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[Abstract] Galicia, the leading region in Europe in the manufacture of canned fish. The governance of the sector is characterized by two main actors, the regional government of Galicia and the National Association of Fish and Seafood Cannery Manufacturers, and the multiannual strategic plans of the sector. During the period of validity of only two existing strategic plans, economic crisis affected the region severely. However, the canning sector maintained, and even improved, its performance at the aggregate level. The aim of this article is to analyze the degree of incidence of the strategic plans in the resilience shown by the sector during the crisis and whether this positive trend is shared across all segments of Galician canned industry. The methodology used is based on the analysis of the profitability of the sample of 64 Galician canning companies, by company size (very large, large, medium and small) and over a period of eight years (2011–2018). The results show a greater strength in the financial structure of the very large and large companies compared to the medium and small ones, for which compliance with the objectives of the strategic plans is lower. In conclusion, a trend of consolidation of the leadership of very large companies can be observed. This fact is evidenced by a doubling of turnover, investment in fixed assets and employment.

[Abstract]: Climate change is one of the greatest challenges humanity faces globally. For this reason, governmental efforts to reduce emissions of polluting gases have multiplied in the last decade. Against this panorama, petroleum companies have adopted a strategic policy focused on energy diversification, intending to contribute to sustainable development. In the case of Spain, wind energy has been one of the renewable energies that have attracted the most investment from petroleum companies. In particular, this trend is especially acute in Galicia (a region located in the northwest of Spain), since its biophysical conditions and, above all, its institutional framework for the promotion of photovoltaic energy has aroused the interest of petroleum companies. The objective of this article is to perform a feasibility análisis of an average wind project in Galicia. through the calculation of the initial investment, the necessary financing, and the preparation of balance sheets and profit and loss accounts. For this purpose, the methodology used is based on the preparation of a feasibility plan, through which the necessary investment is analyzed and the flows of receipts and payments generated by the company are considered. In this way, this analysis is intended to be useful for companies that are considering the appropriateness/inappropriateness to carry out this type of investment. The results show a high internal rate of return, which indicates the high profitability of the project.

[Abstract]: The aim of this work is to describe several experiences of STEMbach in different areas: engineering, economics, materials, etc. The STEMbach is a program carried out by high school students during their two years of study to obtain their High School Diploma (equivalent to A-levels), designed for both the Humanities and Sciences modalities, and created alongside the Galician strategy for digital education. It encourages the vocation of the scholars towards scientific and technological research and allows a connection directly with the college education. The STEM works explained in this work were developed between the University of A Coruña and several high schools located in the region of Galicia (North-West of Spain). Results were very constructive for promoting STEM careers.

[Resumen] El reto de realizar un transición digital y sostenible inclusiva, que incorpore a todos los agentes de la sociedad, es uno de los mayores desafíos de las sociedades contemporáneas. Sin embargo, en la última década se han multiplicado las iniciativas que persiguen aumentar la sostenibilidad por medio del uso de las nuevas tecnologías. En este artículo se analizará el proceso de creación y los resultados del uso de FastVisit, una aplicación, para el ámbito de la hostelería, en el que substituye el ticket en papel por uno electrónico. Además, esta tecnología registra el perfil de consumo de los clientes. Los resultados muestran la efectividad de la aplicación para la adaptación de las nuevas tecnologías en las pequeñas y medianas empresas y la migración digital., [Abstract] Achieving an inclusive digital and sustainable transition incorporating all agents of society is one of the most significant challenges facing contemporary societies. However, in the last decade, initiatives that seek to increase sustainability through new technologies have multiplied. This article will analyze the creative process and the results of using FastVisit, an application for the hospitality industry that replaces paper tickets with electronic ones. In addition, this technology records the consumption profile of customers. The results show the application's effectiveness for adopting new technologies in small and medium-sized enterprises and digital migration.

[Resumen]: El objetivo de este artículo es conocer la rentabilidad de la implantación de una app de fidelización. Dicha aplicación ofrecerá en Galicia, una región al noroeste de España, una herramienta para que las pequeñas y medianas empresas, las que más dificultades tienen para realizar una digitalización completa de su negocio, puedan retener y atraer clientes ante un mundo en continuo cambio y retos tecnológicos; y a su vez un benéfico a los consumidores, con el cual podrán realizar sus compras teniendo un valor añadido. Para ello, se realizará un análisis de viabilidad para la elaboración de un negocio, realizando una completa proyección financiera de cinco años. Los resultados indican que el proyecto es rentable y recomendable., [Abstract]: The objective of this article is to know the profitability of the implementation of a loyalty app. This application will offer in Galicia, a region in northwestern Spain, a tool for small and medium enterprises, which have more difficulties to perform a complete digitization of their business, to retain and attract customers in a world in continuous change and technological challenges; and in turn a benefit to consumers, with which they can make their purchases having an added value. To do this, a feasibility analysis will be conducted for the development of a business, making a complete financial projection of 5 years. The results indicate that the project is profitable and worthwhile.

El reto de realizar un transición digital y sostenible inclusiva, que incorpore a todos los agentes de la sociedad, es uno de los mayores desafíos de las sociedades contemporáneas. Sin embargo, en la última década se han multiplicado las iniciativas que persiguen aumentar la sostenibilidad por medio del uso de las nuevas tecnologías. En este artículo se analizará el proceso de creación y los resultados del uso de FastVisit, una aplicación, para el ámbito de la hostelería, en el que substituye el ticket en papel por uno electrónico. Además, esta tecnología registra el perfil de consumo de los clientes. Los resultados muestran la efectividad de la aplicación para la adaptación de las nuevas tecnologías en las pequeñas y medianas empresas y la migración digital.

El objetivo de este artículo es conocer la rentabilidad de la implantación de una app de fidelización. Dicha aplicación ofrecerá en Galicia, una región al noroeste de España, una herramienta para que las pequeñas y medianas empresas, las que más dificultades tienen para realizar una digitalización completa de su negocio, puedan retener y atraer clientes ante un mundo en continuo cambio y retos tecnológicos; y a su vez un benéfico a los consumidores, con el cual podrán realizar sus compras teniendo un valor añadido. Para ello, se realizará un análisis de viabilidad para la elaboración de un negocio, realizando una completa proyección financiera de cinco años. Los resultados indican que el proyecto es rentable y recomendable.

Achieving an inclusive digital and sustainable transition incorporating all agents of society is one of the most significant challenges facing contemporary societies. However, in the last decade, initiatives that seek to increase sustainability through new technologies have multiplied. This article will analyze the creative process and the results of using FastVisit, an application for the hospitality industry that replaces paper tickets with electronic ones. In addition, this technology records the consumption profile of customers. The results show the application's effectiveness for adopting new technologies in small and medium-sized enterprises and digital migration., El reto de realizar un transición digital y sostenible inclusiva, que incorpore a todos los agentes de la sociedad, es uno de los mayores desafíos de las sociedades contemporáneas. Sin embargo, en la última década se han multiplicado las iniciativas que persiguen aumentar la sostenibilidad por medio del uso de las nuevas tecnologías. En este artículo se analizará el proceso de creación y los resultados del uso de FastVisit, una aplicación, para el ámbito de la hostelería, en el que substituye el ticket en papel por uno electrónico. Además, esta tecnología registra el perfil de consumo de los clientes. Los resultados muestran la efectividad de la aplicación para la adaptación de las nuevas tecnologías en las pequeñas y medianas empresas y la migración digital.

The objective of this article is to know the profitability of the implementation of a loyalty app. This application will offer in Galicia, a region in northwestern Spain, a tool for small and medium enterprises, which have more difficulties to perform a complete digitization of their business, to retain and attract customers in a world in continuous change and technological challenges; and in turn a benefit to consumers, with which they can make their purchases having an added value. To do this, a feasibility analysis will be conducted for the development of a business, making a complete financial projection of 5 years. The results indicate that the project is profitable and worthwhile., El objetivo de este artículo es conocer la rentabilidad de la implantación de una app de fidelización. Dicha aplicación ofrecerá en Galicia, una región al noroeste de España, una herramienta para que las pequeñas y medianas empresas, las que más dificultades tienen para realizar una digitalización completa de su negocio, puedan retener y atraer clientes ante un mundo en continuo cambio y retos tecnológicos; y a su vez un benéfico a los consumidores, con el cual podrán realizar sus compras teniendo un valor añadido. Para ello, se realizará un análisis de viabilidad para la elaboración de un negocio, realizando una completa proyección financiera de cinco años. Los resultados indican que el proyecto es rentable y recomendable.

[Abstract] The institutional framework designed to protect the environment demands a growing involvement of companies. The new environmental paradigm drives the business community to embrace corporate sustainability more broadly and effectively. This trend is especially pronounced in the petroleum sector since, to a greater degree than in other industries, modern society demands that wealth creation be conducted while guaranteeing social and environmental wellbeing. To achieve this aim, it is necessary to implement an environmental management model that links sustainability planning with a control and supervision system. One of the most effective is the Sustainability Balanced Scorecard approach. This method will be used in this article to evaluate the sustainable performance of a Spanish company whose activity is focused on the marketing and distribution of petroleum products. The objective of this article is to analyze the environmental management of the hydrocarbon company and whether the four perspectives of its strategic vision have satisfactorily incorporated variables that promote sustainability. 2021 is the reference year for the indicator values, which will be compared with the target values for 2022. The results show that, while financial performance reveals a margin for improvement, as well as staff education and training in sustainability, the degree of environmental satisfaction of consumers is acceptable.

[Abstract]: For decades, renewable energy consumption has been presented as the ultimate solution to reduce pollutant gas emissions. However, their production, marketing, and, above all, consumption are not entirely climate neutral, so society needs new practices, such as circular energy, to achieve a more efficient energy transition (Khan et al., 2021a; Khan et al., 2021d). This study aims at exploring the effects of energy intensity, renewable energy consumption and forestation on CO2 emissions for developed and developing countries. Owing to cross-country income disparity, the data were categorized into four distinct groups: lower, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high-income over the period of 1980–2018. The Pedroni and Fisher-Johnson estimators of pooled data are employed for determining the plausible presence of a long-run co-integrating relationship between model variables. For all four country groups, Pedroni cointegration testing results reveal a significant long-run association between CO2 emission and its determinants. However, the Fisher-Johansen estimator yield mixed results, with low- and lower-middle income country groups outperforming the other two groups. However, the magnitude of this long-run association is less substantial, particularly in case of renewable energy consumption and forestation. For all country groups, energy intensity turns out to be the most influential longrun determinant of CO2 emissions, holding a positive coefficient value ranging from 0.30 to 1.31. Renewable energy consumption is the second most important long-run determinant of CO2 emissions. In case of forestation, the series imparts (statistically) significant long-run effects only for lower-middle-income countries. The overall results back the idea of curtailing the existing levels of energy intensity and encouraging the exploration and the use of renewable energy sources as a policy tool against controlling the prevalent situation of carbon-based emissions in our subject

[Abstract] Bioenergy is the form of clean energy with the greatest potential for growth in Spain, especially in those regions with a large forest area and a high potential for the utilization of forest resources for energy purposes. This is the case in Galicia (a region located in northwestern Spain), where the communal management of forest resources is widespread. Within this type of management, there is a pioneering case study in which biomass energy use activities have been initiated through an international project. The possible success of this project is of great importance since it could represent an alternative to the main energy activity in the common management of forests: the production of wind energy. In recent years, and with a special increase in 2022, Galician public opinion has expressed its opposition to the implementation of new wind farms in its forests. The aim of this article is to analyze whether or not it is profitable for forest management communities to participate in bioenergy initiatives, which is a novel analysis of the Galician geographical area. For this purpose, the main economic and financial variables of the Galician forest management communities participating in the bioenergy project, SilvaPlus Project, have been analyzed, before and during their participation in the project. In addition, a financial comparison is also made with a group of Galician forest management communities without the energy use of their resources. The evolution of the relevant variables, analyzed between 2011 and 2020, shows a generally positive trend in the values of the forest communities participating in the bioenergy generation project, resulting in a positive experience, both environmentally and financially, for the forest community.

[Abstract]: This paper defines a methodology for the economic feasibility analysis of a floating offshore wind farm composed of tensioned leg platforms, which are part of the EU ARCWIND research project. In this context, the phases and subphases of its life-cycle process are considered to deal with aspects such as bathymetry, characteristics of the platforms, distance from the farm to shore, distance from the farm to port and offshore wind speed. All the costs and other external parameters such as capital cost, electric tariff, interest rate, percentage of financing and corporate tax have been analysed to calculate the internal rate of return, net present value, discounted pay-back period and levelized cost of energy of the farm. This work studies a farm composed of TLP offshore wind platforms designed by CENTEC and located at Ribadeo in Spain. Results indicate the costs and the economic feasibility of this platform for deep waters. They indicate that the platform is economically feasible for the location selected.

[Abstract]Galicia is one of Spain's leading regions regarding agricultural and livestock production. In the light of the COVID-19 crisis, the permeability to the economic shocks of these sectors led to an unprecedented recession, given the heterogeneity of their characteristics, resulting in widespread losses. The main objective of this article is to ana- lyze the impact of COVID-19 in the agricultural and livestock sectors in Galicia and, at the same time, identify the degree of affectation in each of these sectors, determine the impact of the pandemic in each province and study the institu- tional responses to the COVID-19 crisis. For this purpose, financial analysis of these sectors will be carried out through a sample of 998 companies. The results show a variation in operating income of –16.41% in the agricultural sector and –9.15% in the livestock sector in Galicia, although they are mixed across the different provinces of the region. Despite the articulation of a network of public aids and the adoption of new commercialization strategies, there are sub-sectors with high losses, such as the ornamental plant industry and the subsector dedicated to the production of beef.

[Abstract] The appearance of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the world stage has implemented changes in all social activities and, therefore, in teaching at all educational levels. On the one hand, it is argued that the closure of centers and virtual teaching minimizes the risk of contagion and, on the other, this closure implies a reduction in social interactions in the population at ages in which social skills are lower developing. In addition, it is necessary to guarantee that all children and adolescents have access to the necessary means for distance education. This article analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic during the second, third and fourth waves in Galicia (northwestern region of Spain), where the centers were kept open with strict security protocols, with the aim of evaluating whether the measure of the center closure is a proportionate measure or not. The results obtained show that, at all educational levels, the incidence of infections has been low, as has the appearance of outbreaks of infections related to educational centers, so the damage caused by this measure can be considered uncompensated, with greater health security.

[Resumen] La movilidad urbana es uno de los factores más importantes, no solo para la correcta planificación de las ciudades, sino también para la gestión sostenible del transporte doméstico. Se han puesto en marcha numerosas iniciativas para mejorar los niveles de congestión y contaminación urbana. En España se ha implantado un sistema de patinetas eléctricas de uso compartido, a través de una app móvil. En 2020, dados sus exitosos resultados, esta iniciativa se ha extendido hasta en 11 grandes ciudades españolas. El objetivo de este artículo es aplicar diferentes modelos de valoración de proyectos de inversión a una empresa de alquiler de motocicletas eléctricas urbanas, con el fin de evaluar cuál de estos modelos presenta el mejor escenario económico y financiero para la empresa., [Abstract] Urban mobility is one of the most important factors, not only for the correct planning of cities, but also for the sustainable management of domestic transport. Numerous initiatives have been launched to improve levels of urban congestion and pollution. In Spain, a shared-use electric skateboard system has been implemented through a mobile app. In 2020, given its successful results, this initiative has been extended to up to 11 large Spanish cities. The objective of this article is to apply different investment project valuation models to an urban electric motorcycle rental company, in order to evaluate which of these models presents the best economic and financial scenario for the company.

Urban mobility is one of the most important factors, not only for the correct planning of cities, but also for the sustainable management of domestic transport. Numerous initiatives have been launched to improve levels of urban congestion and pollution. In Spain, a shared-use electric skateboard system has been implemented through a mobile app. In 2020, given its successful results, this initiative has been extended to up to 11 large Spanish cities. The objective of this article is to apply different investment project valuation models to an urban electric motorcycle rental company, in order to evaluate which of these models presents the best economic and financial scenario for the company., La movilidad urbana es uno de los factores más importantes, no solo para la correcta planificación de las ciudades, sino también para la gestión sostenible del transporte doméstico. Se han puesto en marcha numerosas iniciativas para mejorar los niveles de congestión y contaminación urbana. En España se ha implantado un sistema de patinetas eléctricas de uso compartido, a través de una app móvil. En 2020, dados sus exitosos resultados, esta iniciativa se ha extendido hasta en 11 grandes ciudades españolas. El objetivo de este artículo es aplicar diferentes modelos de valoración de proyectos de inversión a una empresa de alquiler de motocicletas eléctricas urbanas, con el fin de evaluar cuál de estos modelos presenta el mejor escenario económico y financiero para la empresa. Palabras clave: movilidad urbana, valor actual neto, opciones reales, España

[Abstract] Offshore wind is becoming a new technology to develop a better sustainable world. Its progress is linked to the use of port facilities, where the offshore wind farms can be stored or pre-installed. The aim of this paper is to analyse the storage space availability for ports in terms of being used for the new offshore wind sector. The case of study will be focused on analysing the port facilities in Spain, country with a great offshore wind resource in some specific areas. Results indicate the ports that can be used for the development of offshore wind in Spain. This work is important in order to establish a roadmap of the offshore wind business in Spain, which can repair the economic and social damaged due to SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

[Abstract] Aquaculture is an increasingly relevant sector in the exploitation of natural resources; therefore, it is appropriate to propose various models that include the fundamental variables for its economic-financial valuation from a business point of view. The objective of this paper is to analyze different models for the valuation of investment projects in a company in the aquaculture sector in order to conclude whether there is a model that represents a better valuation. Therefore, in this study, four valuation models have been applied, three classical models (net present value, internal rate of return, and payback) and a more recent model, real options (RO) for a company producing and marketing seaweed in Galicia (region located in the northwest of Spain). The results obtained, RO (€5,527,144.04) and net present value (€5,479,659.19), conclude that the RO model estimates a higher added value by taking into account in its calculations the flexibility given by the expansion option. Future lines of research include the application of valuation models that have been applied to companies belonging to the same sector in order to compare whether the results found are similar.

[Abstract] The aim of this chapter is to examine the offshore wind as a pillar for a new sustainable business. In this context, the chapter firstly analyses the significance of renewable energies. Secondly, it analyses several types of offshore renewable energies, the state of offshore wind energy in Europe, and the projections of offshore wind in the world. Thirdly, it presents an overview of the levelized cost of energy (LCOE), comparing its value for different energy technologies. Moreover, a new concept, called SCOE, is introduced to incorporates society in the LCOE equation. Finally, conclusions talk about the importance of choosing a sustainable way of generating electricity in our future.