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While the cerebral microvasculature is known to adapt its activity according to the metabolic demand of surrounding neurons, the functional contribution of vascular networks to memory consolidation, the process by which memory traces acquire stability over time, remains elusive. By using an associative olfactory memory task in rats coupled to biochemical and imaging techniques, we investigated the dynamics of vascular changes during memory consolidation which requires a transitory interaction between the hippocampus and distributed cortical regions that ultimately support storage of enduring memories. We found that remote memory formation was associated, upon encoding, with a hypoxic signal that triggered transitory angiogenesis in specific cortical regions which support memory storage and retrieval only weeks later. Manipulating early cortical angiogenesis (ECA) by selectively blocking or stimulating the angiopoietin-2 signaling pathway impaired or improved remote memory retrieval, respectively. Enhancing ECA in spontaneously hypertensive rats, which exhibit reduced angiopoietin- 2 expression when cognitively challenged and are unable to properly stabilize and/or retrieve remotely acquired information, was efficient in rescuing the observed memory deficit, thus confirming the functional importance of ECA as a prerequisite for the formation of remote memories. Hypergravity, known to impair vascular functions, failed to alter the organization of recent and remote memory. Altogether, our findings identify ECA as a crucial neurobiological process underlying the formation and stabilization of remote memory. They highlight the importance of vascular plasticity in modulating cognitive functions and suggest that the early structural changes within vascular networks constitute a permissive mechanism for the regulation of neuronal plasticity within cortical networks which support the formation and storage of enduring memories., Les réseaux vasculaires cérébraux adaptent leur activité à la demande métabolique des neurones environnants, mais leur contribution fonctionnelle à la consolidation de la mémoire, processus par lequel les traces mnésiques se stabilisent dans le temps, reste inconnue. A l’aide d’un test de mémoire olfactif associatif couplé à des approches biochimiques et d’imagerie cérébrale chez le rat, nous avons étudié la dynamique des changements vasculaires au cours de la consolidation mnésique qui nécessite une interaction transitoire entre l'hippocampe et les régions corticales constituant les sites dépositaires des souvenirs. Nous montrons que la formation d’une mémoire durable est associée, dès l’encodage, à un signal hypoxique qui déclenche une angiogenèse transitoire dans des régions corticales spécifiques impliquées plus tard dans le stockage des souvenirs. Manipuler cette angiogenèse corticale précoce (ACP) par blocage ou stimulation spécifique de la voie de signalisation de l'angiopoïétine-2 perturbe, ou améliore, le rappel des informations anciennement acquises. Stimuler l’ACP chez un modèle de rats hypertendus présentant des déficits d’activation de la voie de l’angiopoïetine-2 et de formation de la mémoire pallie le déficit mnésique observé, confirmant l'importance fonctionnelle de l’ACP comme un prérequis à la formation des souvenirs. L'hypergravité, connue pour altérer les fonctions vasculaires, n’a pas modifié l'organisation de la mémoire. Nos résultats identifient l’ACP comme un processus neurobiologique crucial sous-tendant la formation et la stabilisation des souvenirs. Ils révèlent l'importance de la plasticité vasculaire dans la modulation des fonctions cognitives et suggèrent que les changements structurels précoces du réseau vasculaire cérébral constituent un mécanisme permissif pour la régulation de la plasticité neuronale au sein des réseaux corticaux impliqués dans la formation progressive et le stockage des souvenirs.

Centrifugation is a widely used procedure to study the impact of altered gravity on Earth, as observed during spaceflights, allowing us to understand how a long-term physical constraint can condition the mammalian physiology. It is known that mice, placed in classical cages and maintained during 21 days in a centrifuge at 3G gravity level, undergo physiological adaptations due to hypergravity, and/or stress. Indeed, an increase of corticosterone levels has been previously measured in the plasma of 3G-exposed mice. Corticosterone is known to modify neuronal activity during memory processes. Although learning and memory performances cannot be assessed during the centrifugation, literature largely described a large panel of proteins (channels, second messengers, transcription factors, structural proteins) which expressions are modified during memory processing. Thus, we used the Illumina technology to compare the whole hippocampal transcriptome of three groups of C57Bl6/J mice, in order to gain insights into the effects of hypergravity on cerebral functions. Namely, a group of 21 days 3G-centrifuged mice was compared to (1) a group subjected to an acute corticosterone injection, (2) a group receiving a transdermal chronic administration of corticosterone during 21 days, and (3) aged mice because aging could be characterized by a decrease of hippocampus functions and memory impairment. Our results suggest that hypergravity stress induced by corticosterone administration and aging modulate the expression of genes in the hippocampus. However, the modulations of the transcriptome observed in these conditions are not identical. Hypergravity affects per-se the hippocampus transcriptome and probably modifies its activity. Hypergravity induced changes in hippocampal transcriptome were more similar to acute injection than chronic diffusion of corticosterone or aging.