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Introduction.There is not much information on pure cattle with a genealogical certificate in Costa Rica. It is necessary to know the status of this population to direct efforts towards the productive improvement of the Zebu cattle breeds.Objective.To update the database of the Costa Rican Cebu Cattle Breeders Association (ASOCEBÚ), characterize this population and analyze the use of males of the gray Brahman breed in the country.Materials and methods.An inventory was done in 121 herds to update the Association’s database to 2018. The information was sorted by breed, sex, age, total animals, breeders, socio-economic region, province, and canton. The frequency of use of gray Brahman breeders was determined.Results.A total of 10 995 pure animals were counted, distributed in six breeds (gray Brahman, red Brahman, Nelore, Gyr, Guzerat, and Indubrasil). The gray Brahman breed predominated with 74.5 % of the population and 76.8 % of the total of breeders. The Chorotega region had the highest registered population (49.5 %) and the highest number of breeders (37.2 %). 55.8 % of the total population came from ten breeders, however, the largest number of herds corresponds to farms with few animals. In the gray Brahman breed, 60.8 % of the population comes from domestic bulls, and 39.2 % from other countries.Conclusion.Registered pure zebu cattle are distributed throughout the whole country. Attention should be put to genetic management to minimize inbreeding. Census and survey managers are encouraged to include the purebred populations in their assessments. Introducción.Existe escasa información sobre ganado puro con certificado genealógico en Costa Rica. Es necesario conocer el estado de esta población para dirigir esfuerzos en la mejora productiva del ganado cebú.Objetivo.Actualizar la base de datos de la Asociación de Criadores de Ganado Cebú de Costa Rica (ASOCEBÚ), caracterizar dicha población y analizar el uso de los machos de la raza Brahman gris en el país.Materiales y métodos.Se realizó un inventario en 121 ganaderías para actualizar la base de datos de la Asociación al año 2018. La información se clasificó por raza, sexo, edad, total de animales, criadores, región socio-económica, provincia y cantón. Se determinó la frecuencia de uso de reproductores Brahman gris.Resultados.Se contabilizaron 10 995 animales puros, distribuidos en seis razas (Brahman gris, Brahman rojo, Nelore, Gyr, Guzerat e Indubrasil). La raza Brahman gris predominó con un 74,5 % de la población y 76,8 % del total de criadores. La región Chorotega presentó la mayor población inscrita (49,5 %) y el mayor número de criadores (37,2 %). El 55,8 % de la población total provino de diez criadores, sin embargo, el mayor número de ganaderías correspondió a fincas con pocos animales. En la raza Brahman gris, el 60,8 % de la población provino de toros nacionales y el 39,2 % del extranjero.Conclusión.Los cebuinos puros registrados se distribuyen en todo el país. Se debe poner atención al manejo genético para minimizar la consanguidad. Se recomienda a los encargados de censos y encuestas, incluir la población de razas puras dentro de las evaluaciones.

Resumen Introducción. Existe escasa información sobre ganado puro con certificado genealógico en Costa Rica. Es necesario conocer el estado de esta población para dirigir esfuerzos en la mejora productiva del ganado cebú. Objetivo. Actualizar la base de datos de la Asociación de Criadores de Ganado Cebú de Costa Rica (ASOCEBÚ), caracterizar dicha población y analizar el uso de los machos de la raza Brahman gris en el país. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un inventario en 121 ganaderías para actualizar la base de datos de la Asociación al año 2018. La información se clasificó por raza, sexo, edad, total de animales, criadores, región socio-económica, provincia y cantón. Se determinó la frecuencia de uso de reproductores Brahman gris. Resultados. Se contabilizaron 10 995 animales puros, distribuidos en seis razas (Brahman gris, Brahman rojo, Nelore, Gyr, Guzerat e Indubrasil). La raza Brahman gris predominó con un 74,5 % de la población y 76,8 % del total de criadores. La región Chorotega presentó la mayor población inscrita (49,5 %) y el mayor número de criadores (37,2 %). El 55,8 % de la población total provino de diez criadores, sin embargo, el mayor número de ganaderías correspondió a fincas con pocos animales. En la raza Brahman gris, el 60,8 % de la población provino de toros nacionales y el 39,2 % del extranjero. Conclusión. Los cebuinos puros registrados se distribuyen en todo el país. Se debe poner atención al manejo genético para minimizar la consanguidad. Se recomienda a los encargados de censos y encuestas, incluir la población de razas puras dentro de las evaluaciones. Abstract Introduction. There is not much information on pure cattle with a genealogical certificate in Costa Rica. It is necessary to know the status of this population to direct efforts towards the productive improvement of the Zebu cattle breeds. Objective. To update the database of the Costa Rican Cebu Cattle Breeders Association (ASOCEBÚ), characterize this population and analyze the use of males of the gray Brahman breed in the country. Materials and methods. An inventory was done in 121 herds to update the Association’s database to 2018. The information was sorted by breed, sex, age, total animals, breeders, socio-economic region, province, and canton. The frequency of use of gray Brahman breeders was determined. Results. A total of 10 995 pure animals were counted, distributed in six breeds (gray Brahman, red Brahman, Nelore, Gyr, Guzerat, and Indubrasil). The gray Brahman breed predominated with 74.5 % of the population and 76.8 % of the total of breeders. The Chorotega region had the highest registered population (49.5 %) and the highest number of breeders (37.2 %). 55.8 % of the total population came from ten breeders, however, the largest number of herds corresponds to farms with few animals. In the gray Brahman breed, 60.8 % of the population comes from domestic bulls, and 39.2 % from other countries. Conclusion. Registered pure zebu cattle are distributed throughout the whole country. Attention should be put to genetic management to minimize inbreeding. Census and survey managers are encouraged to include the purebred populations in their assessments.

Layer hybrids are more superior in the egg yield than pure breeds. But this superiority causes some problems in the bones during the production period. There are a lot of differences among genotypes in the production period that have been examined extensively, however, the differences throughout incubation period aren’t known yet. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the differences in femur properties of pure breed and layer hybrid embryos during the incubation period. A total of 354 fresh hatching eggs were used from one hybrid (Lohman White) and two pure breeds (Denizli & Gerze). The eggs were incubated. Hatching eggs from each genotype at the beginning of embryonic days (E) 19 and E21 were examined. At these embryonic ages, 12 eggs were selected from each genotype. The eggs were opened and embryos were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Both femurs were dissected from each embryo and then structure, mineral composition and mechanical properties of femur were determined. The genotype affected the length, width and Zn level in the femur of embryos. Weight, length, width, load of yield and ultimate, ash and all examined minerals increased with embryonic development. These results showed that some femur properties of embryos were influenced by the genotype and layer hybrid embryos are beginning to be advantageous in terms of Zn level in the femur at E21. This study leads to better understanding femur development during the incubation period in layer hybrid and pure breeds.

Aims To retrospectively determine the relative frequency of feline hepatobiliary diseases from biopsy specimens submitted to a single laboratory across a 10-year period and to establish whether age, sex or breed associations exist. Methods Histopathological data from 154 liver biopsies of New Zealand cats sampled between 2008 and 2018 were analysed. The samples were allocated to primary, secondary and tertiary disease categories using criteria established by the World Small Animal Veterinary Association. Breed associations were derived using ORs and 95% CIs. Gender and age associations were also evaluated. Results The most frequently diagnosed hepatobiliary diseases were lymphocytic cholangitis (20 per cent), hepatitis (16.9 per cent), reversible hepatocellular injury (16.4 per cent), neutrophilic cholangitis (9.7 per cent), haematopoietic neoplasia (9.7 per cent), hepatocellular neoplasia (5.6 per cent) and cholangiocellular neoplasia (4.1 per cent). Burmese cats were found to be at significantly increased risk of both biliary and parenchymal diseases and Birman cats to be at significantly increased risk of parenchymal disease. Domestic longhair cats were at significantly increased risk of hepatobiliary neoplasia. Birman cats were at significantly increased risk of hepatitis while domestic shorthair cats were at significantly decreased risk of neutrophilic cholangitis, reversible hepatocellular injury and hepatitis. Conclusions This study is the first retrospective examination of the relative frequency of hepatobiliary disease in biopsy specimens from New Zealand cats. Some breeds were associated with specific histopathology.

Pure breeds are important due to the fact that they adapt well to poor husbandry conditions. However, gene expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters of pure breeds and layer hybrids have not been studied yet. Therefore, this study was directed to detect the gene expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters in the yolk sac membrane and small intestine of the embryos in layer hybrid and pure breeds. A total of 354 hatching eggs were collected from 29 wk old Denizli, Gerze and Lohman White (LW) breeder flocks. Twelve eggs from each genotype were selected at embryonic day 19 (E19) and day 21 (E21). APN, SI, PepT1, EAAT3, CAT1, B0AT, SGLT1 and GLUT5 mRNA expressions were evaluated in the yolk sac membrane (YSM) and small intestine of the embryos from different genotypes. Expressions of APN and EAAT3 in the small intestine of Denizli embryo were upregulated from E19 to E21. B0AT, PepT1 and SGLT1 expressions were upregulated in the small intestine of pure breed and layer hybrid embryos with increasing embryonic age. SI expression in the small intestine of the LW embryos was upregulated from E19 to E21. APN, B0AT and EAAT3 expressions in the YSM of Denizli embryos were dowregulated from E19 to E21. EAAT3 and SGLT1 expressions in the YSM of Gerze embryos were upregulated at E21 and compared to E19. Taken together, our results indicate that genotype and embryonic age influenced the expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporter genes in the small intestine and YSM of embryos.

Santrauka Tyrimas atliktas Lietuvos Sveikatos Mokslų Universitete, šio tyrimo duomenys surinkti iš veterinarijos klinikos „Veterinarinės Medicinos Centras“, 2011 – 2013 metų laikotarpiu. Darbo apimtis 30 puslapių, kuriuose yra 1 lentelė ir 10 diagramų. Darbo tikslas buvo išnagrinėti šunų susirgimo šlapimo takų akmenlige 2011 – 2013 metais sergamumą. Tiriamojo darbo uždaviniai buvo suformuluoti norint nustatyti šlapimo takų akmenligės pasireiškimo dažnumą, priklausomai nuo kitų urogenitalinės sistemos sutrikimo atvejų; kokių tipų akmenys ir/ar kristalai buvo nustatyti tyrimo eigoje, bei susidariusių susirgimų priklausomybę nuo amžiaus, lyties bei veislės. Išanalizavus 138 ligos istorijas susijusias su urogenitalinės sistemos problemomis, buvo nustatyti 47 (34,058%) šlapimo takų akmenligės atvejai. Visi sergantieji buvo išskirstyti į keletą skirtingų grupių, remiantis trimis pagrindiniais skirtumais: lytis, amžius ir veislė. Grupės skirstomos: I) pagal lytį, patelės (n=21) ir patinėliai (n=26); II) pagal amžių, buvo sudarytos keturios grupės: nuo 0 iki 3 metų (n=12), nuo 4 iki 6 metų (n=17), nuo 7 iki 10 metų (n=17) ir virš 11 metų (n=1); III) pagal veislę, buvo išskirstyta į dvi pagrindines grupes 1) grynakraujai (n=38), 22 skirtingos veislės ir 2) mišrūnai šunys (n=9). Apibendrinus tyrimo metu gautus rezultatus buvo padaryta išvada, kad šlapimo takų akmenligė pasireiškė 34,058% pacientams, iš visų susirgimų šlapimo sistemos ligomis. Iš visų tiriamųjų gausiausiai sirgo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] Summury The study was fufilled at Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , the study material collected from the veterinary clinic „Veterinarės Medicinos Centras“, time period of 2011 – 2013 years. Thesis volume of 30 pages, containing 1 table and 10 figure. The aim was to examine the canine urolithiasis morbidity in 2011 - 2013 years . Research work tasks have been formulated to identify urinary tract stones , depending on the frequency of occurrence of other urogenital system disruptions , what types of stones and/or crystals have been identified during the course of the study , and the resulting onset of age, sex and breed. An analysis of 138 case histories associated with urogenital problems were identified 47 ( 34,058%) of urolithiasis cases . All the patients were broken down into several different groups based on the three main differences: gender , age and breed . Sets are : I) according to gender, females ( n = 21 ) and males ( n = 26 ), II ) according to age, was formed four groups : 0 to 3 years ( n = 12) from 4 to 6 years of age ( n = 17 ) , from 7 to 10 years ( n = 17 ) and over 11 years ( n = 1 ) and III) according to the breed was split into two main groups 1 ) pure breed ( n = 38 ) , 22 different varieties and 2 ) mixed breed dogs ( n = 9). Summarizing the research results , it was concluded that urolithiasis patients experienced 34,058 % of all patients with urinary system diseases. Among the most heavily suffered from 80.851 % pure breed dogs ( p < 0.001 )... [to full text]

Summury The study was fufilled at Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , the study material collected from the veterinary clinic „Veterinarės Medicinos Centras“, time period of 2011 – 2013 years. Thesis volume of 30 pages, containing 1 table and 10 figure. The aim was to examine the canine urolithiasis morbidity in 2011 - 2013 years . Research work tasks have been formulated to identify urinary tract stones , depending on the frequency of occurrence of other urogenital system disruptions , what types of stones and/or crystals have been identified during the course of the study , and the resulting onset of age, sex and breed. An analysis of 138 case histories associated with urogenital problems were identified 47 ( 34,058%) of urolithiasis cases . All the patients were broken down into several different groups based on the three main differences: gender , age and breed . Sets are : I) according to gender, females ( n = 21 ) and males ( n = 26 ), II ) according to age, was formed four groups : 0 to 3 years ( n = 12) from 4 to 6 years of age ( n = 17 ) , from 7 to 10 years ( n = 17 ) and over 11 years ( n = 1 ) and III) according to the breed was split into two main groups 1 ) pure breed ( n = 38 ) , 22 different varieties and 2 ) mixed breed dogs ( n = 9). Summarizing the research results , it was concluded that urolithiasis patients experienced 34,058 % of all patients with urinary system diseases. Among the most heavily suffered from 80.851 % pure breed dogs ( p < 0.001 ) , and the majority were males 55,000 % . After analyzing and codifying all results have been observed that struvite stones 55.319 % (p < 0.001 ) occur mostly among dog, as well was found, extremely rare among dogs, 2,8 DHA crystals in several samples ( n = 2 ) as a urine tested by light microscopy assistance. Most patients were from 4 to 10 years. Of all patients surgical method was applied to only 23,000 % of patients.

This study was performed to determine the influence of pig breed and gender on the ultimate pH and physicochemical properties of pork. The correlations between pH and pork quality traits directly related to carcass grade, and consumer's preference were also evaluated. The pH and meat grading scores for cold carcasses of 215 purebred pigs (Duroc, Landrace, and Yorkshire) from four different farms were obtained. Meat quality parameters of the pork loin were analyzed. Duroc and female animals were more affected compared to other breeds and male pigs. Duroc animals had the highest ultimate pH, carcass back fat thickness, marbling scores, yellowness, and fat content (p

Different types of endogenous swine populations have been adapted to the various environmental conditions of Greece due to many years of natural selection. The present paper focuses on the only officially recognized Greek autochthonous swine breed and the methodology applied for breed characterization and monitoring. Although the breed was considered extinct or crossbred with other high–productivity imported animals, several herds, spread around the country, have been reported lately to consist exclusively of pure breed autochthonous swine. In order to secure and preserve national animal genetic resources and especially, this unique gene pool for worldwide swine population, Greece has established a program for describing and identifying purebred Greek swine, determining the breeding system, monitoring herd and population changes. The main objective is to secure breed integrity, to reveal breed comparative advantages in regard to environmental and climate changes adaptability, disease susceptibility and produc quality.

Two pieces of complementary research dealing with the study of the importance of genetic factors on the quality of the Spanish dry-cured ham Jamón Serrano were carried out for this thesis. The first one compared Serrano dry-cured hams made from typical commercial lines of four representative breeds (Duroc, Landrace, Large White and Piétrain) subjected to the current standard industrial process. Most of the differences in raw material, final composition and rheology were between Piétrain and the other three breeds. Duroc breed showed the most important differences in instrumental colour and appearance, probably caused by its higher intramuscular fat content. The differences between the four breeds in dry-cured ham sensory quality were too small to discriminate them on single traits. However, according to multivariate analyses (PCA), the Large White showed the most appropriate sensory characteristics for dry-cured ham production of the four pure breeds under the processing conditions used, while the Piétrain showed the least appropriate ones. The second piece of research studied the effect of the previously identified PRKAG3 and CAST genetic polymorphisms (PRKAG3 Ile199Val, CAST Arg249Lys and CAST Ser638Arg) on the quality traits of the Spanish dry-cured ham Jamón Serrano. Associations between the polymorphisms and traits of flavour and texture were found. The PRKAG3 Ile/Ile genotype, the CAST249 Arg/Arg genotype, the CAST638 Arg/Arg genotype and the haplotype CAST 249Arg-638Arg are the most favourable for the production of the Spanish dry-cured ham Jamón Serrano. It can be concluded that the effect of different pure breeds was not strong enough to produce significant perceivable differences between dry-cured hams. In contrast, differences between genotypes of PRKAG3 and CAST polymorphisms on proteolysis and sensory traits indicated that polymorphisms could induce perceivable differences in the sensory quality of dry-cured hams. Accordingly, genetic polymorphisms could be better indicators of material screening in the dry-cured ham industry than breeds., En aquesta tesi s’han realitzat dos estudis complementaris sobre la importància dels factors genètics sobre la qualitat del pernil curat Jamón Serrano. El primer compara pernils curats elaborats a partir de línies genètiques comerciales de quatre races representatives (Duroc, Landrace, Large White y Piétrain) i sotmesos a un procés industrial estàndard i actual Les majors diferències en els pernils frescos i en la composició i reologia final es van observar entre Piétrain i les altres tres races. La raça Duroc va presentar les principals diferències en color instrumental i aparença sensorial, probablement degut al seu alt contingut de greix intramuscular. Les diferències en característiques sensorials entre les quatre races van ser massa petites per a poder discriminar entre elles en base a característiques individuals. No obstant, considerant les anàlisis multivariades (PCA), la raça Large White va mostrar les característiques sensorials més apropiades per al pernil curat en les condicions de elaboració aquí utilitzades, mentres que la raça Piétrain va mostrar les menys apropiades. El segon estudi analitza l’efecte dels polimorfismes genètics PRKAG3 i CAST, prèviament identificats (PRKAG3 Ile199Val, CAST Arg249Lys i CAST Ser638Arg), sobre les característiques de qualitat del pernil curat espanyol Jamón Serrano. Hi va haver associacions significatives dels genotips PRKAG3, CAST249 i CAST638 i del haplotip CAST amb varis caràcters relacionats amb flavor i textura. Els genotips PRKAG3 Ile/Ile, CAST249 Arg/Arg, CAST638 Arg/Arg i l’haplotip CAST 249Arg-638Arg són els més favorables per a l’elaboració del pernil curat Jamón Serrano. Es pot concloure que l’efecte de la raça no va ser prou fort per a provocar diferències perceptibles entre els pernils curats. Per contra, les diferències entre genotips dels polimorfismes PRKAG3 i CAST poden induir diferències perceptibles en la qualitat sensorial dels pernils curats. En conseqüència, els polimorfismes genètics podrien ser millors indicadors per a la selecció de la matèria prima a les indústries elaboradores de pernil curat que les races.