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OBJECTIVE The prevalence of hypertension is higher in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) compared with those without. This retrospective analysis of a large cohort of children and adolescents with T1D from the SWEET (Better control in Pediatric and Adolescent diabeteS: Working to crEate CEnTers of Reference) international consortium of pediatric diabetes centers aimed to 1) estimate the prevalence of elevated office blood pressure (BP) and hypertension and 2) investigate the influence of BP measurement methodology on the prevalence of hypertension. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 27,120 individuals with T1D, aged 5–18 years, were analyzed. Participants were grouped into those with BP measurements at three or more visits (n = 10,440) and fewer than 3 visits (n = 16,680) per year and stratified by age and sex. A subgroup analysis was performed on 15,742 individuals from centers providing a score indicating BP measurement accuracy. RESULTS Among participants with BP measurement at three or more visits, the prevalence of hypertension was lower compared with those with fewer than three visits (10.8% vs. 17.5% P < 0.001), whereas elevated BP and normotension were higher (17.5% and 71.7% vs. 15.3% and 67.1%, respectively; both P < 0.001). The prevalence of hypertension and elevated BP was higher in individuals aged ≥13 years than in younger ones (P < 0.001) and in male than female participants (P < 0.001). In linear regression models, systolic and diastolic BP was independently determined by the BP measurement methodology. CONCLUSIONS The estimated prevalence of elevated BP and hypertension in children and adolescents with T1D is ∼30% and depends on the BP measurement methodology. Less frequent BP evaluation may overestimate the prevalence of hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of hypertension is higher in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) compared with those without. This retrospective analysis of a large cohort of children and adolescents with T1D from the SWEET (Better control in Pediatric and Adolescent diabeteS: Working to crEate CEnTers of Reference) international consortium of pediatric diabetes centers aimed to 1) estimate the prevalence of elevated office blood pressure (BP) and hypertension and 2) investigate the influence of BP measurement methodology on the prevalence of hypertension. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 27,120 individuals with T1D, aged 5-18 years, were analyzed. Participants were grouped into those with BP measurements at three or more visits (n = 10,440) and fewer than 3 visits (n = 16,680) per year and stratified by age and sex. A subgroup analysis was performed on 15,742 individuals from centers providing a score indicating BP measurement accuracy. RESULTS: Among participants with BP measurement at three or more visits, the prevalence of hypertension was lower compared with those with fewer than three visits (10.8% vs. 17.5% P < 0.001), whereas elevated BP and normotension were higher (17.5% and 71.7% vs. 15.3% and 67.1%, respectively; both P < 0.001). The prevalence of hypertension and elevated BP was higher in individuals aged ≥13 years than in younger ones (P < 0.001) and in male than female participants (P < 0.001). In linear regression models, systolic and diastolic BP was independently determined by the BP measurement methodology. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated prevalence of elevated BP and hypertension in children and adolescents with T1D is ∼30% and depends on the BP measurement methodology. Less frequent BP evaluation may overestimate the prevalence of hypertension. © 2022 by the American Diabetes Association.

Background: The mean HbA1c in children and adolescents varies between countries, but there is a considerable variation also between clinics within a country. The Swedish HbA1c target in children and adolescents is ≤6.5% (48 mmol/mol). Our aim was to compare early metabolic control with percentage of patients with HbA1c ≤6.5% (A1c6.5) and >8.0% (64 mmol/mol) (A1c8) for all clinics in Sweden. Methods: In this register-based nationwide cohort with type 1 diabetes, 98% of children and adolescents Results: Mean overall HbA1c was 7.0% (95% CI 7.0-7.1) (53.3 mmol/mol, 95% CI 52.6-54.0) (n=7433) and for those with 0-2 years' duration 6.6% (95% CI 6.5-6.7) (49.1 mmol/mol, (95% CI 48.2-50.0) (n=1911). The mean overall percentage of patients with A1c6.5 was 35.3% (95% CI 32.4-38.2) (n=2575) and A1c8 was 13.2 (95% CI 11.5-14.8) (n=958). The correlation between mean HbA1c 0-2 y. and A1c6.5 was -0.80 (p Conclusions: An intensive treatment program at the onset of diabetes resulting in a low HbA1c early on is a good investment to increase HbA1c values within target and to minimize high HbA1c values. Disclosure R. Hanas: Advisory Panel; Self; Abbott, Novo Nordisk A/S. Speaker’s Bureau; Self; Sanofi. Other Relationship; Self; AstraZeneca. L. Hanberger: None. U. Samuelsson: None. A. Svensson: None. K. Akesson: None.

Background: There is a large variation in mean HbA1c levels even between high-income countries, with a decrease over time in HbA1c in some countries but an increase in others. Sweden has experienced a steady decrease in HbA1c over the past 10 years. The aim of this study was to illustrate how changes in HbA1c during the first two years after diagnosis in children and adolescents is related to calendar year for diagnosis of type 1 diabetes from 2010 to 2017. Methods:The Swedish SWEDIABKIDS registry collects data every ~3 months and has > 95% coverage up to age 18 years. We plotted all available HbA1c data vs. diabetes duration, presented as separate Loess curves per 2 consecutive year groups. Results: In total, 5,102 patients contributed with 51,550 HbA1c values over 8 years. HbA1c at onset has slightly increased from 93.9 to 95.0 mmol/mol (10.7 to 10.8 %) between 2010 and 2017. The HbA1c nadir (lowest level during first year) is around 4 months, and has become lower over the years. Early HbA1c tracking is apparent and is established with a difference between the groups from 1 year’s diabetes duration. Conclusions: Intensification of early diabetes treatment, resulting in a lower HbA1c nadir at 4 months and lower HbA1c from 1 year onwards is related to HbA1c two years after diagnosis. Thus, a modifiable factor for a long-term improvement in metabolic control has been identified. Disclosure R. Hanas: Advisory Panel; Self; Abbott, Novo Nordisk A/S. Speaker’s Bureau; Self; Sanofi. Other Relationship; Self; AstraZeneca. I.I. Steineck: None. J. Anderzén: None. K. Eeg-Olofsson: None. J. Ekelund: Employee; Spouse/Partner; AstraZeneca. S. Gudbjörnsdottir: None. L. Hanberger: None. J. Nåtman: None. A. Pundziute Lyckå: None. A. Svensson: None. S. Särnblad: Advisory Panel; Self; Novo Nordisk A/S. Other Relationship; Self; Novo Nordisk A/S. K. Akesson: None.

BACKGROUND: Intensified insulin therapy may increase body weight and cause obesity. This study compared body mass index standard deviation score (BMISDS) and obesity rate in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, and uncovered predictors for increasing BMISDS.METHODS: Data registered in the Nordic national childhood diabetes databases during the period 2008-2012 on children below 15 years with T1D for more than 3 months were compiled, including information on gender, age, diabetes duration, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c ), insulin dose, severe hypoglycemia (SH), treatment modality, height and weight. The Swedish reference chart for BMI was used for calculating BMISDS.RESULTS: Totally, 11 025 children (48% females) (30 994 registrations) were included. Medians by the last recorded examination were: age, 13.5 years; diabetes duration, 4.3 years; HbA1c , 7.9% (63 mmol/mol); insulin dose, 0.8 IU/kg/d and BMISDS, 0.70. Obesity rate was 18.5%. Adjusted mean BMISDS (BMISDS adj) was inversely related to HbA1c and directly to diabetes duration. Higher BMISDS adj was found in those with an insulin dose above 0.6 IU/kg/d, and in girls above 10 years. Pump users had higher BMISDS adj than pen users, and patients with registered SH had higher BMISDS adj than patients without SH (both P CONCLUSION: Obesity rate in children with T1D in the Nordic countries is high, however, with country differences. Low HbA1c , long diabetes duration, higher insulin dose, pump treatment and experiencing a SH predicted higher BMISDS. Diabetes caregivers should balance the risk of obesity and the benefit of a very low HbA1c.

Piccini, Barbara/0000-0002-2684-8638; Kim, Jae Hyun/0000-0002-0203-7443; Jefferies, Craig/0000-0002-0541-6094; Schwandt, Anke/0000-0003-3041-0759 WOS: 000503343500001 PubMed: 31797499 Objective To establish whether diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or HbA1c at onset is associated with year-three HbA1c in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods Children with T1D from the SWEET registry, diagnosed = 12%]). To adjust for demographics, linear regression was applied with interaction terms for DKA and HbA1c at onset groups (adjusted means with 95% CI). Association between year-three HbA1c and both HbA1c and presentation at onset was analyzed (Vuong test). Results Among 1420 children (54% males; median age at onset 9.1 years [Q1;Q3: 5.8;12.2]), 6% of children experienced DKA with coma, 37% DKA without coma, and 57% no DKA. Year-three HbA1c was lower in the low compared to high HbA1c at onset group, both in the DKA without coma (7.1% [6.8;7.4] vs 7.6% [7.5;7.8], P = .03) and in the no DKA group (7.4% [7.2;7.5] vs 7.8% [7.6;7.9], P = .01), without differences between low and medium HbA1c at onset groups. Year-three HbA1c did not differ among HbA1c at onset groups in the DKA with coma group. HbA1c at onset as an explanatory variable was more closely associated with year-three HbA1c compared to presentation at onset groups (P = .02). Conclusions Year-three HbA1c is more closely related to HbA1c than to DKA at onset; earlier hyperglycemia detection might be crucial to improving year-three HbA1c. Insulet; Sanofi; Medtronic EuropeMedtronic; Lilly Diabetes Excellence Centre; DexCom Inc.; AbbottAbbott Laboratories; Boehringer-IngelheimBoehringer Ingelheim Insulet; Sanofi; Medtronic Europe; Lilly Diabetes Excellence Centre; DexCom Inc.; Boehringer-Ingelheim; Abbott

OBJECTIVE: To establish whether diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or HbA1c at onset is associated with year-three HbA1c in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS: Children with T1D from the SWEET registry, diagnosed

Objective: To establish if DKA at onset or HbA1c at onset is closer associated with metabolic control three years after diagnosis in a large, heterogeneous, international T1D cohort. Methods: Data were collected from the international diabetes registry SWEET. 1420 T1D children (54% boys; 994 from Northern Europe, 341 from Southern Europe, 85 from America/Canada), diagnosed before 18 years, with documented clinical presentation and HbA1c at onset and follow-up data available were included. Patients were grouped according to presentation at onset: DKA with coma, DKA without coma and no DKA; and HbA1c at onset: low (HbA1c Results: Median age at T1D onset was 9.1 [Q1; Q3: 5.8; 12.2] years. DKA with coma was present in 6% of children, DKA without coma in 37% and no DKA in 57%. No significant differences were found in third year HbA1c between DKA with coma 7.7 (7.4;8.0)%, DKA without coma 7.5 (7.4;7.6)% and no DKA group 7.6 (7.5;7.7)% [adjusted means (95% CI)]. Third year HbA1c was lower (7.4 (7.3;7.5)%) in low HbA1c compared to high HbA1c at onset group (7.7 (7.6;7.8)%, p Conclusions The high percentage of DKA at T1D onset is still a concern worldwide. The level of HbA1c at onset was more closely associated with long term T1D control than the DKA at onset. Early T1D diagnosis, preventing high HbA1c at onset as well as DKA at onset, is important for long term metabolic control. Disclosure B. Piccini: None. A. Schwandt: None. I. Arslanoglu: None. R. Cardona-Hernandez: None. R. Coutant: None. C.A. Jefferies: None. J. Kim: None. O. Kordonouri: None. C. Limbert: None. R. Preiksa: None. A. Pundziute Lyckå: None. B. Rami-Merhar: Speaker's Bureau; Self; Eli Lilly and Company, Medtronic, Menarini Group, Roche Diabetes Care. E. Richmond: None. R. Savova: None. S. Todorovic: None. H.J. Veeze: Consultant; Self; Medtronic MiniMed, Inc. S. Toni: None.

Objective: To describe the association between height, demographics, and treatment in youths with type 1 diabetes participating in an international network for pediatric diabetes centers (SWEET). Methods: Data were collected from 55 centers with documented patients' height. All subjects below 20 years of age, diabetes duration >1 year, and without celiac disease were included. World Health Organization growth charts were used to calculate height and body mass index z-scores. Multiple hierarchic regression models adjusting for known confounders were applied. Results: Data on 22 941 subjects (51.8% male) were analyzed with a median and interquartile range for age 14.8 years (11.2, 17.6), diabetes duration 5.6 years (3.1, 8.9), and height z-score 0.34 (−0.37, 1.03). Children were taller in the youngest age groups: adjusted height z-scores of 0.31 (±0.06) and 0.39 (±0.06), respectively; with shorter diabetes duration (three injections/day and 0.19 ± 0.06 [0-3 injections daily]), respectively. High hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and low to normal weight were associated with a lower height z-score. Trends were identical in all models except for gender. No gender differences were found except in the final height model where females exhibited higher z-score than males. Conclusion: For youths treated at centers offering modern diabetes management, major growth disturbances are virtually eliminated. For children with a young age at onset, high HbA1c, injections, and/or non-intensive diabetes, treatment still requires attention in order to attain normal growth. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Intensified insulin therapy may increase body weight and cause obesity. This study compared body mass index standard deviation score (BMISDS) and obesity rate in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, and uncovered predictors for increasing BMISDS.Data registered in the Nordic national childhood diabetes databases during the period 2008-2012 on children below 15 years with T1D for more than 3 months were compiled, including information on gender, age, diabetes duration, hemoglobin ATotally, 11 025 children (48% females) (30 994 registrations) were included. Medians by the last recorded examination were: age, 13.5 years; diabetes duration, 4.3 years; HbAObesity rate in children with T1D in the Nordic countries is high, however, with country differences. Low HbA

OBJECTIVE— To study the association between type 1 diabetes risk and previous intake of energy, accounting for body size and previous intake of nutrients and foods, accounting for the energy intake. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We conducted an incident population-based case-referent study in Stockholm, Sweden, including 99 of 100 eligible 7- to 14-year-old diabetic children and 180 of 200 age-, sex-, and area-matched referent children identified through the Swedish population register. Average daily energy and nutrient intake 1 year before diabetes diagnosis/interview was estimated using the food frequency questionnaire with assessment of consumed food amounts. Mean SD scores of growth measurements taken during the last 4 years before the diagnosis were used. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated by conditional logistic regression. RESULTS—Average intake of energy, carbohydrate, fat, and protein was significantly higher among the case subjects as well as mean weight-for-age SD score. Higher energy intake and weight-for-age were both associated with increased diabetes risk after adjustment for each other: OR (95% CI) for medium and high levels of energy intake were 1.33 (0.52–3.42) and 5.23 (1.67–16.38), respectively, and for weight-for-age were 3.20 (1.30–7.88) and 3.09 (1.16–8.22), respectively. High intake of carbohydrates, especially disaccharides and sucrose, increased diabetes risk. CONCLUSIONS— Higher energy intake and larger body size were independently associated with increased diabetes risk. Of the different nutrients, higher intake of carbohydrates, particularly disaccharides and sucrose, increased the risk. Lifestyle habits leading to higher energy intake and more rapid growth in childhood may contribute to the increase of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes by different mechanisms.

Aims/hypothesis. The role of infections in the aetiology of Type I diabetes is controversial. Certain enteroviral infections might be involved in triggering the beta-cell destruction but insufficient exposure to early infections might increase the risk. We studied how the number of infections experienced during several periods from birth to onset influence diabetes risk.¶Methods. The study group came from the five largest Lithuanian cities: 124 patients, selected from the 0–14 years-of-age childhood diabetes register and 372 population-based control subjects matched with them for age group and sex. Information about infections and duration of breastfeeding was collected from health care booklets, other data from a mailed questionnaire, returned by 94.4 % of patients and 72.6 % of control subjects.¶Results. One or more infections experienced during the first half year of life tended to reduce diabetes risk. Crude odds ratios (95 % confidence intervals) in the 0–14, 0–4 and 5–14 years-of-age groups were 0.66 (0.42–1.04), 1.06 (0.48–2.36) and 0.52 (0.30–0.90) respectively. Adjustment for the duration of breastfeeding, number of people in the household, duration of mother's education and birth order of the index child made little difference. Odds ratios (95 % confidence intervals) in the 0–14, 0–4 and 5–14 years-of-age groups were 0.60 (0.37–0.98), 0.94 (0.40–2.20) and 0.47 (0.26–0.87), respectively. The number of infections recorded during the last pre-onset year or from birth to onset did not influence diabetes risk.¶Conclusion/interpretation. Exposure to infections early in life could decrease diabetes risk, particularly for children diagnosed after the age of 4 years. [Diabetologia (2000) 43: 1229–1234]

To study the association between type 1 diabetes risk and previous intake of energy, accounting for body size and previous intake of nutrients and foods, accounting for the energy intake.We conducted an incident population-based case-referent study in Stockholm, Sweden, including 99 of 100 eligible 7- to 14-year-old diabetic children and 180 of 200 age-, sex-, and area-matched referent children identified through the Swedish population register. Average daily energy and nutrient intake 1 year before diabetes diagnosis/interview was estimated using the food frequency questionnaire with assessment of consumed food amounts. Mean SD scores of growth measurements taken during the last 4 years before the diagnosis were used. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated by conditional logistic regression.Average intake of energy, carbohydrate, fat, and protein was significantly higher among the case subjects as well as mean weight-for-age SD score. Higher energy intake and weight-for-age were both associated with increased diabetes risk after adjustment for each other: OR (95% CI) for medium and high levels of energy intake were 1.33 (0.52-3.42) and 5.23 (1.67-16.38), respectively, and for weight-for-age were 3.20 (1.30-7.88) and 3.09 (1.16-8.22), respectively. High intake of carbohydrates, especially disaccharides and sucrose, increased diabetes risk.Higher energy intake and larger body size were independently associated with increased diabetes risk. Of the different nutrients, higher intake of carbohydrates, particularly disaccharides and sucrose, increased the risk. Lifestyle habits leading to higher energy intake and more rapid growth in childhood may contribute to the increase of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes by different mechanisms.

OBJECTIVE—Type 1 diabetes has been associated with factors related to welfare and social class. During the past decade, Lithuania has experienced a transition period, leading to dramatic changes in the socioeconomic structure of the society. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Incidence in the group aged 0–39 years by urban-rural setting (cities >100,000 inhabitants, towns, and rural areas), period (1991–1995 and 1996–2000), age, and sex were studied using Poisson regression. RESULTS—The age- and sex-standardized incidence per 100,000 inhabitants per year was higher in men aged 0–39 years than in women (9.5 and 6.9, respectively, incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.39, P < 0.001). Incidence was lower in rural areas than in towns and cities (7.1, 9.0, and 8.8, respectively, P < 0.001). The urban-rural differences in incidence were most marked among children aged 0–9 years. From 1991–1995 to 1996–2000, the overall incidence increased from 8.7 to 10.5 (IRR = 1.22, P = 0.001) in men and from 6.2 to 7.8 (IRR = 1.25, P = 0.002) in women. For men, the increase over time occurred predominantly in the cities, from 8.4 to 11.8 (IRR = 1.40, P < 0.001), and in the older age-groups. In contrast, for women, the incidence increased more in small towns and rural areas, from 5.8 to 7.7 (IRR = 1.33, P = 0.003), and in the younger age-groups. CONCLUSIONS—The incidence of type 1 diabetes in Lithuania differs depending on the urban-rural setting, and the pattern of change over time differs between the sexes, both by urban-rural setting and age-group. The findings support the theory that lifestyle-related factors connected to socioeconomic status are important for the occurrence of type 1 diabetes.

Variation of diabetes incidence over time in countries with different incidence levels and socio-economic conditions, and in an age span beyond the childhood years, may give clues for diabetes causes. Materials: Data from prospective type 1 diabetes registers in Sweden and Lithuania in children (0-14 years) and young adults (15-34 and 15-39 years, respectively). Number of infections recorded in health care booklets (117 cases; 270 controls); interview about the dietary intake one-year before the diagnosis and routinely recorded growth data (99 cases; 180 controls). Results: The incidence of type 1 diabetes in Sweden and Lithuania differed most in the younger age groups, 28.9 and 7.5/100,000/year in 0-14-year group, respectively. During 1983-2000 incidence increased in 0-14-year old children in both countries, but the pattern of change differed. During 1983-1998 the incidence increased in Swedish children, but tended to decrease in young adults, with no increase in the age group below 35 years, indicating that the increase of childhood diabetes may be due to a shift towards a younger age at diagnosis. Within a low-incidence country Lithuania there was an urban-rural gradient of incidence, especially in the younger age groups, that seemed to follow poverty distribution: incidence in the 0-39-year group was 7.1, 9.0 and 8.8/100,000/year in rural areas, towns and cities, respectively, p

To analyse the incidence of Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in the 0-34 years age group in Sweden 1983-1998.Incidence and cumulative incidence per 100 000 and Poisson regression analysis of age-period effects was carried out using 11 751 cases from two nation-wide prospective registers.Incidence (95%-CI) was 21.4 (20.8-21.9) in men and 17.1 (16.6-17.5) in women between 0 and 34 years of age. In boys aged 0-14 and girls aged 0-12 years the incidence increased over time, but it tended to decrease at older age groups, especially in men. Average cumulative incidence at 35 years was 748 in men and 598 in women. Cumulative incidence in men was rather stable during four 4-year periods (736, 732, 762, 756), while in women it varied more (592, 542, 617, 631). In males aged 0-34 years, the incidence did not vary between the 4-year periods ( p=0.63), but time changes among the 3-year age groups differed ( p0.001). In females the incidence between the periods varied ( p0.001), being lower in 1987-1990 compared to 1983-1986, but time changes in the age groups did not differ ( p=0.08). For both sexes median age at diagnosis was higher in 1983-1986 than in 1995-1998 ( p0.001) (15.0 and 12.5 years in males; 11.9 and 10.4 in females, respectively).During a 16-year period the incidence of Type I diabetes did not increase in the 0-34 years age group in Sweden, while median age at diagnosis decreased. A shift to younger age at diagnosis seems to explain the increasing incidence of childhood Type I diabetes.