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This short review focuses on developments in the field of bioprinting for cartilage tissue engineering, along with discussion on the various approaches for cartilage fabrication. The methods (cell-laden, cell-free and a combination of both) involved intended to obtain microenvironment to cells for better development and cell growth using the said methods. The controlled dimension of the scaffold can be decided with great precision. The hybrid bioprinting of cell laden and cell-free materials gives the most promising results for cartilage tissue engineering with multiple materials bio-print including high strength polymers. Although hybrid technology is new but currently 3D-printing for cartilage applications is in high demand, and complete conversation on the current and future viewpoints is presented in this review.

This review focuses on advances in the field of bioprinting for skeletal tissue engineering, as well as a discussion of various bone marrow transplants. All methods (cellular, non-cellular and both) are aimed at finding complex living tissues capable of growing and maturing, using the same basic technology. To date, co-printing of cellular and non-cellular material has been identified as the most promising method for muscle applications because materials with good performance and good mechanical strength can be integrated within the same structure. Integration of orthopedic applications is an evolving field, and a detailed discussion of current challenges and ideas for the future is also presented in this review.

This review focuses on advances in the field of tendon bioprinting and ligament tissue engineering, as well as a discussion of the various mechanisms underlying the tendon and ligament tissue. All methods (cellular, non-cellular and both) aim to find complex living tissues capable of growing and maturing, using the same basic technology. To date, co-printing of cellular and non-cellular material has been identified as the most promising method for muscle applications because materials with good performance and good mechanical strength can be integrated within the same structure. Bioprinting publications for tendon and ligament applications are a developing field, and a detailed discussion of current challenges and future ideas is also presented in this review.

Early childhood caries is prevalent disease worldwide involving 1.76 billion children even though it is preventable with proper measures. Early childhood caries not only cause local discomfort but also hampers overall growth and development of child. Early childhood caries requires invasive treatments as it progress to later stages so early intervention is helpful to prevent these invasive procedures like restoration and extraction. Various procedures such as fluoride application, oral hygiene maintenance, motivational interviewing, diet counselling, oral health education programs are used for prevention, among them motivational interviewing is the emerging modality for prevention. Motivational interviewing is client centred counselling approach which elicits the behavior change by helping clients to explore and resolve ambivalence. It was first introduced for treating alcoholism now it is implemented in various fields for management of disease such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, reducing sexual behavior and pain management. In some of the researches it is found that the preventive measures accompanied with motivational interviewing are more effective than the conventional health education and intervention. Though there are many researches are present on the motivational interviewing in prevention of early childhood caries, better designed and reported interventions are still needed.

Iontophoresis is a non-invasive method to improve drug delivery by the application of an electric field. The iontophoresis process causes deeper penetration of ions using electric current. The drug delivered through iontophoresis was found to be around 10 to 2,000 times more than conventional forms of delivery. The better results were shown by alternating current (AC) than conventional constant current (DC) iontophoresis. The preparation used in iontophoresis should be soluble in water, of a small voltage, and prone to ionization. More mobility is seen with smaller particles. Iontophoresis could increase the diffusion of drugs into dentin, enamel, and other oral tissues. The chief drugs delivered or studied by iontophoresis in dentistry are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, local anesthetics, anti-bacterial drugs, and fluorides. To enhance the ability of drug transfer nanomaterials were introduced. Under the impact of iontophoresis, remineralizing nanomaterial can be injected at larger concentrations in the deeper layer of incipient caries. Due to the size of nanocomplexes, it is possible that they will diffuse into the body of the subsurface lesion and enter the porosities to improve remineralization utilizing the iontophoresis approach. The concept of the application of an electric current for drug delivery was introduced several years ago in clinical practice, research, and literature. This review focuses on iontophoresis application in dentistry, its mode of action, and how the technique can be utilized in a beneficial way.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)is a virus responsible for the coronavirus infection that is currently causing a severe outbreak of the disease in the world, infecting and killing thousands to lacs of people. The pediatric and geriatric population is no exception to this. Children and older adults have less immunity, which makes them more susceptible to infection than other populations. But still the number of cases of Children where less as compared to adults and those having underlying pulmonary pathology or immunocompromising conditions are more vulnerable to infection. Some studies have shown that this virus causes more death in the older age population as compared to adults or children. Patients having any systemic conditions like diabetes, raised blood pressure, heart diseases, lung diseases and chronic renal diseases were more vulnerable to this infection. In this article, we will outline the epidemiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment modalities of the novel coronavirus-2019(COVID 19) infection in humans, with more focusing on infection in children as well as in older adults.

Background: Rehabilitations by dental implants have often been utilized as an efficient procedure for restoring missing teeth. For implant placement two types of surgical methods are well documented. Conventional surgical approach involves raising a mucoperiosteal flap to gain access and see the underlying alveolar bone, instead there is this procedure which does not involve the reflection of the flap. Both the techniques are known to have their individual benefits and shortcomings. The present study was aimed to evaluate the longitudinal comparison and evaluation of hard tissue changes around endosseous implants placed using flapped as well as flapless surgical procedures in mandibular first molar region. Materials and Methods: A total of 10 healthy patients with bilateral mandibular first molar were involved in the study and 20 endosseous implants were inserted (10 in each group). Radiographic assessment was done for deviations in the marginal bone levels on both mesial and distal side and their average value was calculated at 1 month, and 3 months. All these parameters were statistically analyzed using the paired Student t test, and two-way ANOVA test and were considered to be significant if the p value was ≤ 0.05. Results: During the 3 months observation period, the change in crestal bone height around the implants placed by flapless and flap surgery were statistically significant. The flapless group showed less reduction in the crestal bone height compared to the flap group. Conclusion: Both flap and the flapless techniques of endosseous implant placement had statistically significant effect on peri-implant bone loss over the 3 month period.

The World Health Organization claims (WHO),Corona Viruses the COVID-19 pandemic is causing a nationwide crisis, wearing a mask on a face in public places is an effective protection measure. The COVID-19 pandemic forced governments all over the world to implement quarantine measures in order to deter virus spread. Reports suggest that the risk of transmission is clearly minimized by wearing face masks when at work. An effective and economic approach to the use of AI in a manufacturing setting to build a secure environment. Using a face mask detection dataset, we will use Open CV to perform real-time face detection from a live stream from our webcam. Using Keras, Python, Tensorflow and Open CV, and, it will build a COVID-19 face mask detector with computer vision. Using computer vision and CNN, I aim to decide whether or not the person in the image or video streaming is wear a mask.

The efficient use of data mining in virtual sectors such as e-соmmerсe, and соmmerсe has led to its use in other industries. The mediсаl environment is still rich but weaker in technical analysis field. There is а lot of information that саn оссur within mediсаl systems. Using powerful analytics tооls to identify the hidden relationships with the current data trends. Disease is а term that provides а large number of соnditiоns connected to the heath care. These mediсаl соnditiоns describe unexpected health соnditiоns that directly соntrоl all the оrgаns of the body. Mediсаl data mining methods such as соrроrаte management mines, сlаssifiсаtiоn, integration is used to аnаlyze various types of соmmоn рhysiсаl problems. Seраrаtiоn is an imроrtаnt рrоblem in data mining. Many рорulаr сliрs make decision trees to рrоduсe саtegоry models. Data сlаssifiсаtiоn is based on the ID3 decision tree algorithm that leads to ассurасy, data are estimated to use entrорy verifiсаtiоn methods based on сrоss-seсtiоnаl and segmentation and results are соmраred. The database used for mасhine learning is divided into 3 parts - training, testing, and finally validation. This approach uses а training set to train а model and define its аррrорriаte раrаmeters. А test set is required to test а professional model and its standard performance. It is estimated that 70% of people in India can catch common illnesses such as viruses, flu, coughs, colds etc. every two months. Because most people do not realize that common allergies can be symptoms of something very serious, 25% of people suddenly die from ignoring the first normal symptoms. Therefore, identifying or predicting the disease early using machine learning (ML) is very important to avoid any unwanted injuries.

Two devastating pandemics, the Spanish Flu and COVID-19, emerged globally in 1918 from America and 2019 from China, respectively. Influenza virus A H1N1, which caused Spanish Flu and SARS-CoV2, which caused COVID-19, belong to different virus family and bear different structure, genomic organization and pathogenicity. However, the trajectory of the current outbreak of COVID-19 depicts a similar picture of the Spanish Flu outbreak. Estimates suggest that ~500 million infected cases and ~50 million deaths occurred globally from 1918-1919 due to the H1N1 virus. While SARS-CoV2 accounted for ~2 million cases and 130,885 deaths just within three and a half months, and the number is still increasing. To contain the spread of COVID-19 and to prevent the situation which happened a century back, it becomes essential to examine and correlate these pandemics in terms of their origin, epidemiology and clinical scenario. The strategies tailored to control the Spanish Flu pandemic may help to contain the current pandemic within time.

The SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus which originated in the province Wuhan, China, in December 2019. It is the causative agent of COVID-19, an infection mainly presenting as mild upper respiratory tract infection, with patients presenting with fever, cough, breathlessness and fatigue. The virus predominantly spreads by a person to person contact, which is why it has spread very rapidly in a short span of time, so much so, that multiple countries are affected at present. The number of casualties is ever increasing. Even though our understanding of the novel coronavirus is improving, many countries, including India, are facing a situation which is not getting better with respect to controlling the pandemic. The number of new cases and deaths are ever increasing. There is a general state of panic among all the sections of the society and almost all are affected. With the number of tests being carried out every day, also increasing, a general idea about the signs and symptoms of the disease as well as the diagnostic criterion aids will further help us control the pandemic. This narrative review focuses on the clinical symptoms, diagnostic aids, risk factors, common clinical symptoms, laboratory findings and complications of COVID-19 and also on post COVID 19 Complications.

The outbreak of COVID- 19 disease has taken the world by surprise. The disease mainly affects the respiratory system and is caused by a strain of coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2. Due to its high recombination rates the virus has an immense potential to spread rapidly. Within months of the first case being reported in Wuhan China, the disease has turned rapidly into a pandemic. The world health experts are already actively looking for a definite cure or vaccine for the disease, but till that many of the countries across the globe are looking up onto mass quarantine measures as a method to control its spread. This article is an attempt to review the effectiveness of these measures and the possible adverse effects of the same. Other possible modes of prevention and controlling the spread of the disease have also been reviewed in the article.

Cancer therapy has evolved in recent times on diagnostic and therapeutic grounds. Nanotechnology is the latest technique used to design nanoparticles having therapeutic applications in diseases like cancer. There are various such nanoparticles types made up of gold, silver, iron, and other compounds. Much recent are the bioinspired and theragnostic nanoparticles which exhibit good biocompatibility and much more effective drug delivery compared to the traditional drug delivery mechanisms. Bioimaging is a visualization process that aids to locate the target cancer cell or tumor-targeted delivered nanoparticles to understand and study the actual status of the disease conditions. In this review, we have discussed these various nanomaterials and its counterparts having applications in cancer.

Aim: To evaluate the Apparent diffusion co-efficient in grading of Glial tumors with histo-pathological gradingMethod: Cross sectional hospital based observational study conducted over a time period of 2 years. All the cases registered with Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital Sawangi, Wardha, diagnosed on histo-pathological findings as Glial tumours were included in this present study. All patients were examined on GE Brivo MRI machine with 1.5 Tesla magnetic field strength in the Department of Radiodiagnosis. Using b value of 1000 s/sq. mm, slice thickness 5mm, interslice gap 2mm applied in the x, y and z axes, central as well as peripheral portions of the tumor were manually sampled, preferably getting rid of any cystic or necrotic areas within them. Histo-pathological diagnostic acumen was augmented with radiological features of the brain tumors upon routine MRI SEQUENCES coupled with ADC values.Result: In the present study, out of the total of 142 patients included, the glial tumour cases were 54 in number. Amongst this group of glial tumours, the tumours diagnosed were pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, pontine glioma, and thalamic glioma, low grade glioma at other sites, high grade gliomas, grade 3 astrocytomas, glioblastoma multiformae, gliomatosis cerebri and gliosarcoma. The mean ADC for Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, pontine glioma, thalamic glioma and Low grade gliomas were 0.98, 0.82, 0.95 and 0.89 respectively. While, the mean normalized ADC for Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, pontine glioma, thalamic glioma and Low grade gliomas were 1.23, 1.03, 1.19 and 1.12 respectively.Conclusion: The research gap analysis towards which research question was framed stands filled up by the generated new knowledge in terms of ‘Apparent Diffusion Coefficient’ and ‘Normalised Apparent Diffusion Coefficient’ values with identified cut off / demarcating values for gradation of Glial Tumors into Low Grade / High Grade tumors

Aim – To evaluate the metabolic ratios for grading of Glial tumors with histo-pathological grading.Method: Cross sectional hospital based observational study conducted over time period of 2 years. All cases registered with Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital Sawangi, Wardha, diagnosed on histo-pathological findings as Glial tumours were included in present study. All patients were examined on GE Brivo MRI machine with 1.5Tesla magnetic field strength in the Department of Radiodiagnosis. Using b value of 1000 s/sq. mm, slice thickness 5mm, interslice gap 2mm applied in the x, y and z axes, central as well as peripheral portions of the tumor were manually sampled, preferably getting rid of any cystic or necrotic areas within them. Histo-pathological diagnostic acumen was augmented with radiological features of brain tumors upon routine MRI SEQUENCES coupled with ADC values.Result: In the present study, out of the total of 142 patients included, the glial tumour cases were 54 in number. Amongst this group of glial tumours, the tumours diagnosed were pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, pontine glioma, and thalamic glioma, low grade glioma at other sites, high grade gliomas, grade 3 astrocytomas, glioblastoma multiformae, gliomatosis cerebri and gliosarcoma. Upon application of logistic regression analysis, ‘cut off values’ for different metabolite ratios were calculated towards facilitation of grading of brain tumours. The observed ‘cut off values’ were 0.96 for Mi:Cr, 1.03 for Naa:Cr, Cho:LL showed it to be 1.452, 2.15 for Cho:Cr, 2.06 for Cho:Naa, 2.04 for LL:Cr and 2.48 for Cho:Mi respectively.Conclusion: The research gap analysis towards which research question was framed stands filled up by the generated new knowledge in terms of ‘’metabolic ratios’ with identified cut off / demarcating values for gradation of Glial Tumors into Low Grade / High Grade tumors

Many Mechanical structures are manufacture by using plates. However Harmonic Analysis of plate is growing research subject in today’s era. In the present research paper vibrational response of simply supported square plate with uncertain parameters are studied. In designing any real life mechanical system uncertainty phenomenon plays vital role. Thus it becomes important to study the effect of uncertainty for different frequency domain in mechanical system. In present research work square plate as structural element is selected. On this plate mass, stiffness and both collectively mass and stiffness uncertainty are taken. The plate boundary condition selected is simply supported. For determining the plate dynamic response FEM tool is used. While doing harmonic analysis the behavior of all uncertain parameters plates are compare with bare plate. In the FRF plot of plate with stiffness uncertainty, it is found that it has drastic changes in dynamic response. Thus this shows that uncertain parameters have adverse effects and it changes the dynamic behavior of the structure.

Radicular cysts arising from deciduous teeth are rare and usually cause a large bony defect. Autologous platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is an easily available healing biomaterial in oral surgical defect with the new perspective of accelerated healing of a large bony defect. The present case is of unusually large radicular associated with neglected carious mandibular deciduous second molar in 10-year-old girl and its surgical management with PRF augmentation as a healing biomaterial in the bony defect. One-year follow-up showed uneventful healing and eruption of succedaneous tooth. Healing was relatively faster and facilitated by PRF placement. Furthermore, the importance of anticipatory guidance about the treatment of diseased primary teeth and their preservation gets highlighted.

Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of aloevera gel as a new storage medium in maintaining the viability of periodontal ligament cells. Study design: Premolars extracted for orthodontic reason were obtained. Confluent monolayers of fibroblasts were grown by cell culture method from the PDL cells isolated from the extracted teeth. One ml of this cell suspension was transferred to wells of culture plates, incubated for 24 hrs, followed by exposure to the three experimental media, Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS), aloevera gel, and packaged drinking water. These plates were then assessed for viable cells using trypan blue dye exclusion test with haemocytometer after 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 mins. The results obtained were statistically analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: At 15 min, HBSS presented maximum mean percentage of viable PDL cells (89%), followed by aloevera at 81% and packaged drinking water at 10%. Aloevera demonstrated 71%, 59%, 57% viable cells at 30, 60, 90 mins respectively. At 120 min, HBSS presented 57% viable cells followed by aloevera gel (45%) and packaged drinking water (3%). No statistical significant difference was observed between HBSS and aloevera gel. Conclusions: Within the parameters of this study, both aloevera gel and HBSS were effective in maintaining the viability of PDL cells. Hence, aloevera gel could be used as a storage media for avulsed tooth in situations where availability of HBSS is in question.

Distal renal tubular acidosis is a disease that occurs when the kidneys do not remove acid properly into the urine, leaving the blood too acidic (called acidosis). Distal renal tubular acidosis (type I RTA) is caused by a defect in the kidney tubes that causes acid to build up in the bloodstream. It ultimately results rickets which include chronic skeletal pain, in skeletal deformities, skeletal fractures. Rickets is among the most frequent childhood diseases in many developing countries. Dental problems in rickets include delayed eruption of permanent teeth, premature fall of deciduous teeth, defects in structure of teeth, enamel defects in permanent teeth (hypoplastic), pulp defects, intraglobular dentine, and caries tooth. Herewith, reported a case of distal tubular renal acidosis with genu valgum secondary to rickets, with pain and extraoral swelling associated with right and left mandibular 1st permanent molars. Teeth were infected with pulp without being involved with caries. Radiographically cracks in enamel and dentin were observed. Pulp revascularization with 46 and root canal treatment was done for 36 with followup of 1 year.

Aims: Evaluation of calcium ion and hydroxyl ion release and pH levels in various calcium hydroxide based intracanal medicaments. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate calcium and hydroxyl ion release and pH levels of calcium hydroxide based products, namely, RC Cal, Metapex, calcium hydroxide with distilled water, along with the new gutta-percha points with calcium hydroxide. Materials and Methods: The materials were inserted in polyethylene tubes and immersed in deionized water. The pH variation, Ca ++ and OH− release were monitored periodically for 1 week. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical analysis was carried out using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc tests with PASW Statistics version 18 software to compare the statistical difference. Results: After 1 week, calcium hydroxide with distilled water and RC Cal raised the pH to 12.7 and 11.8, respectively, while a small change was observed for Metapex, calcium hydroxide gutta-percha points. The calcium released after 1 week was 15.36 mg/dL from RC Cal, followed by 13.04, 1.296, 3.064 mg/dL from calcium hydroxide with sterile water, Metapex and calcium hydroxide gutta-percha points, respectively. Conclusions: Calcium hydroxide with sterile water and RC Cal pastes liberate significantly more calcium and hydroxyl ions and raise the pH higher than Metapex and calcium hydroxidegutta-percha points.

Facemask therapy/reverse pull headgear is the popular method for maxillary protraction in maxillary deficient adolescence cases. Furthermore, various protraction methods and appliances have been developed, and evaluated extensively for their clinical efficiency. Their effectiveness enhanced with optimum orthopedic force magnitude and low-load deflection rate (LDR) and force constancy over a period of time. With the advent of NiTi springs or springs prepared from thinner wires, force decay has been markedly reduced. For use of NiTi, clinician has to depend upon prefabricated closed coil springs, which are expensive. Open-coil orthopedic traction spring (OCOTS) is developed utilizing 0.012 Australian stainless steel wire for orthopedic traction. This paper describes fabrication and clinical application of OCOTS, with numerous advantages. It sustains low LDR with optimum force magnitude. Its design is adjustable for desired length and force level. It is fail-safe for both activation and deactivation (i.e., it cannot be overstretched or over activated, and decompression limit of open-coil is also controlled by the operator).