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Geographical and environmental factors influence the food availability and diet of orangutans. Moreover, tree phenology affects productivity and food availability in orangutan habitats. As a result, orangutans must be able to adapt to their food availability in the wild. This study aims to analyse the daily activity patterns and eating behaviour of the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) and their relationship to food availability through the fruit availability index (FAI) and phenology at Soraya Research Station (SRS), Aceh. From the 648 hours of observation on five orangutans' daily activities, we found that resting is the activity with the highest percentage (48%), followed by feeding (22.5%) and moving (21.8%). The high percentage of resting activity might correlate with its low FAI in SRS (1.01%). The resting activity limits orangutans' energy expenditure. Furthermore, barks, fruits, and other plants (including lianas, ferns, and epiphytes) were the main type of diet of Sumatran orangutans in SRS with a frequency of 40.6%, 28.9%, and 15.6%, respectively. The high bark consumption by the orangutans acts as their fallback diet at SRS and is thought to be a form of adaptation to the low fruit availability. This study showed the orangutan adaptation to low fruit availability in SRS through their daily activity and diet patterns.

One of the endangered non-human primates, Macaca fascicularis, can adapt to various conditions of habitats, including full-housed, semi-wild, and natural habitats. This species has multi-male, multi-female social bonds that influence their daily behaviour activity. This study tried to describe the daily behaviour of Macaca fascicularis in their original habitats through a web-based survey. This study categorised the original habitat as captive, semi-wild, and wild. The focus of behavioural frequency data observed in all habitats includes feeding, locomotion, sleeping, grooming, playing, and aggression. This study used statistical analysis for each paired habitat. The daily behaviour for all pairs showed similar budgets, except for captive 1 and 2, which showed significant differences (p-value

Stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) are distributed in tropical and subtropical areas in the world. Stingless bees are potential pollinator to increase yield of various crops species. We measured the pollination effectiveness of stingless bees, i.e.

Pemanfaatan ikan hiu sebagai bahan baku produk olahan perikanan dapat menyebabkan berkurangnya populasi ikan hiu yang juga rentan akan kepunahan. Ikan hiu pada umumnya diperdagangkan dalam bentuk sirip, daging ikan yang diasinkan dan direbus, minyak ikan serta sebagai bahan subtitusi pada pakan hewan sehingga proses identifikasi menggunakan metode berbasis morfologi dan meristik sulit dilakukan. Sebagai alternatif proses autentikasi bahan baku produk olahan ikan hiu adalah menggunakan teknik DNA mini barcodes. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang dan mengaplikasikan primer DNA mini barcodes yang spesifik terhadap tiga species hiu terancam punah yang masuk dalam daftar CITES (Sphyrna lewini, Alopias pelagicus, Carcharhinus falciformis) serta mengaplikasikan pada berbagai produk olahan ikan hiu. Tahapan penelitian yang dilakukan meliputi koleksi sampel produk olahan perikanan, perancangan primer spesifik, isolasi DNA, pengujian kualitas dan kuantitas DNA, amplifikasi DNA, dan sekuensing. Berbagai produk olahan komersial berhasil diamplifikasi oleh primer spesifik yaitu pada target 300 pb (S. lewini), 285 pb (A. pelagicus) dan 352 pb (C. falciformes). Hasil sekuensing DNA sampel menunjukkan bahwa spesies teridentifikasi adalah S. lewini, A. pelagicus, C. falciformes dan Hemigaleus microstoma dengan kemiripan 99-100%. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa masih terdapatnya pemanfaatan ikan hiu yang dilindungi secara ilegal, sehingga perlu penerapan regulasi yang lebih ketat untuk melestarikan spesies-spesies hiu yang terancam kepunahannya.

Pemanfaatan ikan hiu sebagai bahan baku produk olahan perikanan dapat menyebabkan berkurangnya populasi ikan hiu yang juga rentan akan kepunahan. Ikan hiu pada umumnya diperdagangkan dalam bentuk sirip, daging ikan yang diasinkan dan direbus, minyak ikan serta sebagai bahan subtitusi pada pakan hewan sehingga proses identifikasi menggunakan metode berbasis morfologi dan meristik sulit dilakukan. Sebagai alternatif proses autentikasi bahan baku produk olahan ikan hiu adalah menggunakan teknik DNA mini barcodes. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang dan mengaplikasikan primer DNA mini barcodes yang spesifik terhadap tiga species hiu terancam punah yang masuk dalam daftar CITES (Sphyrna lewini, Alopias pelagicus, Carcharhinus falciformis) serta mengaplikasikan pada berbagai produk olahan ikan hiu. Tahapan penelitian yang dilakukan meliputi koleksi sampel produk olahan perikanan, perancangan primer spesifik, isolasi DNA, pengujian kualitas dan kuantitas DNA, amplifikasi DNA, dan sekuensing. Berbagai produk olahan komersial berhasil diamplifikasi oleh primer spesifik yaitu pada target 300 pb (S. lewini), 285 pb (A. pelagicus) dan 352 pb (C. falciformes). Hasil sekuensing DNA sampel menunjukkan bahwa spesies teridentifikasi adalah S. lewini, A. pelagicus, C. falciformes dan Hemigaleus microstoma dengan kemiripan 99-100%. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa masih terdapatnya pemanfaatan ikan hiu yang dilindungi secara ilegal, sehingga perlu penerapan regulasi yang lebih ketat untuk melestarikan spesies-spesies hiu yang terancam kepunahannya.

DNA technology for profiling purposes has been used in many basic and applied science. One of the emerged applied science in genetics is it’s uses in solving crime cases. Homicide became one of highest crime cases in Indonesia. Solving its cases through DNA profiling technology using items of evidence as tool is needed. Here, we report the profiling of human DNA from several items of evidence available in the crime scene and the suspect. We used items of evidence from study cases no. 18098 and 18101, based on the legal permission of Indonesia’s National Police. We used 21 international standards of human STR markers, one sex-determining marker, one Y STR marker, and one independent Y marker to developed human alleles from tissue and blood stains left and/or shred on the victims, soap bottles, knifes, victim’s clothes and ropes as well as the buccal swab of the crime suspect. Our alleles identification matched between the victim and the crime suspect in both cases with the accuracy of DNA profiles compatibility at 99.99%. Detection of DNA profiling is depending on the evidence and time of storage which are influence by environment that can lead to the process of decayed and/or contaminated.

International audience; Javan deer (Rusa timorensis) is a protected species in Indonesia and considered to be vulnerable under IUCN list. Nevertheless, its native geographic distribution remains unclear, and the impact of abiotic and biotic factors on this species are mostly unknown. We predicted the potential range of Javan deer in Java and Bali Islands using ten environmental variables, occurrence data of native (76 before 1965, and 653 after 1965) and introduced populations (559), and MaxEnt modelling. We evaluated the effects of habitat loss due to current land use, ecosystem availability, and importance of Indonesian protected areas into the models. Our predictive map significantly improved the IUCN assessment and described for the first time the spread of Javan deer out of its native range within Indonesia. The model of environmental suitability estimated a potential of 3,784.43 km2 natural occurrence in Java and Bali and 36,352.61 km2 for introduced populations in protected areas of West Nusa Tenggara to Papua. The most critical environmental predictors for both populations are the mean annual precipitation and the conservation status of land. Then, 45.66 % of the distribution of native populations overlaps with protected areas, 18.96 % with production forests, 11.07 % with non-protected areas, 10.10 % with limited production forests and 4.20 % with industrial oil palm plantations. Only 22.88 % of the distribution of introduced populations overlaps with protected areas. Our study provides reliable information on places where conservation efforts must be prioritized, both inside and outside the protected area network, to safeguard one of the remaining Indonesian large deer.

International audience; Male homosexual preference (MHP) is an evolutionary enigma because it is partially heritable and imposes a fertility cost. In occidental societies, homosexual men are feminized at various levels and they have more older brothers than heterosexual men. To evaluate whether femininity and the fraternal birth order (FBO) effect are universal features of MHP or not, we collected original data from homosexual men, heterosexual men, and heterosexual women from Java (Indonesia). Facial photographs were used to test whether homosexual faces are feminized when compared with heterosexual ones. We found that faces manipulated to resemble the average face of homosexual men are perceived as facially feminized, suggesting that homosexual men are facially feminized compared to heterosexual men, although a higher facial femininity was not captured by morphological analyses. Then, family data were used to detect differences in siblings' composition between homosexuals and heterosexuals. Homosexual men displayed a higher number of older brothers than heterosexual men, even when sibship size was controlled for, suggesting that the FBO effect exists in Indonesian populations. Independent of sexual orientation, men with older brothers seem more feminized than those without older brothers, consistent with the immune origin of the FBO effect. In conclusion, MHP in Indonesia is partially feminized and they have more older brothers. Such features are also associated with MHP in other cultural contexts, suggesting a cross-cultural effect of men homosexual preference. An evolutionary explanation is available for the feminizing effect, although the FBO effect remains unexplained even if proximal mechanisms start to be identified.

In modern societies, there is a decreased usage of traditional weapons to settle interpersonal or inter-group disputes compared to usage in traditional societies, possibly affecting the frequency-dependent selection on the handedness polymorphism. Another societal difference is the extensive automation of hard manual labour (including agriculture) in industrialized societies, relaxing the selection for hand specialization. Thus, selection of handedness is likely to differ between traditional and modern societies. As heritability determines the relative speed of evolutionary dynamics, handedness heritability was compared between industrialized and non-industrialized societies. First, individuals were sampled from a non-industrialized area in Indonesia, where violent conflicts are relatively frequent and tribal wars have been prevalent recently. Handedness was recorded directly or indirectly for 11,490 individuals belonging to 650 independent pedigrees, and handedness heritability was estimated using a pedigree-based animal model. Second, estimates of handedness heritability derived from published sources were collected to compare heritability estimates, accounting for various confounding variables. Non-industrialized countries displayed a significantly higher heritability value (h(2) = 0.56) than that of industrialized countries (h(2) = 0.20). Heritability decreased with time along the twentieth century in industrialized countries, independently of the frequency of left-handedness, and independently of the method used to measure handedness. In conclusion, the data are consistent with a decrease in handedness heritability following the industrialization process and/or the associated decrease in violence using traditional weapons. The difference in heritability between industrialized and non-industrialized countries suggests that selection of handedness is thus likely to differ between traditional and modern societies.

Supplemental Material, MHP_Indonesia_revised_supplementary for Male Homosexual Preference: Femininity and the Older Brother Effect in Indonesia by Sarah Nila, Pierre-Andre Crochet, Julien Barthes, Puji Rianti, Berry Juliandi, Bambang Suryobroto and Michel Raymond in Evolutionary Psychology

Long tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) has wide ecological plasticity to adapt and interact in various habitats. This ecological plasticity can be reflected on their daily activities and feeding behavior. This study aimed to analyze the daily activities and feeding behavior of Troop B of M. fascicularis in Telaga Warna. This troop is often seen to stay near by the big street and fed by human with provisioned food. We observed and recorded daily activity and feeding behavior of the troop. This study resulted that this troop spent most of their time on moving activity (35.85%), followed by feeding (25.41%) and resting (19.96%). We analyzed their daily activities both on weekdays and weekend plus holiday time to see the different frequencies of activity among those types of days. The macaques showed higher percentage on moving during the weekend (40.97%) compared with weekdays (30.74%). The high percentage of moving was related to their movement to find articifial food from people. The troop also showed high dependency to artificial food, by consuming provisioned food (68%). This study provide new data about a troop of macaques in Telaga Warna which can be used as a basic data for conservation management of long tailed macaque.

International audience; This study explores two large carnivores, Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas) and dhole (Cuon alpinus) that are known to have an overlapping diet and are sympatric in the south-western part of West Java. We characterised their spatiotemporal habitat together with four medium-sized prey species. We used photographs collected along 39.420 night-traps from 108 camera-traps installed on the peninsula of Ujung Kulon National Park (UKNP). We are using maximum entropy modelling (MaxEnt) to investigate seasonal environmental factors. Concerning the dominant prey species, our results showed that distances to secondary forest edge were highly significant for both Javan leopard and dhole in wet and dry seasons. Javan leopard is mostly active at dawn and dusk, whereas spatially correlated with Javan mousedeer and red muntjac. Dhole exhibited diurnal activity and were avoiding Javan leopard to a certain extent. Its spatial use is overlapping with red muntjac, wild boar, and banteng. Using Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture (SECR) methods, the density estimation for Javan leopard were 10.91 and 11.54 individuals/100 km(2) in wet and dry seasons, respectively. We confirmed UKNP as one of Indonesia's biodiversity hotspots and a critical area to preserve Javan leopard and dholes.

The hypervariable region I of mitochondrial DNA has frequently been used to distinguish among populations, in particular in species with strong female philopatry. In such cases, populations are expected to diverge rapidly for hypervariable region I markers because of the smaller effective population size and thus increased genetic drift. This rapid divergence leads to the accumulation of mutations exclusively found in one population, which may serve as diagnostic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). To date, diagnostic SNPs distinctive to Sumatran orangutan populations have not yet been described. However, given the continuously declining numbers of Sumatran orangutans, this information can be vital for effective conservation measures, especially regarding reintroductions of orangutans in rehabilitation centers. Phylogenetic analyses of 54 samples of Sumatran orangutans from nine sampling sites with good provenance, we found five major clades and a total of 20 haplotypes. We propose a total of 52 diagnostic SNPs that are specific to Sumatran orangutan populations. Data can be used to develop restriction fragment length polymorphism assays to carry out genetic assignments using basic laboratory equipment to assign Sumatran orangutan to their population of origin.

Banteng, Bos javanicus, as wild cattle is a vital and importance source of germplasm in Indonesia. Various human activities currently threaten their conservation status. Nonetheless, no long-term monitoring programmes are in place for this species. Using distribution point and statistical analysis based on 46,116 camera trap days from December 2015 to January 2017, we aimed to provide habitat preferences, activity patterns and ecological data for banteng population in Ujung Kulon National Park (UKNP). It is the largest population of banteng in Indonesia and is living in a limited habitat area. According to the best occupancy model, the most suitable areas for this species were the secondary forest located at the center portion of UKNP. The presence of the invasive cluster sugar palm, Arenga obtusifolia, in dry season provides additional alternative food for banteng when its main food is scarcer in the forest. Banteng was cathemeral all year round, with the proportion of cathemeral records and the recording rate did not change with the protection of the level area, moon phase or season. To reduce the probability of encountering predators, banteng avoided the space use of dholes. Selection and avoidance of habitats was stronger than avoidance of the predator activity areas. Habitat competition from domestic cattle which grazed illegally in the national park appears to be a problem to the species since zoonosis appears from domestic cattle to banteng. Therefore, effective law enforcement and an adequate conservation strategy are required to eliminate the impacts of both direct and indirect threats.

This work was financially supported by University of Zurich (UZH) Forschungskredit grants FK-10 (M.P.M.-G.), FK-15-103 (A. Nater), and FK-14-094 (T.B.S.), Swiss National Science Foundation grant 3100A-116848 (M.K.and C.P.v.S.), the Leakey Foundation (M.P.M.-G.), the A.H. Schultz Foundation (M.K. and M.P.M.-G.), UZH Research Priority Program “Evolution in Action” (M.K.), Arcus Foundation grant G-PGM-1411-1112 (E.M.), Australian National University (ANU) research fund (A. Nurcahyo), an ANU Vice Chancellor Travel Grant (A. Nurcahyo), Australia Awards Scholarship-DFAT (A. Nurcahyo), ERC Starting Grant 260372 (T.M.-B.), EMBOYIP 2013 (T.M.-B.), MINECOBFU2014-55090-P, BFU2015-7116-ERC, BFU2015-6215-ERCU01, and MH106874 (T.M.-B.), Fundacio Zoo Barcelona (T.M.-B.), Julius–Klaus Foundation (M.K.), MINECO/FEDERBFU2016-77961-P (J.B. and M.P.), Gates Cambridge Trust (T.D.), and the Department of Anthropology at the University of Zurich. Six extant species of non-human great apes are currently recognized: Sumatran and Bornean orangutans, eastern and western gorillas, and chimpanzees and bonobos [1]. However, large gaps remain in our knowledge of fine-scale variation in hominoid morphology, behavior, and genetics, and aspects of great ape taxonomy remain in flux. This is particularly true for orangutans (genus: Pongo), the only Asian great apes and phylogenetically our most distant relatives among extant hominids [1]. Designation of Bornean and Sumatran orangutans, P. pygmaeus (Linnaeus 1760) and P. abelii (Lesson 1827), as distinct species occurred in 2001 [1, 2]. Here, we show that an isolated population from Batang Toru, at the southernmost range limit of extant Sumatran orangutans south of Lake Toba, is distinct from other northern Sumatran and Bornean populations. By comparing cranio-mandibular and dental characters of an orangutan killed in a human-animal conflict to those of 33 adult male orangutans of a similar developmental stage, we found consistent differences between the Batang Toru individual and other extant Ponginae. Our analyses of 37 orangutan genomes provided a second line of evidence. Model-based approaches revealed that the deepest split in the evolutionary history of extant orangutans occurred ∼3.38 mya between the Batang Toru population and those to the north of Lake Toba, whereas both currently recognized species separated much later, about 674 kya. Our combined analyses support a new classification of orangutans into three extant species. The new species, Pongo tapanuliensis, encompasses the Batang Toru population, of which fewer than 800 individuals survive. Postprint

Seed of Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae) is currently established as the source for biofuel Therefore, it is important to understand the diversity insects that pollinated J. curcas inflorescence yellow flowers. We also aimed to study the pollination effects on fruit set on J. curcas. Scan sampling method were carried out to explore the insect pollinators diversity from 07.00 up to 17.00 h in every 15 minutes. Visiting frequency of pollinators insects were observed by using focal sampling. Those information together with flowering periods, flower nectar volumes, and environmental factors were used as the basic data to determine the effectiveness of insect pollination both in covered and uncovered of seed set plants. Results showed that nine species of insect pollinators were from three order (Hymenoptera, Lepidotera, and Diptera) pollinated J. curcas. Four species of Hymenoptera i.e. Prenolepis, Apis dorsata, Xylocopa confusa, and Apis cerana showed the highest abundances. The highest abundance and species richness of pollinators occurred at 08.00-10.15 and 15.00-17.15 h. Bees of X. confusa, A. cerana, and A. dorsata of Apidae are effective as insect pollinators in J. curcas plantations, due to high visited frequencies. The insect pollinators also increased fruits and seeds set of J. curcas in the uncovered experiment plants. Thereby, enhancement the three pollinator insects as part of crop management have to be considered by farmers.

In contrast to the African great apes, orangutans (Pongo spp.) are semisolitary: Individuals are often on their own, but form aggregations more often than expected by chance. These temporary aggregations provide social benefits such as mating opportunities. When fruit availability is high, costs of aggregating should be lower, because competition is less pronounced. Therefore, average party size is expected to be higher when fruit availability is high. This hypothesis would also explain why orangutans in highly fruit‐productive habitats on Sumatra are more gregarious than in the usually less productive habitats of Borneo. Here, we describe the aggregation behavior of orangutans in less productive Sumatran habitats (Sikundur and Batang Toru), and compare results with those of previously surveyed field sites. Orangutans in Sikundur were more likely to form parties when fruit availability was higher, but the size of daily parties was not significantly affected by fruit availability. With regard to between‐site comparisons, average party sizes of females and alone time of parous females in Sikundur and Batang Toru were substantially lower than those for two previously surveyed Sumatran sites, and both fall in the range of values for Bornean sites. Our results indicate that the assessment of orangutans on Sumatra as being more social than those on Borneo needs revision. Instead, between‐site differences in sociality seem to reflect differences in average fruit availability., Average female party size of orangutans in Sumatran forest with low fruit abundance is more similar to average female party size of Bornean orangutans than to Sumatran orangutans living in forest with high fruit abundance., Research Highlights Sumatran orangutans in Sikundur were more likely to form parties when fruit availability was higher, but fruit availability did not significantly influence the daily party size on days with party formation. Orangutans in less productive Sumatran forest had a lower average party size than orangutans in highly productive Sumatran forest, and their average party size falls within the range of reported values for Bornean orangutans. Between‐site differences in orangutan sociality may be mediated by between‐site differences in fruit availability, and previously described differences in sociality between orangutans on Sumatra and Borneo may need revision.