observed by SEM were referred to the generaAlectona and Siphonodictyon. The presence of the sciophilous epilithic speciesPetrobiona massiliana and Merlia normani in both sites revealed that these archeological sites have comparable environmental conditions. The study allowed the identification of the sponges involved in the colonization of calcareous artifacts and the definition of the important role they played in the damage of the statues.

Background Preservatives such as formaldehyde and formaldehyde releasers (F/FRs) are found in personal care products. Studies from Europe and Israel have indicated that products with undeclared F/FRs on product labels may have detectable levels of formaldehyde. Objective The aim of the study was to determine the presence of formaldehyde in samples of US personal care products. Methods Fifty-four baby and adult products were tested with the chromotropic acid method. A blinded investigator graded the color change as mild, moderate, or strong. Results All 8 products declaring F/FRs resulted in a deep purple color change, indicating a strong reaction. Of the 46 products with undeclared F/FRs, 4 (8.6%) were found to release formaldehyde. All 4 resulted in a light purple color change, indicating a mild reaction. Conclusions Overall, 4 of 54 products (7.4%) had label information, which did not match chromotropic acid method testing results. Clinicians and formaldehyde-allergic individuals should be aware of the limitations of product ingredient labeling in managing allergic contact dermatitis to formaldehyde.

Andean purple maize (PM) contains fibers and natural pigments, which could improve the quality of extruded products. In this project, we evaluated the technological properties of a breakfast cereal formulated with substitution of commercial yellow corn by PM whole-flour in 25% (PM25), 50% (PM50), 75% (PM75) and 100%(PM100). The results show that as the concentration of PM increases in breakfast cereal, it presents a greater intensity of the purple color and water absorption index, at the same time that decrease its instrumental hardness and expansion index.

The impact of centrifugal-filter assisted block freeze crystallization (CFBFC) on the physicochemical parameters, total phenolic content (TPC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), and total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity (AA) and process parameters applied to blueberry juice was studied. Additionally, CFBFC was contrasted with gravitational BFC (GBFC) and centrifugal BFC (CBFC) techniques. For CFBFC process, the solutes values were ≈35.9 °Brix (fresh juice ≈13.8 °Brix), with a very dark red/purple color. Moreover, the bioactive components values presented a significant increase of 2.1, 2.0, 1.8, and 3.1 times compared to the initial TPC, TAC, TFC, and AA values, respectively, and these values were higher than GBFC and CBFC techniques. For efficiency, percentage of concentrate, and solute yield, CFBFC showed values close to 86%, 81%, and 0.9 (kg/kg), respectively, which were higher values than GBFC (48%, 38%, and 0.5 (kg/kg)) and CBFC (79%, 68%, and 0.7 (kg/kg)). Therefore, this research offers new benefits with the addition of the filter in the centrifugal BFC, and thus, CFBFC offers an advantage due to the better separation than GBFC and CBFC, since the filter can be designated as a second separation stage, and only one cycle is necessary to obtain high quality properties in the final solution.

Cordyline terminalis flower is traditionally used to treat asthma and the purple color of the flower is suggestive of anthocyanins. The purpose of this study was to characterize and determine the antioxidant property of anthocyanins from C. terminalis purple flowers. Five anthocyanins, cyanidin 3,5-di- O-β-glucopyranoside (2.6 ± 0.2 mg/g fr. wt) (1), peonidin 3,5-di- O-β-glucopyranoside (2.8 ± 0.3 mg/g fr. wt) (2), cyanidin 3- O-β-(6″- O- E- p-caffeoylglucopyranoside)-5- O-β-glucopyranoside (3.2 ± 0.2 mg/g fr. wt) (3), cyanidin 3- O-β-(6″- O- E- p-coumaroylglucopyranoside)-5- O-β-glucopyranoside (6.2 ± 0.4 mg/g fr. wt) (4), and peonidin 3- O-β-(6″- O- E- p-coumaroylglucopyranoside)-5- O-β-glucopyranoside (9.8 ± 0.2 mg/g fr. wt) (5), were isolated from the flowers of C. terminalis by a combination of chromatographic techniques. Their structures were established by UV-visible, NMR, and ESI-MS. The extract exhibited appreciable antioxidant activity (IC50 ± SD = 13.1 ± 0.8 μg/mL) against quercetin (IC50 ± SD = 4.5 ± 0.4 μg/mL) compared to the individual anthocyanins (IC50 ± SD = 13.8 ± 0.5 to 16.4 ± 0.7 μg/mL) when measured using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl method. Cordyline terminalis flowers extract may be justified for use and standardization as herbal remedy for asthma.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is one of the most common malignant neoplasms of salivary gland tissue. A 25-year-old patient presented with a painless swelling on the buccal mucosa. The lesion was a 2-cm firm nodule with purple color. The clinical hypothesis was pleomorphic adenoma, and the material was sent for microscopic analysis, which revealed a malignant salivary gland neoplasia characterized by the proliferation of mucous and epidermoid cells organized in solid nests and cystic structures containing amorphous material. The final diagnosis was mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The patient was sent to a referral oncology service for treatment and is under follow-up.

The biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles by using algae Spirogyra peipingensis was conducted. This research aimed to determine biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles by using algae Spirogyra peipingensis with different concentration and incubation time. The synthesis of gold nanoparticles using HauCl4 solution with variations of concentration 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 15 ppm and 20 ppm respectively in 1 liter of aquabidest. Algae Spirogyra peipingensis was grown in HauCl4 medium with the addition of 0.2 gr Sulfahri-01 nutrient. Then each 5 gram Spirogyra algae incubated in HAuCl4 medium with the addition of Sulfahri-01 0.2 gram nutrients. 4 hours long incubation under exposure to sunlight. Nanoparticle size determination is done by looking at the color that appears in the solution. From the results of the research, it is known that Spirogyra peipingensis algae is able to synthesize gold nanoparticles characterized by the color change in algae biomass from green to purple color after being treated and forming gold nanoparticles with size 40-60 NM. The best-used HAuCl4 consent is 5 ppm with the smallest particle size. KeywordIntracelullar, Spirogyra peipingensis,HAuCl4,Biosynthesis. Article HistoryReceived 8 May 2017 Accepted 3 July 2017

Plants with purple abaxial leaf surfaces are very common in nature but the ecophysiological aspects of this phenotype are not well known. We have shown that the purple color of the abaxial surfaces generates an interesting contrast between the color of the stomata arranged on the epidermis, generally green, and the purple color of the pavement. This contrast makes the stomata completely visible to optic microscopy of the extant plants. This phenomenon made possible the proposition of a strategy to measure the distance between the stomata of the layer. The measurement of the distance between stomata generates accurate information of the distribution of stomata on the epidermis of living purple plants. In future ecophysiological inferences will be established from the information brought about by the measurements of the distance between stomata in purple plants.

Introduction The acai palm tree (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) is mostly native to Brazil, and its fruit, acai berry, is very popular among physically active individuals. The acai berry pulp, very pleasing to the taste buds, has gained adepts in Brazil, Europe and USA in recent years, being even considered a “superfruit”. The acai berry pulp is rich in anthocyanins, which is reflected on its deep purple color, in addition to other bioactive substances, such as phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Because [...]