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Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of skeletal muscle fibre type in the regulation of glucose metabolism in middle-aged obese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) during a 2-year exercise and dietary intervention. Methods: Muscle biopsies (musculus vastus lateralis) were taken from 22 subjects belonging to the intervention group of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study [ 1 ]. According to their myosin heavy chain (MHC) profile at the baseline, the subjects were divided into two groups: IGTslow (n = 10) with a high proportion of MHC I isoforms and IGTfast (n = 12) with a high proportion of MHC II isoforms in the vastus lateralis muscle. The intervention consisted of dietary counselling, strength and power training and/or aerobic exercise. The amount of exercise was the same in both groups; the exercise frequency was 5.1 ± 2.7 h/week in the IGTslow and 5.1 ± 2.8 h/week in the IGTfast group. Results: Fasting glucose (p < 0.05), 2-h glucose (p < 0.05), fasting insulin (p < 0.05), haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (p < 0.01) and insulin resistance (p < 0.05) [homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)] decreased in the IGTfast group, whereas only the 2-h glucose and HbA1c concentrations decreased in the IGTslow group. The amount of the glycogen synthase kinase-3-αβ (GSK-3-αβ) decreased in the IGTfast group (p < 0.05). Exercise training increased the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (p < 0.01), LDH-1 (p < 0.05) and citrate synthase (CS) (p < 0.05) activities in the vastus lateralis muscle in the IGTslow group, but only the CS activity (p < 0.05) in the IGTfast group. Conclusions: The glucose metabolism improved both in the IGTslow and IGTfast group during the 2-year exercise and dietary intervention. The change was more prominent in the IGTfast group than in the IGTslow group, associated with the decrease of the GSK-αβ protein expression in skeletal muscle. The exercise training improved both glycolytic and oxidative capacity in the vastus lateralis muscle. The glycolytic capacity improved in the IGTslow group and the oxidative capacity in both groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abstract of the article "DYNAMICS OF MYOGENETIC RESPONSE FOLLOWED AFTER MYOTOXIN- CAUSED MUSCLE DAMAGE" by P. Kaasik, K. Alev, M. Aru, A. Pehme, R. Puhke, L. Lahe, and E.-L. Rahusoo is presented.

Cardiac energy metabolism with emphasis on mitochondria was addressed in atrial tissue from patients with overload-induced atrial dilation. Structural remodeling of dilated (D) atria manifested as intracellular accumulation of fibrillar aggregates, lipofuscin, signs of myolysis and autophagy. Despite impaired complex I dependent respiration and increased diffusion restriction for ADP, no changes regarding adenylate and creatine kinase occurred. We observed 7-fold overexpression of HK2 gene in D atria with concomitant 2-fold greater activation of mitochondrial oxygen consumption by glucose, which might represent an adaption to increased energy requirements and impaired mitochondrial function by effectively joining glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation., (Copyright © 2012 © Elsevier B.V. and Mitochondria Research Society. All rights reserved. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Insulin resistance and diabetes are associated with increased oxidative stress and impairment of cellular defence systems. Our purpose was to investigate the interaction between glucose metabolism, antioxidative capacity and heat shock protein (HSP) defence in different skeletal muscle phenotypes among middle-aged obese subjects during a long-term exercise and dietary intervention. As a sub-study of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS), 22 persons with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) taking part in the intervention volunteered to give samples from the vastus lateralis muscle. Subjects were divided into two sub-groups (IGTslow and IGTfast) on the basis of their baseline myosin heavy chain profile. Glucose metabolism, oxidative stress and HSP expressions were measured before and after the 2-year intervention., Results: Exercise training, combined with dietary counselling, increased the expression of mitochondrial chaperones HSP60 and glucose-regulated protein 75 (GRP75) in the vastus lateralis muscle in the IGTslow group and that of HSP60 in the IGTfast group. In cytoplasmic chaperones HSP72 or HSP90 no changes took place. In the IGTslow group, a significant positive correlation between the increased muscle content of HSP60 and the oxygen radical absorbing capacity values and, in the IGTfast group, between the improved VO2max value and the increased protein expression of GRP75 were found. Serum uric acid concentrations decreased in both sub-groups and serum protein carbonyl concentrations decreased in the IGTfast group., Conclusion: The 2-year intervention up-regulated mitochondrial HSP expressions in middle-aged subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. These improvements, however, were not correlated directly with enhanced glucose tolerance.

Aim: Human lifestyle has drastically changed during the past century as the share of physical work in daily life has decreased. The purpose of the present study was to examine the distribution of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms in middle-aged sedentary persons, to compare the proportion of MHC isoforms of middle-aged and young sedentary persons and to demonstrate the effect of physical activity of MHC isoforms in middle-aged sedentary persons., Methods: Eighty-nine middle-aged sedentary and 13 young sedentary persons volunteered for the study. Thirty middle-aged sedentary subjects participated in strength-conditional exercise program during 9 months. Vertical jumping height and maximal anaerobic work capacity were measured. Muscle samples were taken from vastus lateralis muscle. MHC isoform composition was determined by SDS-PAGE., Results: Variation of MHC I and MHC IIa isoforms in middle-age sedentary persons demonstrated normal distribution. Significant differences of MHC isoform proportions between middle-aged and young sedentary participants were not observed. The proportion of MHC IIx decreased significantly after the exercise period that significantly improved the maximal anaerobic power and jumping height of participants., Conclusions: Normal distribution illustrated the proportion of MHC I and MHC IIa isoforms in 89 middle-aged sedentary persons while significant differences of MHC isoforms proportion between young and middle-aged sedentary persons were not observed. Even small increase of physical activity improved physical performance and decrease the MHC IIx proportion of middle-aged sedentary persons. Physically active lifestyle in middle age, when age-related changes have not started yet, may delay age-related changes in skeletal muscle.

The purpose of the study was to examine the adaptive changes in myosin heavy chain (MHC) and light chain (MLC) isoforms in human vastus lateralis muscle caused by long-term strength and power training (54 weeks, approximately 3 times a week) in untrained middle- aged men (16 in the training and 6 in the control group). Muscular MHC and MLC isoforms were determined by means of SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis. During the training period, maximal anaerobic cycling power increased by 64 W (p < 0.001) and the maximal jumping height by 1.5 cm (p < 0. 05) in the training group, but no significant changes were found in the control group. However, the group by time effect was not significant. In the training group, the increase of the maximal jumping height correlated with the number of strength and power training sessions (r = 0.56; p < 0.05). The change of the proportion of MHC IIa isoform from 52.6 ± 12.2% to 59.4 ± 11.6% did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.070 for group by time; within training group p = 0.061) and neither did the change of the proportion of MHC IIx isoform from 18.1 ± 11.4% to 11.1 ± 9.1% (p = 0.104 for group by time; within training group p=0.032). The degree of change of MHC IIx isoform correlated with the amount of earlier recreational sports activity (r = 0.61; p < 0.05). In the training group, the changes of MLC1s isoform correlated negatively with the changes of MLC1f isoform (r = -0. 79; p < 0.05) as well as with the changes in maximal anaerobic cycling power (r = -0.81; p < 0.05), and positively with those of MHC I isoform (r = 0.81; p < 0.05). In conclusion, the long- term strength and power training ~3 times a week seemed to have only slight effects on fast MHC isoforms in the vastus lateralis muscle of untrained middle-aged men; the proportion of MHC IIa tended to increase and that of MHC IIx tended to decrease. No changes in MLC isoform profile could be shown. Key PointsA long-term strength and power training program seemed to decrease the proportion of MHC IIx isoform in previously untrained middle-aged men.The degree of change of MHC IIx isoform correlated with the amount of earlier recreational sports activity.The changes of MLC isoforms were associated with the transition of MHC isoforms. Whether this means improved speed and coordination of muscle contraction remains to be investigated in the future.

The cellular energy metabolism in human musculus gluteus medius (MGM) under normal conditions and hip osteoarthritis (OA) was explored. The functions of oxidative phosphorylation and energy transport systems were analyzed in permeabilized (skinned) muscle fibers by oxygraphy, in relation to myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform distribution profile analyzed by SDS-PAGE, and to creatine kinase (CK) and adenylate kinase (AK) activities measured spectrophotometrically in the intact muscle. The results revealed high apparent Km for ADP in regulation of respiration that decreased after addition of creatine in MGM of traumatic patients (controls). OA was associated with increased sensitivity of mitochondrial respiration to ADP, decreased total activities of AK and CK with major reduction in mi-CK fraction, and attenuated effect of creatine on apparent Km for ADP compared with control group. It also included a complete loss of type II fibers in a subgroup of patients with the severest disease grade. It is concluded that energy metabolism in MGM cells is organized into functional complexes of mitochondria and ATPases. It is suggested that because of degenerative remodeling occurring during development of OA, these complexes become structurally and functionally impaired, which results in increased access of exogenous ADP to mitochondria and dysfunction of CK-phosphotransfer system.