Search

Conducting polymers (CPs) are highly conjugated organic macromolecules, where the electrical charge is transported in intra- and inter-chain pathways. Polyacetylene, polythiophene and its derivatives, polypyrrole and its derivatives, and polyaniline are among the best-known examples. These compounds have been used as electrode modifiers to gain sensitivity and selectivity in a large variety of analytical applications. This review, after a brief introduction to the electrochemistry of CPs, summarizes the application of CPs’ electrode interfaces towards heavy metals’ detection using potentiometry, pulse anodic stripping voltammetry, and alternative non-classical electrochemical methods.

Conducting polymers (CPs) are highly conjugated organic macromolecules, where the electrical charge is transported in intra- and inter-chain pathways. Polyacetylene, polythiophene and its derivatives, polypyrrole and its derivatives, and polyaniline are among the best-known examples. These compounds have been used as electrode modifiers to gain sensitivity and selectivity in a large variety of analytical applications. This review, after a brief introduction to the electrochemistry of CPs, summarizes the application of CPs' electrode interfaces towards heavy metals' detection using potentiometry, pulse anodic stripping voltammetry, and alternative non-classical electrochemical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding elemental corrosion currents and visualizing corroding topographies provides a detailed insight into corrosion mechanisms at the nanoscale. Here, we develop a strategy to understand the elemental composition, corrosion resistivity, and local stability of passive materials. Specifically, we utilize a pulse voltammetry approach in a novel electrochemical atomic force microscopy (AFM) cell and complement this data by real‐time dissolution currents based on spectroelectrochemical online analysis in an inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP‐MS) flow cell. We study the oxide properties and their protective behavior when formed under different applied potentials using Alloy 600 as a model sample. Both AFM and ICP‐MS data show that passive films formed on Alloy 600 at around +0.3 to +0.4 V in neutral 1 mM NaCl solution are most stable during anodic corrosion at +1.0 V, while AFM further demonstrates that local dissolution occurs, indicating locally varying defect levels in the passive film. In combination with both techniques, our approach provides real‐time elementally resolved and localized information of passive film quality under corrosive conditions, and it may prove useful for other corroding materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work describes the voltammetric and amperometric behavior of a high number of PASHs (sulfides, thiophenes, benzothiophenes, dibenzothiophenes, indenothiophenes, naphtothiophenes, thienothiophenes, phenanthrothiophenes, and acenaphtothiophenes) at gold disc electrodes aiming at their identification and determination in petroleum asphalts. The adsorption/redox processes expected for sulfur compounds at gold electrodes could be observed in all the studied PASHs in DMSO and hydromethanolic medium. Differential pulse (DP) voltammetry in non-aqueous solutions (0.1 mol L−1 NaClO4 in DMSO) was approached for determining non-volatile PASHs in asphalts submitted to different aging processes. It was found herein that the DP voltammetric monitoring of PASH oxidation at + 0.7 V (vs. Ag/AgCl/LiCl 3 mol L−1) for virgin/aged asphalts can be used for the comparative study of asphalts based on the consumption of PASHs. Additionally, pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) in hydroalcoholic solution (10 mmol L−1 acetate buffer in 65% methanol) coupled with a chromatographic separation was approached for determining volatile PASHs in asphalts submitted to thermal decomposition processes. A detection cycle of 2 s involving oxidative (0.4 s at + 0.4 V) and reductive (1.2 s at − 1.0 V) cleaning pulses after a detection pulse of − 0.8 V (0.4 s) applied successively to the gold electrode (vs. Pd/PdO) was found to be optimal for regenerating the gold surface during successive chromatographic runs of PASHs. Thus, reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC)–coupled PAD was found useful to separate a complex mixture of PASHs. The optimized PAD and LC separation was further applied to investigate the presence of electroactive PASHs as volatile compounds in asphalt fumes generated at 260 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new tendency to detect adulterated honey is the development of affordable analytical equipment that is in-line and manageable, enabling rapid on site screening. Therefore, the aim of this work was to apply an electronic tongue based on potential multistep pulse voltammetry, in combination with multivariate statistical techniques to detect and quantify syrup in honey. Pure monofloral honey (heather, orange blossom and sunflower), syrup (rice, barley and corn), and samples simulating adulterated honey with different percentages of syrup (2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40) were evaluated. An automatic, electrochemical system for cleaning and polishing the electronic tongue sensors (Ir, Rh, Pt, Au) significantly improved the repeatability and accuracy of the measurements. PCA analysis showed that the proposed methodology is able to distinguish between types of pure honey and syrup, and their different levels of adulterants. A subsequent PLS analysis successfully predicted the level of the adulterants in each honey, achieving good correlations considering the adjusting parameters. The best results being for sunflower honey adulterated with corn syrup and heather honey with barley syrup (r 2  = 0.997), and heather with corn (r 2  = 0.994) whereas the weakest was found for heather honey adulterated with brown rice syrup (r 2  = 0.763) and orange blossom honey with corn syrup (r 2  = 0.879). The measurement system here proposed could be a very quick and effective option for the honey packaging sector with the finality of providing information about a characteristic as important as the adulteration of honey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is formally shown that linear scan voltammetry for a reversible charge-transfer on redox and metal/metal-ion electrodes can be approximated with great precision using the forward individual current in differential pulse voltammetry implemented with a ratio of 0.4 between the pulse duration and the period of the waveform. For redox electrodes the same is also possible using the forward current in square wave voltammetry. In each case, there is coincidence with the linear scan voltammogram for a constant pulse-to-step height ratio. The relevance of this new approach is discussed and an experimental application with the Ti(IV)/Ti(III) couple in 0.25 M H 2 C 2 O 4 solution at the mercury drop electrode is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical reduction of CO2 into fuels has gained significant attention recently as source of renewable carbon-based fuels. The unique high selectivity of copper in the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to hydrocarbons has called much interest in discovering its mechanism. In order to provide significant information about the role of oxygen in the electrochemical reduction of CO2 on Cu electrodes, the conditions of the surface structure and the composition of the Cu single crystal electrodes were controlled over time. This was achieved using pulsed voltammetry, since the pulse sequence can be programmed to guarantee reproducible initial conditions for the reaction at every fraction of time and at a given frequency. In contrast to the selectivity of CO2 reduction using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometric methods, a large selection of oxygenated hydrocarbons was found under alternating voltage conditions. Product selectivity towards the formation of oxygenated hydrocarbon was associated to the coverage of oxygen species, which is surface-structure- and potential-dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four signals configurations were studied, two of them built by small increases of potential and two with bigger increments. The highest current values were obtained when pulses with bigger change of potential were used although the best results were shown by the pulse sequence which included an intermediate pulse before the relevant pulse. A mathematical model based on trolox pattern was developed to predict antioxidant capacity of aliso, employing information obtained from all the electrodes, although model validation could be done only employing the information from gold electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prediction of voltammetric response from the microscopic information of the electrode surface morphology is an important problem of fourth generation electrochemistry which we have theoretically addressed here. We develop a theory for pulse based voltammetric response of reversible charge transfer process with unequal diffusivities on randomly rough electrode. The microscopic information of the electrode surface is incorporated into the response expression in the form of power spectrum of roughness. An elegant expression for the statistically averaged generalized pulse voltammetric current is obtained in terms of single potential step current at rough electrode from which, the explicit current expressions for differential pulse (DPV), staircase (SCV), cyclic staircase (CSCV) and square wave (SWV) voltammetries are obtained for random and finite fractal roughness electrode. The SCV and CSCV responses, as elaborately discussed in our previous work, here we have focused more on the explorations of DPV and SWV responses. In the presence of equal diffusion coefficients of the electroactive species, roughness induces enhancement in the peak heights with retention of peak position at the same potential for DPV as well as SWV. This points towards an enhanced sensitivity of these differential techniques at rough electrodes. In the presence of unequal diffusivities of redox species, SWV shows a distinguished signature of roughness due to variation in peak heights along with alteration in the position of the peaks. Square wave voltammetry on rough electrode shows an asymmetric suppression in the peak height of the anodic or cathodic sampled current plots due to unequal diffusivities which resembles the behavior of a chemically irreversible system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although most immunosensors which have high affinity antigen–antibody interactions can perform highly specific and sensitive detection, antibody–antigen bonds are typically too strong to allow for rapid reversibility. Therefore, creating a biosensor platform capable of non-invasive surface regeneration is important for reducing costs and being able to perform multiple measurements without losing sensor sensitivity. A reusable electrochemical immunosensor was developed on which a glassy carbon plate was passivated with a mixed layer of 4-nitroaniline/p-phenylenediamine, attached with gold nanoparticles, followed by surface-bound epitope (sulfo-NHS-biotin) to which the monoclonal anti-biotin IgG antibody was complexed. Free biotin was detected when the antibody dissociated from the surface-bound epitope in the presence of free biotin during a displacement assay. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique was used to monitor the protein-surface interactions. To ensure that the immunosensor could be used repeatedly, electrode polarization was used to remove as much surface-bound antibody as possible by applying a negative potential to the working electrode. Therefore, the antibody could bind to the surface-bound epitope again after the electrode was reincubated in the antibody solution, and hence, the displacement assay could be performed again for repeated sensor use. Comparisons between disposable and reusable biosensors are discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pulse voltammetry electronic tongue can be a useful tool for determining the antioxidant capacity of fruit extract with minimum handling given the large number of electrodes it has. However, it is necessary to define the array of pulses to be applied to each electrode in order to obtain a pattern that characterize this property. In this study, from a generic array of 22 pulses (applying potentials between −800 and 900 mV for 20 ms each) and by employing statistical procedures (multivariate analysis), the best arrays of pulses has been defined to determine the antioxidant capacity of two Peruvian fruits (camu–camu and tumbo) for each electrode to constitute the pulse voltammetry electronic tongue (Au, Pt, Ir, Rh, Ag, Cu, Ni, and Co). Three arrays were obtained, one employing all 22 pulses applied to each electrode, which generated a large number of data, and two in which pulses and electrodes were reduced. Accordingly, the best one only used 3.4% of the initial voltammetry information, obtained from pulses at 900 and −850 mV and applied to electrodes Ir and Au, and another at −600 mV on an Ni electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] A three-dimensional data array with physical significance is constructed. [•] Trilinear decomposition algorithm is employed to process the data array. [•] Net faradaic and charging current can be simultaneously extracted. [•] Sensitivity is enhanced because of the used extracted net faradaic current. [•] Results of quantitative analysis can be directly achieved with the trilinear model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The present paper elaborates on the design of classifiers based on cross-correlation-based principal component analysis (PCA) and Sammon's nonlinear mapping ( NLM) using current signals obtained from electronic tongue (e-tongue) with commercial mineral water samples available in the Indian market. The pulse-voltammetric method is used to capture the electroanalytical/electrochemical characteristics of the sampled mineral waters by considering a real model for the liquid-electrode interface in a given e-tongue apparatus. Then the cross-correlation coefficients between the output and input signals are determined. Both PCA and Sammon's NLM create a subspace from high-dimensional mineral water data by considering the principal eigenvectors and minimising the stress function, respectively. The proposed cross-correlation-based PCA and Sammon's classifiers establish the highest separation distance among the investigated water brands and carries out the authentication of more than one unknown sample of the same brand with a certain degree of variability with respect to their sources. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Recently, electronic tongues (ET) have appeared as an excellent alternative to traditional techniques for the evaluation of food quality and processes. ET systems are based on arrays of low selectivity sensors that are simultaneously sensitive to several components in a measured sample (cross-sensitivity). The aim of this study was to determine the ability of an ET based on pulse voltammetry to quantify organic acids (ascorbic, citric and malic acids) in simple (SS) and binary solutions (BS) using different electrodes. The most significant electrodes for ascorbic acid prediction were Ni and Ag for SS, and Ag and Ir for BS where positive pulses were more suitable than negative ones. The prediction of citric and malic acids in SS and BS were suitable using Ir, Rh, Pt, Ag and Cu electrodes, using both positive and negative pulses. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of the voltammetric tongue in the shelf-life assessment of fresh cod in cold storage. For this purpose, physico-chemical and microbial analyses were carried out, as well as measurements with the electronic tongue. The samples exceeded the acceptability limits of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), mesophilic and Enterobacteriaceae on the fourth day of storage, which means that the fish had a shelf-life of less than 4days. The voltammetric tongue was able to differentiate between days 0 and 1 of storage from the other days. These results are in accordance with those obtained in the physico-chemical and microbial analyses, which showed a clear loss of freshness from day 0 to day 4. In the models obtained with partial least squares for TVB-N and mesophilic counts, the predicted values were successfully fitted to the experimental values, which confirm the potential usefulness of the voltammetric tongue for assessing cod spoilage. Industrial relevance: Shelf-life assessment of fresh fish is of great interest for consumers, industries and authorities. The current methods used for this purpose are tedious, expensive, time-consuming and require skilled personnel. Therefore, the development of rapid non-destructive quality control techniques, which can be applied at any stage of the supply chain, could be highly interesting. This paper describes the possible application of a voltammetric tongue to assess cod spoilage during cold storage. This technique could be used as a rapid and non-destructive method applicable to routine quality control at any stage of the supply chain. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We compared the differential pulse voltammetric performance of various chemically modified graphenes (CMGs) to those of glassy carbon (GC) and edge plane pyrolytic graphite (EPPG), using a biologically important analyte, uric acid. Analytical parameters of sensitivity, linearity, repeatability and selectivity were considered. Graphite oxide, graphene oxide, chemically reduced graphene oxide, electrochemically reduced graphene oxide and thermally reduced graphene oxide (TR-GO) were studied. TR-GO showed the highest sensitivity and selectivity, but among the poorest linearity and reproducibility. The other CMGs generally demonstrated more sensitive but less selective and reproducible responses than GC and EPPG. These results will enhance our understanding of the applicability of CMGs in biosensing. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A double-stranded calf thymus DNA (dsDNA) was physisorbed onto a polypyrrole (PPy) nanofiber film that had been electrochemically deposited onto a Pt electrode. The surface morphology of the polymeric film was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical characteristics of the PPy film and the DNA deposited onto the PPy modified electrode were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Then the interaction of DNA with salicylic acid (SA) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), or aspirin, was studied on the electrode surface with DPV. An increase in the DPV current was observed due to the oxidation of guanine, which decreased with the increasing concentrations of the ligands. The interactions of SA and ASA with the DNA follow the saturation isotherm behavior. The binding constants of these interactions were 1.15×104 M for SA and 7.46×105 M for ASA. The numbers of binding sites of SA and ASA on DNA were approximately 0.8 and 0.6, respectively. The linear dynamic ranges of the sensors were 0.1–2μM (r 2 =0.996) and 0.05–1mM (r 2 =0.996) with limits of detection of 8.62×10−1 and 5.24×10−6 μM for SA and ASA, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A method for predicting levels of sodium chloride, sodium nitrite and potassium nitrate in minced meat by using a combination of two different electrochemical methods; namely an electronic tongue (ET) based on pulse voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements is proposed here. The measurements with the voltammetric ET were carried out on both saline solutions (brines) and minced meat, whereas the impedimetric sensor was used only in minced meat. The addition of the salts was performed following an experimental design in which a system of three compounds/three levels was established. Multivariate analysis including Cross validation and Partial Least Square (PLS) techniques were applied for data management and prediction models building. A very good prediction of the concentration of chloride was achieved, whereas the prediction for the concentration of nitrate and nitrite can be considered as moderate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A method for predicting levels of chloride, nitrite and nitrate in minced meat by using an electronic tongue based on pulse voltammetry is proposed here. The electronic tongue consists of a set of noble (Au, Pt, Rh, Ir, Ag) and non-noble (Ni, Co, Cu) electrodes that were housed inside a stainless steel cylinder used at the same time as both the body of the electronic tongue system and the counter/reference electrode. An electrochemical study of the response of the anions Cl−, NO3 − and NO2 − using the different noble and non-noble electrodes was carried out in water in order to design a set of pulses for the electronic tongue. The determination of the concentration of chloride, nitrate and nitrite with the voltammetric tongue was carried out on both saline solutions (brines) and minced meat. The addition of the salts was performed following an experimental design in which a system of three compounds/three levels was established. Multivariate analysis including cross validation and partial least square (PLS) techniques were applied for data management and prediction models building. A very good prediction of the concentration of the anions chloride, nitrate and nitrite was achieved in brines. In minced meat, PLS models showed reduction in the prediction capabilities caused by a matrix effect, nevertheless the system still shows good accuracy and precision in the determination of concentration levels of these anions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A new biosensor employing immobilized DNA on a nano-structured conductive polymer fixed onto a platinum electrode is presented. Upon optimization of synthesis parameters, polypyrrole nanofibers, 30–90nm in diameter, were synthesized in an aqueous media by the electropolymerization of pyrrole using normal pulse voltammetry (NPV). The nanofiber film was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Double-stranded DNA was physisorbed onto the PPy nanofiber films. Various parameters, including the pH and DNA concentration, were optimized. The DNA immobilized on the nanofiber films was characterized using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Using DPV to study the interaction of spermidine with DNA, a binding constant (K) value of 4.08×105 ±0.05M−1 was obtained. For the determination of spermidine, the proposed method exhibited a good dynamic range, correlation coefficient (0.05–1.0μM and 0.9983, respectively) and a low detection limit (0.02μM), although Ca2+ ions were found to electrostatically bind to DNA and weaken the spermidine–DNA interaction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper deals with the use of voltammetric techniques for the qualitative analysis of water, where we focus on the signal analysis approach and its evaluation in terms of discrimination capability. The prototype described in this paper and the signal analysis chain has been designed in the framework of the development of a field instrument for classification and change detection purposes. The common concept in the various approaches presented in the literature lies in the combination of poorly selective sensors for the characterization of liquids. The fundamental idea of this paper is to investigate how an adequate signal processing approach applied to a mature and affordable sensor technique (voltammetry) can address the issue of extracting aggregate chemical information, which is useful to characterize the liquid under measurement. In the proposed approach, dimensionality reduction is performed in a transformed domain via discrete cosine transform with an appropriate selection of a low- dimensionality subset of the transformed coefficients. The novel methodological approach to the signal processing, two application experiments, and the test set that has been built for the experiments are described here. Finally, the capability of discriminating between different kinds of water is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes simulated differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) of quantized double-layer charging (QDL) in poly-disperse monolayer-protected gold cluster (MPC) solutions. The simulation accounts for the voltage spacing between QDL peaks with a concentric sphere capacitor model, in which core sizes, and the relative proportion of each size, are input using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) data. MPC diffusion coefficients are estimated from hydrodynamic radii, and peaks are broadened to account for DPV pulse height effects. The smallest MPCs are omitted from the simulation because electrochemical HOMO/LUMO gap information is uncertain. The largest ones are shown to produce the underlying DPV current continuum typical of experimental DPV of poly-disperse samples. The simulation produces a fair approximation of the experimental DPV of a poly-disperse MPC sample, and an excellent representation of a relatively mono-disperse sample. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The electrochemical behaviour of a Li electrode in solutions of LiAlCl4 in thionyl chloride, LiBF4 in γ-butyrolactone and LiClO4 in the mixed solvent propylene carbonate (PC) + dimethoxyethane (DME) in the process of cell storage has been investigated by the methods of electrode impedance spectroscopy and pulse voltammetry. Analogous studies have been carried out in PC + DME solution with the Li electrode coated with a specially formed protecting film of Li2CO3. The results have been compared with those obtained earlier for other lithium electrochemical systems. The general regularities of the Li electrode electrochemical kinetics attributed to the process of Li+ ion transport through a passivating film coating a lithium surface have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a common nuclide in radioactive wastewater, uranium (U) is generally treated by landfill, which induces the massive abandonment of uranium resources. In this work, a pulse voltammetry method for the synthesis of U single atoms on MoS 2 (U/MoS 2 ) nanosheets from radioactive wastewater for the electrocatalytic alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is reported. The mass loading of U single atoms is facilely controlled with high selectivity for coexisting ions in radioactive wastewater. In the electrolyte of 1 m of KOH, U/MoS 2 nanosheets with 5.2% of U single atoms exhibit relatively low overpotentials of 72 mV at 10 mA cm -2 . The mechanistic study reveals that the HER on U/MoS 2 includes the water dissociation on U single atoms to form OH* and H transfer from OH* to adjacent S-edge atoms. This procedure exhibits decreased activation energy for transition state in water dissociation and optimized Gibbs free energy for H* adsorption., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

This study describes the development of a new electrochemical paper-based analytical device (ePAD) on alumina sandpaper substrate through a pencil-drawing process for square wave voltammetry measurements of midazolam maleate used as a "date rape drug" in beverages. The proposed ePAD was assembled on a reusable 3D printed holder to delimit its geometric area and ensure better robustness. The ePAD was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The direct drawing of ePADs on sandpaper platforms through a graphite pencil has offered suitable repeatability (RSD = 1.0%) and reproducibility (RSD = 4.0%) using [Fe(CN) 6 ]4– as redox probe. The proposed ePAD provided linear behaviour in the midazolam maleate concentration range between 2.5 and 150 mg L−1 and a limit of detection of 2.0 mg L−1. The feasibility of the ePAD for forensic application was successfully demonstrated through the detection of midazolam in different beverages (water, beer, liquor, and vodka). The intended application revealed low interference of other compounds present in beverages. Based on the achieved results, the proposed ePAD has offered great accuracy with no statistical difference at 95% confidence level from the data recorded by high performance liquid chromatography. The operational simplicity and the robustness ensured by the assembling on a reusable 3D printed holder make the ePAD drawn on sandpaper platform a powerful and promising analytical tool for the analysis of "date rape drugs" opening new possibilities for on-site forensic investigations. [Display omitted] • Sandpaper substrate was explored to fabricate electrochemical devices through pencil drawing protocol. • ePADs were assembled on a reusable 3D-printed holder and covered with PDMS to define the geometric area. • The forensic feasibility was demonstrated through the detection of date rape drug. • The achieved results revealed good agreement with the data recorded using HPLC. • The proposed assembled device offered operational simplicity and an environmentally friendly strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The striatal dopamine metabolism of the rat was followed 1, 3, and 6 weeks after unilateral intranigral iron (III) (50- and 1.5 μg) application. For both concentrations a progredient decrease of extraneuronal 3.4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPA) levels was observed in the ipsilateral striatum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, many efforts have been widely focused on developing heavy metal ion sensors, particularly Pb (II) sensing due to really dangerous effects towards environment and hygienic issues. To meet the highest productivity of that metal ion sensing, we incorporated functional group of imidazole-(CH 2) 2 -NH 2 on graphene oxide (GO- imi-(CH 2) 2 -NH 2) with large surface area and boosted conductivity. The structure of the as-synthesized GO- imi-(CH 2) 2 -NH 2 was characterized by commonly used techniques. The characterization results confirmed the successful synthesizing strategy of grafting functional GO-imi- (CH 2) 2 -NH 2 -CPE surface with reliable Pb(II) sensor. According to ideal conditions, Pb(II) calibration diagram recorder linearly (−0.58 V), between the concentration range of 5.0–300.0 nM. High surface area and strong Pb(II) adsorption ability with welfare conductivity of modified electrode indicated good Pb(II) sensing with a detection limit of 0.30 nM. That electrode provided ease –NH 2 groups incorporating to Pb (II) with a good reusability and reproducibility of 5 times and approximately 90%, respectively, Therefore, during the deposition process, Pb accumulation will be risen on the electrode surface. The Pb monitoring in aqueous media was developed through a thoroughly affordable and sensitive electrochemical sensing approach come up with this proposed sensor. Unlabelled Image • Grafting imidazolium functional groups on GO surface • Fostering electron shifting process on the adjusted carbon paste surface • Sensitive and effective electrochemical sensor for Pb(II) determination • Easy Pb(II) coordinating with The –NH 2 groups in GO-imi- (CH 2) 2 -NH 2 /CPE • Reproducibility of more than 90% in Pb2+ sensing [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]