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The five important parameters to characterize tannery effluents viz.total chromium, sulfide, TDS, BOD and COD were determined for samples obtained from different streams as well as for composite liquor. The remedial measures to contain their pollution load on the treatment plant are discussed. The correlation between TDS and BOD, TDS and CODfor these samples are also reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although combination therapy is known for its high efficacy, reduced side effects and drug resistance, toxicity remains a major drawback. Some of the genes are likely to induce hepatotoxicity through ROS-mediated mechanisms when a drug is metabolized alone or in combination in the liver. To address this, we have developed a scientific approach to predict the toxicity of different genotoxin combinations and validate their interactions with various targets. The current study is an extensive study of our previous set of in vivo rat liver microarray data processed using R studio for their functional analysis. About five combinations of genotoxins such as CPT/ETP, CPT/CPL, ETP/CPL, CP/CPT and EES/CP along with their differential gene expression targeting Chemical carcinogenesis-ROS are chosen for this study. We aim to examine the binding affinity of different genotoxin combinations using in silico multiple ligand simultaneous docking (MLSD) and are then bio-evaluated for cytotoxicity in vitro using human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (HepG2) with the MTT assay. As a result, dose-response cytotoxicity with its strength of interactions and a significant variance in ROS levels in the treated cells is observed compared to their IC 50 values. Out of 5 combinations such as CPT/CPL, ETP/CPL and EES/CP are found not only to be significantly cytotoxic but also induce oxidative stress specifically above their IC 50 values with good and moderate binding interactions ensuring their toxicity. On the contrary, the safe combinations are found to be CTP/ETP and CP/CPT possibly with no and tolerable adverse effects standing as preliminary information for researchers in drug design and development., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestOn behalf of all the authors, the corresponding author declares that they have no conflict of interest., (© King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology 2024. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)

Considering the environmental impacts, rapid fossil fuel depletion and production costs, sustainable production of clean biofuels from alternative sources is required to meet the increasing demand for energy while avoiding environmental pollution. In this study, phytogenic cobalt nanoparticles (CoNPs)-assisted dark fermentation process was developed for the simultaneous production of biohydrogen, biobutanol and biopolymer from glucose using Clostridium acetobutylicum NCIM 2337. The maximum biohydrogen yield of 2.89 mol H 2 /mol glucose was achieved at 1.5 mg of CoNPs, which is 1.6 folds higher than that of the control experiment. The high level of soluble metabolites, specifically acetate and butyrate, confirmed the production of biohydrogen through acetate/butyrate pathways. The modified Gompertz model fitted well with experimental results of CoNPs-assisted biohydrogen production. The CoNPs could act as an electron carrier in intracellular metabolism to enhance the activity of ferredoxin and hydrogenase enzymes, thus improving biohydrogen production. Furthermore, biobutanol and biopolymer yields of 975 ± 2.5 mg/L and 1182 ± 1.4 mg/L were achieved, with 2.0 mg and 2.5 mg of CoNP, respectively, which were 1.27 and 1.19 folds higher than the control values. Hence, the inclusion of CoNPs in the fermentation medium seems to be a promising technique for the enhanced simultaneous production of biohydrogen, biobutanol and biopolymer. The environmental perspectives of the obtained renewable biohydrogen, biobutanol and biopolymer are also discussed., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) were synthesized from PdCl2 using Coriandrum sativum leaf extract. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images confirm that the formation of PdNPs was mainly spherical in shape, with an average size of 87 nm. The influence of the PdCl2 and synthesized PdNPs on fermentative hydrogen production from glucose using Enterobacter cloacae and mixed culture was evaluated. In PdCl2 supplemented experiments, the hydrogen yields of E. cloacae and mixed culture were 1.39 ± 0.07 and 2.11 ± 0.11 mol H2/mol glucose, respectively, with 5.0 mg/L of PdCl2. The resulting hydrogen yield (P < 0.05) was lower than that of the control experiment (without supplementation), due to the soluble metabolites shift. However, the highest hydrogen yields of E. cloacae and mixed culture were 1.48 ± 0.04 and 2.48 ± 0.09 mol H2/mol glucose, respectively at 5.0 mg/L of PdNPs supplementation. The enhancement of biohydrogen production using mixed culture was significantly higher than that of E. cloacae as the same concentration of PdNPs.

A green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (FeNPs) was developed using Murraya koenigii leaf extract as reducing and stabilizing agent. UV-vis spectra show that the absorption band centred at a wavelength of 277 nm which corresponds to the surface plasmon resonances of synthesized FeNPs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum exhibits that the characteristic band at 580 cm(-1) is assigned to Fe-O of γ-Fe2O3. Transmission electron microscopy image confirms that the spherical with irregular shaped aggregates and average size of nanoparticles was found to be ∼59 nm. The effect of synthesized FeNPs on fermentative hydrogen production was evaluated from glucose by Clostridium acetobutylicum NCIM 2337. The hydrogen yield in control experiment was obtained as 1.74 ± 0.08 mol H2/mol glucose whereas the highest hydrogen yield in FeNPs supplemented experiment was achieved as 2.33 ± 0.09 mol H2/mol glucose at 175 mg/L of FeNPs. In addition, the hydrogen content and hydrogen production rate were also increased from 34 ± 0.8 to 52 ± 0.8 % and 23 to 25.3 mL/h, respectively. The effect of FeNPs was compared with supplementation of FeSO4 on fermentative process. The supplementation of FeNPs enhanced the hydrogen production in comparison with control and FeSO4. The supplementation of FeNPs led to the change of the metabolic pathway towards high hydrogen production due to the enhancement of ferredoxin activity. The fermentation type was shifted from butyrate to acetate/butyrate fermentation type at the addition of FeNPs.