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Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3 of 2002 concerning the National Defense explained that Indonesia's defense was carried out with a universal defense system to deal with every form of military and non-military threats. Geographically, Riau Islands Province is an area directly border to neighboring countries that have potential non-military threats. These non-military threats include illegal activities in the form smuggling of goods, illegal drugs, human trafficking, terrorism and penetration of foreign ideologies as well as cases of actual non-military threats, COVID-19 pandemic. The aims of the research are to analyze the management of human resources and the synergy between local governments and defense elements from the army, navy and air force in the Riau Islands Province as well as analyze the obstacles and the efforts to create in the face of non-military threats. The method of the research is a qualitative method with primary data collecting techniques, interviews, and secondary data in the form of literature studies. The results showed that the local government and elements of defense in the Riau Islands Province in facing non-military threats with ideological, economical, technological and information dimensions, economics, health and safety made programs by managing human resources through the functions of planning, organizing, actuating and controling. While synergy is built in two ways, namely communication through social communication through discussion, dialogue, official letters, mutual cooperation and coordination through communication forums of regional leaders. Constraints faced are geographical conditions, facilities and infrastructure, budget constraints and limited personnel. Efforts to overcome obstacles in creating synergy are increasing the frequency of regional leadership communication forums, optimizing cooperation, transforming defense human resources and increasing joint activities.

Globalization always lead to various kinds of influences, both negative nor positive, on the national character. In Indonesia, globalization has caused a significant degradation of national character which ended by the poor national character of the Indonesia’s young generation. In order to minimalize this impact, the Indonesian government has launched a program, named State Defense Awareness Programme (Program Pembinaan Kesadaran Bela Negara), in order to perform the mental revolution program and building the national character of Indonesia’s young generation, which has influenced by the negative effect of globalization. But until now, the Indonesian citizens are still not convinced that State Defense Awareness Programme can be an appropriate means in building the national character of Indonesian citizens. This condition was supported by the emergence of negative stigma related to State Defense Awareness Programme, which ultimately reduces the level of people participation in the program. This article was written by using a systematic approach and contribution analysis method. The results of this study are expected to be a consideration for the Indonesian government and citizens in implementing and joining this program. Based on the analysis result, it can be concluded that State Defense Awareness Programme has a significant contribution towards national character building of Indonesia’s young generation. A comprehensive and integrated implementation of this program will produce citizens or state defense cadres who has highly character of nationalism, patriotism, solidarity, skill, collaboration, discipline, leadership and so on, especially for Indonesians who are born and grow up on border areas or foreign country and have experienced a significant shift of state defense awareness. This program will also produce resilient, militant, and nationally awareness citizens based on the State Defense, Pancasila values and the 1945 Constitution norms.

We have tested the in vitro susceptibility to the neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors of 96 highly pathogenic clade 2.1 A(H5N1) viruses from Indonesia, isolated between 2008 and 2011. HPAI virus samples obtained through the Influenza Virus Monitoring (IVM) surveillance program in Indonesia were tested for susceptibility to oseltamivir and zanamivir. The NAs of four viruses were identified as extreme outliers to oseltamivir, based on statistical analysis by box plots, with IC50 values ranging from 46 to 62 nM. The NAs of two of these viruses from Sumatra and Aceh, had an N294S substitution, while one virus from Sulawesi had an S246N NA substitution. The NAs of all four viruses showed a specific loss of slow binding to oseltamivir in an IC50 kinetics assay. As observed in our previous surveillance, there was only a minimal effect on the sensitivity to zanamivir or peramivir for these mutants or any of the other isolates tested. The continued circulation of subtype H5N1 viruses in avian species poses an on-going zoonotic threat. The fact that we continue to identify avian isolates with naturally occurring mutations conferring reduced oseltamivir susceptibility remains a concern, given oseltamivir will be a key antiviral in the event of a new pandemic emerging.

Logistics and Supply Chain Management have a very important role in the regulation of maritime transportation both in Indonesia and the world because it becomes a barometer for determining the prices of goods and services to consumers. The current phenomenon in Indonesia is that logistics costs are the highest in the world when compared to Malaysia, which is only 15%, and the US and Japan are 10% respectively. In addition to very high costs, the quality of logistics services in our country is also not optimal. This condition is made an opportunity by PT. Pelindo III through its subsidiary PT. Pelindo Marine Service (PMS) which is engaged in logistics services based in Surabaya innovates to make MiniCont-Mini Folding Container. Based on our research that this MiniCont can reduce logistics costs by up to 30% and can be used as a global future logistics solution. This study uses a qualitative approach to analyze the extent to which efficiency of reduced logistics costs.This product is the result of the synergy between PT. Pelindo Marine Service (PMS) and PT. Semen Indonesia Logistik (SILOG).

The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus is endemic in Indonesian poultry and has caused sporadic human infection in Indonesia since 2005. Surveillance of H5N1 viruses in live bird markets (LBMs) during 2012 and 2013 was carried out to provide epidemiologic and virologic information regarding viral circulation and the risk of human exposure. Real-time RT-PCR of avian cloacal swabs and environmental samples revealed influenza A-positive specimens, which were then subjected to virus isolation and genomic sequencing. Genetic analysis of specimens collected at multiple LBMs in Indonesia identified both low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) A(H3N8) and HPAI A(H5N1) viruses belonging to clade 2.1.3.2a. Comparison of internal gene segments among the LPAI and HPAI viruses revealed that the latter had acquired the PB2, PB1, and NS genes from LPAI progenitors and other viruses containing a wild type (wt) genomic constellation. Comparison of murine infectivity of the LPAI A(H3N8), wt HPAI A(H5N1) and reassortant HPAI A(H5N1) viruses showed that the acquisition of LPAI internal genes attenuated the reassortant HPAI virus, producing a mouse infectivity/virulence phenotype comparable to that of the LPAI virus. Comparison of molecular markers in each viral gene segment suggested that mutations in PB2 and NS1 may facilitate attenuation. The discovery of an attenuated HPAI A(H5N1) virus in mice that resulted from reassortment may have implications for the capability of these viruses to transmit and cause disease. In addition, surveillance suggests that LBMs in Indonesia may play a role in the generation of reassortant A(H5) viruses and should be monitored.

The utilization of renewable energy in Indonesia is considerably low. To respond this issue, the Indonesian government creates several policies to increase the renewable energy utilization to 23% in 2025. One of several attempts in implementing these policies, the Indonesian government aims to build renewable energy developments, especially on biogas construction to produce energy up to 48 KWh. Biogas practically has already been used by the people in the Village of Wonolelo, Bantul, Yogyakarta since 2015 as fuel for stoves. It signifies that the acceptability of biogas utilization as renewable energy has already begun. Based on this reason, researchers of this study seeks to determine the potential of biogas development based from cow dung as a renewable energy source and also the potential of biogas utilization from cow dung as an effort to improve the economy of the local society in efforts to achieve national energy security, through using mixed methods research. This research found that firstly cow dung has big potentials for renewable energy purposes. These potentials are the utilization of cow dung could produce up to 108 m3 of biogas that is equivalent to 49.68 kg of LPG or equal to 66.96 litres of kerosene; improve biogas utilization up to 26.15% for 3 years and mostly applied for cooking purposes; highly effective for cooking purposes (reaching up to 90%) but relatively low effectiveness for lighting purposes (reach up to 10%); its utilization could be used by the community in the event of a disaster and to support local manufacturers of kitchen appliances because the production of biogas will have increased every year. Secondly, biogas utilization from cow dung could improve the economy of the local society because through the used of biogas, they can save up their money every year with an equivalent of the total income from the district minimum wage up to 16,200,000 IDR; reduce the amount of unemployment in developing biogas utilization and production; and improve energy sufficiency to achieve national energy security.

Indonesia is still far from having an ideal future energy security, which is indicated by energy inefficiency. In fact, the dependency on fossil energy became a barrier to optimize the energy sector. Therefore, to achieve energy security, Indonesia should manage its energy resources strategically. As a solution, it can be solved by utilizing plastic waste as a source of alternative fuel (pyrognate) through pyrolysis treatment. Since plastics synthesized from non-renewable sources, they contributed to great environmental problems. The last research of plastic waste into fuel using element systems which had not reached the optimum temperature for cracking, could not produce more optimal component of distillation fraction, also the electrical power consumption was higher. The approach of this research used mix method analysis to measure the utilization of the plastic waste into fuel oil pyrolysis with the design of a cracking reactor prototype using induction heating technology. The LDPE which has been used in this paper is 0.5 kg, also the reactor which used is made by a stainless steel cylindrical reactor with the diameter of 3.5 inches and the height of 20 cm. It is acceptable because induction heating coils are simple installed at the periphery of the reactor body, the reactor body is heated by the direct induced heat. Subsequently, it heats up the plastic waste very fast at high pyrolysis temperature (400-500oC) and that is easily controlled to increase more fuel oil pyrolysis products (gasoline, kerosene and solar fraction) in a shorter time. Furthermore, the R&D efficiency results showed that the up and down pattern used in its score. It shows in the increasing of R&D efficiency start from 2009 with 0.891 and ended in escalated point with 1.00 efficiency score in 2016. The result showed that it has high energy efficiency due to fast start-up in the process causing low equipment cost (affordability), precision, and repeatability. With the right resolve, Indonesia will emerge to be stronger and more defensible in the realm of energy.

After reports of unusually high mortality rates among ducks on farms in Java Island, Indonesia, in September 2012, influenza A(H5N1) viruses were detected and characterized. Sequence analyses revealed all genes clustered with contemporary clade 2.3.2.1 viruses, rather than enzootic clade 2.1.3 viruses, indicating the introduction of an exotic H5N1 clade into Indonesia.

The outbreak of disease in late 2012 in Indonesia caused high duck mortality. The agent of the disease was identified as H5N1 clade 2.3.2. The disease caused economic loss to the Indonesian duck farmer. The clade 2.3.2 of H5N1 virus has not previously been identified, so this study was conducted to characterize 4 of H5N1 clade 2.3.2 viruses by DNA sequencing in eight genes segment virus namely HA, NA, NS, M, PB1, PB2, PA and NP. The pathogenicity test of clade 2.3.2 viruses in ducks was compared to clade 2.1.3 viruses which predominat circulating in Indonesia. Results of phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the four of clade 2.3.2 viruses isolated in 2012 was the new introduced virus from abroad. Further analysis showed eight genes were in one group with the clade 2.3.2 viruses, especially those from VietNam and did not belong to Indonesia viruses group. The pathogenicity test in ducks showed that virus H5N1 clade 2.3.2 and clade 2.1.3 have similar clinical symptoms and pathogenicity and cause death in 75% of ducks on days 3-6 after infection. Key Words: H5N1 Virus, Clade 2.3.2, Clade 2.1.3, Phylogenetic Tree, Pathogenecity

The phylogenetic relationships among Chlamydia spp. were investigated by comparing 16S rRNA gene sequences. In this analysis we used 14 strains of Chlamydia psittaci, including seven feline isolates, two avian isolates, two human isolates, one bovine isolate, one ovine isolate, and one guinea pig isolate; five strains of Chlamydia pecorum, including three bovine isolates, one ovine isolate, and one koala isolate; and nine strains of Chlamydia trachomatis, including six human isolates, two swine isolates, and one mouse isolate. A phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of these organisms and seven previously published sequences revealed eight genetic groups which formed two clusters. The first cluster was composed of C. pecorum, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and C. psittaci and included three genetic groups (one group containing avian, human, and ovine strains, one group containing feline strains. and one group containing guinea pig strains). The second cluster was composed of C. trachomatis and also included three genetic groups (one group containing human strains, one group containing swine isolates, and one group containing rodent strains). The strains in each genetic group exhibited similar genetic distances. The results of the phylogenetic analysis agreed with the results of previous genomic DNA, ompA gene allele, and biotyping studies. Therefore, the genetic groups based on genetic distances may be considered a criterion for species identification.

Background Canine rabies is one of the most important and feared zoonotic diseases in the world. In some regions rabies elimination is being successfully coordinated, whereas in others rabies is endemic and continues to spread to uninfected areas. As epidemics emerge, both accepted and contentious control methods are used, as questions remain over the most effective strategy to eliminate rabies. The Indonesian island of Bali was rabies-free until 2008 when an epidemic in domestic dogs began, resulting in the deaths of over 100 people. Here we analyze data from the epidemic and compare the effectiveness of control methods at eliminating rabies. Methodology/Principal Findings Using data from Bali, we estimated the basic reproductive number, R 0, of rabies in dogs, to be ∼1·2, almost identical to that obtained in ten–fold less dense dog populations and suggesting rabies will not be effectively controlled by reducing dog density. We then developed a model to compare options for mass dog vaccination. Comprehensive high coverage was the single most important factor for achieving elimination, with omission of even small areas (, Author Summary Canine rabies continues to cause tens of thousands of horrific deaths worldwide, primarily in Asia and Africa. Momentum is building towards development of a global elimination strategy for canine rabies, but questions remain over how best to eliminate rabies epidemics. This paper uses data generated from the recent high-profile rabies outbreak in Bali, Indonesia to evaluate different control options. We find that, despite high dog densities, the spread of rabies on the island was remarkably similar to canine rabies spread elsewhere, suggesting that the practice of dog culling is an ineffective control strategy. We then simulate rabies transmission and spread across the island and compare the effectiveness of mass dog vaccination strategies in terms of how many lives are saved and how long it will take for elimination to be achieved. We find that the effectiveness of campaigns is not improved by being more reactive or synchronized but depends almost entirely upon reaching sufficient coverage (70%) across the population in successive campaigns. Even small ‘gaps’ in vaccination coverage can significantly impede the prospects of elimination. The outputs of this study provide the kind of evidence needed by rabies program coordinators to help design effective national control programmes, and to build the evidence-base to drive forward the development and implementation of effective global rabies policy.

The prevalence of anti-chlamydia antibodies was examined in 232 cat sera collected in 1985 and from 1993 to 1995 from laboratories and veterinary hospitals located in 11 prefectures of Japan. The anti- bodies were determined by an indirect microimmunofluorescence test using six strains of feline Chlamydia: one strain each of avian- and guinea pig-derived C. psittaci and one strain each of C. pecorum, C. pneumoniae and C. trachomatis. Positive rates of IgG antibodies to chlamydiae were 34.4% in 1985 and 16.5-21.4% from 1993 to 1995. Positive rates of IgM antibodies to chlamydiae were 8.2 % in 1985 and 6.6-14.3 % from 1993 to 1995. Variations in antibody reactivity to the different feline strains were observed. The results suggest the wide prevalence of chlamydial infection in cats in Japan, and antigenic diversity in the feline strains of C. psittaci.

The in vitro susceptibility of Chlamydia pecorum to two macrolides (clarithromycin and erythromycin), two tetracyclines (doxycycline and minocycline), two quinolones (ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin) and one beta-lactam (ampicillin) was determined. The MICs were 0.004 to 0.008 microg/ml for clarithromycin, 0.008 to 0.031 microg/ml for doxycycline and minocycline, 0.063 to 0.125 microg/ml for erythromycin, 0.25 to 0.5 microg/ml for ofloxacin and 0.25 to 1.0 microg/ml for ciprofloxacin. The MIC for ampicillin was greater than 1,024 microg/ml. The results show clarithromycin and doxycycline are the two most effective drugs against C. pecorum.

DNA samples from C. psittaci including 6 strains of feline origin, 10 strains of avian origin, 1 strain of ovine origin and 1 strain of guinea pig origin were amplified each with three 10-nucleotide (nt) primers and four > 18-nt primers. Amplified products were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Eight patterns were recognized by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting of C. psittaci: 2 patterns of feline origin, 5 patterns of avian origin and 1 pattern of guinea pig origin. DNA of feline or guinea pig origin was clearly distinguished from the other strains of C. psittaci by RAPD analysis, as shown by the absence of any common fragments in electrophoresis. The RAPD analysis indicated at least 2 types of feline C. psittaci. The RAPD typing is suggested as a convenient tool for molecular epidemiology of chlamydial infection.

We have tested the susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors of 155 clade 2.1 H5N1 viruses from Indonesia, isolated between 2006-2008 as well as 12 clade 1 isolates from Thailand and Cambodia from 2004-2007 using a fluorometric MUNANA-based enzyme inhibition assay. The Thailand and Cambodian clade 1 isolates tested here were all susceptible to oseltamivir and zanamivir, and sequence comparison indicated that reduced oseltamivir susceptibility we observed previously with clade 1 Cambodian isolates correlated with an S246G neuraminidase mutation. Eight Indonesian viruses (5%), all bearing I222 neuraminidase mutations, were identified as mild to extreme outliers for oseltamivir based on statistical analysis by box plots. IC50s were from 50 to 500-fold higher than the reference clade 1 virus from Viet Nam, ranging from 43-75 nM for I222T/V mutants and from 268-349 nM for I222M mutants. All eight viruses were from different geographic locales; all I222M variants were from central Sumatra. None of the H5N1 isolates tested demonstrated reduced susceptibility to zanamivir (IC50s all