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Reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) are effective technologies for removing organic compounds from water. Most research focuses on the removal of organic compounds from water already treated. However, evaluating their removal from groundwater is necessary because coexisting ions affect treatment efficiency. In the case of inorganic compounds, the water's pH, concentration, and membrane charge are the main factors affecting the electrostatic repulsion between the ionic compounds and the charged membrane. This study aims to present the efficiency of removing the studied compounds with NF/RO from groundwater and the physicochemical and chemical processes involved in the removal. As a result of the research, it is found that the hydraulic performance of the membrane, especially for RO, is stable; the efficiency of benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and o-, m-, p-xylene removal throughout the research process is at 86% for RO and about 65% for NF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We classify bisphenols as organic compounds from the group of phenols. Since bisphenols are carcinogenic and disrupt the human body's hormonal balance, removing these compounds from the aquatic environment is crucial. The production of creams and household plastics uses bisphenols. Such harmful compounds include bisphenol A and its derivatives (e.g., bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol AP (BPAP), bisphenol M (BPM), bisphenol E (BPE), and bisphenol C (BPCl2)). Although bisphenol A is still the dominant bisphenol in the environment, the legal restrictions on its use lead to the use of other bisphenols. Biochemical processes remove 50%--90% of these compounds from wastewater. Introducing Fenton's reagent or UV radiation improves efficiency. However, these are still ineffective methods of their removal from sewage and water. The paper focuses on the possibility of removing bisphenols: bisphenol A, bisphenol E, bisphenol B, bisphenol G, bisphenol C, bisphenol AP, and bisphenol M from surface water using integrated nanofiltration--reverse osmosis membrane processes. The research is carried out at a small nanofiltration and reverse osmosis station. The process uses nanofiltration and the osmotic membrane of spiral aromatic polyamide membranes. Chemical determinations are made by chromatographic analysis developed for these compounds. The conducted studies showed the removal of the tested compounds with high effectiveness. The process parameters significantly influence the removal process, particularly the concentration of bisphenols in the feed and the transmembrane pressure. The impact of these processes should be further analyzed and explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was carried out for real wastewater collected directly from a fruit and vegetable plant located in north-eastern Poland. Effectiveness of organic matter metabolism expressed as BOD5, COD, total suspended solids depending on the load of pollutants and bio-preparation, was determined. The use of bio-preparation in the constructed wetland allowed to increase the efficiency of wastewater treatment throughout the research period: for BOD5 by 94% in deposit with bio-preparation and by 87% in deposit without the addition of bio-preparation; however, for COD – by 93% in deposit with the addition of bio-preparation and by 87% in deposit without bio-preparation added.

The purpose of the work was to determine the effectiveness of wastewater treatment from the fruit and vegetable industry in constructed wetlands supported by a bio-preparation. An increase in the efficiency of organic substance purification expressed as BOD5 and COD by 8% in deposit with the addition of bio-preparation in relation to the control bed (without the addition of bio-preparation), was found. The efficiency of the total suspension, total nitrogen and total phosphorus increased respectively by 19.5%, 10%, and 27% in relation to the bed without addition of bio-preparation. Constructed wetlands treatment plant ensures high removal of organic compounds expressed as BOD5 and COD, as well as guarantees reduction in the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds.

Municipal WWTP often receive the industrial wastewater, including dairy sewage. The problem of sewage treatment from this sector of economy is not completely solved, especially in plants of medium and small milk processing capacity. The aim of the study was to determine the rate of change in organic compounds and nutrients in municipal wastewater with the participation of dairy products during the processing phases of SBR-type reactor in a technical scale. The study was conducted in WWTP in Sokolka. Rate of changes in the concentrations of organic compounds, nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater during the processing phases of SBR reactor was determined. Presence of dairy sewage (13% volume participation) affected the decrease in the rate of changes in organic compounds concentrations defined as BOD5 during all processing phases of SBR reactor. Significant influence of dairy sewage on rates of change in nitrogen and phosphorus compounds concentrations during filling, aeration, stirring, sedimentation and decantation phases, was found.

The aim of the study was to compare the composition of wastewater from the facility producing fruit and vegetable juices and dairy processing plant in Podlasie province. Their composition is also influenced by processes of washing and disinfecting of production lines. The washing process moves solid, colloidal, and dissolved impurities to the wastewater, depending on the type of raw material processed and the technological process used. At the same time, cleaning and disinfecting components at the amounts difficult to determine, penetrate the wastewater. The seasonal oscillations in the quantity and quality of sewage composition originating from fruit-vegetable and dairy processing became a problem for many conventional wastewater treatment plants, to where they are discharged. Based on the survey, it was found that wastewater from the fruit and vegetable industry as well as dairy industry contained large amounts of organic matter expressed in BOD5 (fruits and vegetables processing from 860 to 3 200mg O2/dm3, dairy from 1 410 to 3 850 mgO2/dm3) and COD (fruits and vegetables processing from 919 to 3 700 mgO2/dm3, dairy from 1 680 to 5 420 mgO2/dm3). Significant differences were found in concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in compared raw wastewater.

The paper aimed at evaluating the seasonal changes in quality of wastewater from facilities producing fruit and vegetable juices, processed and frozen products, and vegetable concentrates. The study revealed that wastewater from fruit and vegetable industry contain large amounts of organic substances expressed as BOD5 (minimum – 500 mgO2/dm3, maximum – 6 100 mgO2/dm3) and COD (minimum – 806 mg O2/dm3, maximum – 7 732 mg O2/dm3), while is deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus. Considerable seasonal oscillations in sewage load disposed by industry to sewerage, were observed. An increase of 50%–60% wastewater concentrations was found between June and October in 2013–2016 as compared to the remaining months.

Wastewater treatment is a process which aims to reduce the concentration of pollutants in wastewater to the level allowed by current regulations. This is to protect the receivers which typically are rivers, streams, lakes. Examination of the quality of treated wastewater allows for quick elimination of possible negative effects, and the study of water receiver prevents from excessive contamination. The paper presents the results of selected physical and chemical parameters of treated wastewater from the largest on the region in north-eastern Poland city of Bialystok municipal wastewater treatment and Biała River, the receiver. The samples for research were taken 3–4 a month in 2015 from two points: before and after discharge. The impact of the wastewater treatment plant on the quality of the receiver waters was studied by using non-parametric Wilcoxon test. This test determined whether the analyzed indicators varied significantly depending on different sampling points of the river, above and below place of discharge of treated wastewater. These results prove that the treated wastewater does not affect the water quality in the Biała River.

The purpose of the work was to determine the efficiency of domestic wastewater treatment contaminated with a mixture of pesticides at varying deposit load. The efficiency of purification in the case of eight pesticides equaled 99.8%, and the removal effect of azoxystrobin reached 93%, while that of thiachloprid - 96%. The constructed wetland ensured high removal of organic matter expressed as BOD and COD, as well as reduction in the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. Studies showed a clear impact of the deposit load on the effectiveness of pesticide removal, BOD and COD parameters, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article presents the influence of climatic conditions on surface water quality. The research methodology, including physicochemical analysis from the Gołdapa and Bludzia rivers, is presented. The research lasted for two years. The results of the physicochemical studies of the Gołdapa and Bludzia rivers in early spring, spring, and autumn show that each of these seasons impacts the quality of surface waters. Moreover, it was proven that all the parameters are strongly correlated with the air temperature, the sum of daily precipitation, and water levels. For detailed analysis, the obtained results of own research were compared with meteorological and hydrological data from the last 15 years (2005–2021) for the region of north-eastern Poland. It was proven that temperature changes contribute to increased surface water pollution in the north-eastern part of Poland. Waters from areas that humans have not developed are of better quality than those that drain the urban area, which is reflected in the case of the superior quality of the Bludzia river compared to the Gołdapa river. The upward trend in temperature in the Gołdap region indicates that global warming will continue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]