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The article discusses the lack of diversity in the institutions contributing to top management journals as well as significant biases in the academic job market, including gender and race biases, both in hiring outcomes for doctoral students and in the entry to doctoral programs. Kris Byron, the author and incoming editor of the Academy of Management Review, emphasizes the need to recognize that talent is not confined to a few elite institutions and that opportunities are not equally distributed. She suggests that institutions, including journals, should do more to realize the talent potential from diverse backgrounds and locations and outlines several initiatives aimed at leveling the playing field.

The study involved a comprehensive meta-analysis of 37 randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies of workplace and executive coaching programs written in the English language between 1994 and 2021, using rigorous inclusion criteria designed to align with the robustness of statistical significance and coaching applications. Analysis of 39 coaching RCT samples, with a total sample size of n = 2,528, yielded a statistically significant effect of workplace coaching across all leadership and personal outcomes. Our best estimate of a standard effect size for coaching of g =.59 fell well within the moderate range, although there were indications of significant publication bias, as expected. Furthermore, we develop a model that is based on the leverage from coregulation between coach and coachee. The model was confirmed in five different predictions: moderation analyses indicated that effects are larger with self-reported outcomes, as distinct from observed outcomes; they are larger with qualified coaches in non leadership applications; and they are somewhat larger with female coachees, while they do not depend much on the length of the overall coaching assignment. Taken together, these findings provide clear and new evidence of the efficacy of coaching interventions in a variety of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (iCBT) is an innovative modality of cognitive-behavioral intervention that presents a promising therapeutic strategy for individuals diagnosed with binge spectrum eating disorders. This study employed a meta-analysis methodology to assess the clinical effectiveness and acceptability of iCBT. We conducted searches in databases such as PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO, collecting literature that met the inclusion criteria until August 5, 2023. A comprehensive analysis was conducted, encompassing a total of 11 randomized controlled studies that satisfied the predetermined criteria for inclusion. The summary results demonstrated that iCBT could significantly improve the pathological features related to eating in patients with binge spectrum eating disorders and also significantly reduce the frequency of binge episodes. Additionally, iCBT could ameliorate the depressive and anxious emotions of patients with binge spectrum eating disorders and boost their self-esteem. Furthermore, a notable disparity in dropout rates was seen in comparison to the control group. Heterogeneity across studies，limitations of self-assessment scales and potential publication bias. iCBT can effectively assist patients with binge spectrum eating disorders in improving clinical symptoms. However, it is important to use caution when interpreting the findings of this study, as there are limitations pertaining to the quantity and quality of the included studies. • Patients with binge spectrum eating disorders face challenges in accessing standardized treatment. • iCBT markedly ameliorated clinical symptoms associated with binge spectrum eating disorders. • Our meta-analysis illustrates the clinical efficacy and acceptability of iCBT for binge spectrum eating disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objectives: Currently, there is a significant focus on the decrease of soluble receptor of advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) in neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders. sRAGE plays a decoy role against the inflammatory response of advanced glycation end products (AGE), which has led to increased interest in its role in these disorders. This meta‐analysis aimed to investigate the significant differences in sRAGE levels between neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders compared to control groups. Method: A systematic review was conducted using the PUBMED, Scopus and Embase databases up to October 2023. Two reviewers assessed agreement for selecting papers based on titles and abstracts, with kappa used to measure agreement and finally publications were scanned according to controlled studies. Effect sizes were calculated as weighted mean differences (WMD) and pooled using a random effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2, followed by subgroup analysis and meta‐regression tests. Quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle‐Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Results: In total, 16 studies were included in the present meta‐analysis. Subjects with neurocognitive (n = 1444) and neuropsychiatric (n = 444) disorders had lower sRAGE levels in case–control (WMD: −0.21, 95% CI: −0.33, −0.10; p <.001) and cross‐sectional (WMD: −0.29, 95% CI = −0.44, −0.13, p <.001) studies with high heterogeneity and no publication bias. In subgroup analysis, subjects with cognitive impairment (WMD: −0.87, 95% CI: −1.61, −0.13, p =.000), and age >50 years (WMD: −0.39, 95% CI: −0.74, −0.05, p =.000), had lower sRAGE levels in case–control studies. Also, dementia patients (WMD: −0.41, 95% CI: −0.72, −0.10, p =.014) with age >50 years (WMD: −0.33, 95% CI: −0.54, −0.13, p = 0.000) and in Asian countries (WMD: −0.28, 95% CI: −0.42, −0.13, p =.141) had lower sRAGE levels in cross‐sectional studies. Conclusion: This meta‐analysis revealed a significant reduction in sRAGE in neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders particularly in Asians and moderate age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Kidney transplant recipients are at high risk of fracture due to many factors such as nutritional status, hyperparathyroidism, acidosis and steroid administration. The current meta‐analysis aimed to comprehensively analyse the incidence and risk factors of fracture in kidney transplant recipients. Methods: A systematic search on Embase, Web of Science, PubMed and Cochrane Library until November 2023 was performed. RStudio software was used to analyse data. Results: Twenty‐eight eligible studies containing 310 530 kidney transplant recipients were included in the analysis. The pooled incidence of fracture was 10% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7%–13%) generally. When divided by regions, it was further observed that the pooled incidence of fracture was 13% (95% CI: 9%–17%) in Europe, 11% (95% CI: 6%–16%) in North America, 7% (95% CI: 3%–11%) in Asia. Regarding the risk factors, pooled analysis revealed that age of recipient (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.17–1.91), female sex (HR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.36–1.53), pretransplantation diabetes (HR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.58–1.97), pretransplantation fracture history (HR = 2.28, 95% CI: 1.86–2.78), dialysis duration (HR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.01–1.17) and deceased donor (HR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.05–1.39) related to higher risk of fracture. The general quality of included studies was acceptable, and no publication bias existed except for the analysis between age of recipient and fracture incidence; further trim and fill method indicated age of recipient showed a correlation trend with the fracture incidence without the statistical significance. Conclusion: The pooled incidence of fracture reaches 10% in kidney transplant recipients, which relates to age of recipient, female sex, pretransplantation diabetes or fracture history, dialysis duration and decease donor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urinary incontinence (UI), encompassing stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and urge urinary incontinence (UUI), is a prevalent and debilitating condition in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), profoundly impacting their quality of life. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to elucidate the worldwide prevalence rates of SUI and UUI among MS patients. This study was conducted by examining observational studies published between 2000 and 2023. An exhaustive literature search was conducted across databases such as PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, and Google Scholar. The Meta-prop method facilitated pooled prevalence estimation of UUI and SUI, while Egger tests assessed publication bias. In total, 27 studies with 15,052 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The findings revealed a high random effect pooled prevalence of UUI at 41.02% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 30.57–51.89; I2 = 99%, p < 0.001) and SUI at 25.67% (95% CI: 19.30–32.58%; I2 = 94.9%, P < 0.001). Additionally, the pooled prevalence of mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) was reported at 18.81% (95% CI: 7.55–33.48; I2:95.44%, p < 0.001). The high heterogeneity observed suggests variable prevalence across populations and highlights the intricate nature of UI in MS. These findings underscore the critical need for dedicated supportive, therapeutic, and rehabilitative interventions to manage this common complaint in MS patients effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The concept of self-efficacy is a determining factor in many behaviours related to health promotion and health education. Several pilot studies have been conducted in different parts of the world on different populations regarding the impact of training based on the Pender Health Promotion Model on self-efficacy, yielding conflicting results. Therefore, the present systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted with the aim of evaluating and summarizing the results of studies on the impact of training based on the Pender Health Promotion Model on self-efficacy. Data Source: MagIran, SID, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science (WoS), Scopus and Google Scholar. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria: Original scientific research articles; Interventional studies; Studies investigating the effects of education based on the Pender Health Promotion Model on self-efficacy; Studies irrelevant to the objective; Cross-sectional studies; case reports; and papers presented in conferences; letters to the editor; systematic and meta-analysis studies. Data Extraction: Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed the quality of the 18 included studies using a pre-prepared checklist for the systematic review and meta-analysis process. Data Synthesis: We conducted meta-analyses and reported the characteristics, outcomes, and risk of bias of studies. Methods: The present study was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines until December 2022. The quality assessment of the included articles for meta-analysis was performed using the JBI checklist. Heterogeneity of the studies was calculated using the I 2 statistics, and Egger's regression intercept was used to assess publication bias. Results: In the initial search, 13,943 studies were found, and after excluding studies irrelevant to the research objective, a total of 18 articles were included in the meta-analysis. These articles represented a sample size of 1015 individuals in the intervention group and 999 individuals in the control group. The combined results of the studies showed a significant increase in self-efficacy in the intervention group when compared to the control group (1.788 ±.267; CI: 95%, P <.001). With an increase in the year of study and the quality assessment score of the articles, the effect of the intervention decreased (P <.001). Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that training based on the Pender Health Promotion Model significantly increased self-efficacy. Therefore, it seems that training based on this model can have positive effects on individuals' self-efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy are common surgical procedures that cause persistent pain, bleeding, and functional limitations. We aimed to investigate the efficacy of celecoxib compared with a placebo for managing post‐tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy pain and other adverse events. Design: Systematic review and meta‐analysis. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search in the PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases from inception until July 2023. Dichotomous outcomes have been reported as risk ratios (RR) while continuous outcomes were reported using mean differences (MD). A funnel plot was drawn to investigate publication bias. Results: From 1394 records identified, 6 randomised double‐blind trials comprising 591 participants undergoing tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy were eligible for inclusion. A high dose (400 mg) of celecoxib was effective in decreasing the pain score for 'worst pain' after the procedure (MD: −10.98, [95% CI: −11.53, −10.42], p <.01, I2 = 0%) while a low dose (200 mg) was not significantly effective (p = 0.31). For managing other outcomes such as vomiting (RR: 1.37 [95% CI: 0.69, 2.68], p = 0.37, I2 = 67%), diarrhoea (RR: 1.41, [95% CI: 0.75, 2.64], p =.29, I2 = 42%), dizziness/drowsiness (RR: 0.90, [95% CI: 0.71, 1.15], p =.48, I2 = 0%), functional recovery time (p =.74), and headache (p =.91), there was no significant difference between the group on celecoxib and the placebo group regardless of dosage. Finally, there was no significant difference (RR: 1.02, [95% CI: 0.91, 1.15], p =.69, I2 = 0%) in the effect of the intervention on minimum bleeding, moderate bleeding, and profuse bleeding. Conclusion: This meta‐analysis provides robust evidence pooled from high‐quality trials and raises questions about the efficacy of celecoxib for tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy, challenging existing perceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review and meta-analysis investigates the relationship between haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library from inception to March 8, 2024. Eligible studies included cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control designs comparing Hb concentrations in OSAS patients and healthy controls. Two reviewers independently screened records and extracted data. The risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. A total of 27 studies involving 6499 OSAS subjects and 5199 controls were included. Hb concentrations were significantly higher in OSAS patients compared to controls (SMD: 0.28; 95 % CI: 0.18 to 0.39; I2 = 84.4 %). Subgroup analysis by OSAS severity showed that severe OSAS patients had higher Hb concentrations than those with mild/moderate OSAS. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the findings. However, 7 studies reported opposite results, indicating possible regional or methodological differences. Hb concentrations are elevated in OSAS patients, with higher levels observed in severe cases. The significant heterogeneity and the predominance of studies from Turkey highlight the need for further research in diverse populations. Limitations include potential publication bias and variability in study designs. • A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to investigate the relationship between Hb concentrations and OSAS. • A total of 27 studies with 6499 OSAS patients and 5199 controls were included. • Hb concentrations were significantly higher in OSAS compared to CTRL (SMD: 0.28; 95 % CI: 0.18 to 0.39; I2 = 84.4 %). • The results suggest that elevated Hb levels in OSAS patients may reflect an adaptive response to intermittent hypoxia. • The relationship between OSAS severity and Hb concentrations highlights the potential clinical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the first choice of treatment for anxiety-like disorders. However, which aspects of anxiety are affected by SSRIs is not yet fully understood. Objective: We aimed to systematically review the effect of six clinically effective SSRIs on four aspects of unconditioned anxiety: approach-avoidance behaviour (elevated plus maze), repetitive behaviour (marble burying), distress behaviour (ultrasonic vocalization), and activation of the autonomous nervous system (stress-induced hyperthermia). Methods: We identified publications by searching Medline and Embase databases and assessed the risk of bias. A random effects meta-analysis was performed and moderator effects were analysed with Bayesian penalized meta-regression. Results: Our search yielded 105 elevated plus maze, 63 marble burying, 11 ultrasonic vocalization, and 7 stress-induced hyperthermia articles. Meta-analysis suggested that SSRIs reduce anxiety-like behaviour in the elevated plus maze, marble burying and ultrasonic vocalization test and that effects are moderated by pre-existing stress conditions (elevated plus maze) and dose dependency (marble burying) but not by duration of treatment or type of SSRI. The reporting quality was low, publication bias was likely, and heterogeneity was high. Conclusion: SSRIs seem to reduce a broad range of unconditioned anxiety-associated behaviours. These results should be interpreted with caution due to a high risk of bias, likely occurrence of publication bias, substantial heterogeneity and limited moderator data availability. Our review demonstrates the importance of including bias assessments when interpreting meta-analysis results. We further recommend improving the reporting quality, the conduct of animal research, and the publication of all results regardless of significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To comprehensively assess the neurologic recovery potential of chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) in rats after spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: The PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were searched for animal experiments that evaluated the use of ChABC in the treatment of SCI up to November 2022. Studies reporting neurological function using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scale, as well as assessments of cavity area, lesion area, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels, were included in the analysis. Results: A total of 46 studies were ultimately selected for inclusion. The results of the study showed that rats with SCI that received ChABC therapy exhibited a significant improvement in locomotor function after 7 days compared with controls (32 studies, weighted mean difference (WMD) = 0.58, [0.33, 0.83], p < 0.00001). Furthermore, the benefits of ChABC therapy were maintained for up to 28 days according to BBB scale. The lesion area was reduced by ChABC (5 studies, WMD = −20.94, [−28.42, −13.46], p < 0.00001). Meanwhile, GFAP levels were reduced in the ChABC treatment group (8 studies, WMD = −29.15, [−41.57, −16.72], p < 0.00001). Cavity area is not statistically significant. The subgroup analysis recommended that a single injection of 10 μL (8 studies, WMD = 2.82, [1.99, 3.65], p < 0.00001) or 20 U/mL (4 studies, WMD = 2.21, [0.73, 3.70], p = 0.003) had a better effect on improving the function. The funnel plot of the BBB scale was found to be essentially symmetrical, indicating a low risk of publication bias. Conclusions: This systematic review and meta-analysis has indicated that ChABC could improve functional recovery in rats after SCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postoperative delirium remains prevalent despite extensive research through randomised trials aimed at reducing its incidence. Understanding trial characteristics associated with interventions' effectiveness facilitates data interpretation. Trial characteristics were extracted from eligible trials identified through two systematic literature searches. Multivariable meta-regression was used to investigate trial characteristics associated with effectiveness estimated using odds ratios. Meta-analysis was used to investigate pooled effectiveness. We identified 201 eligible trials. Compared with China, trials from the USA/Canada (ratio of odds ratio, 1.89; 95% confidence interval, 1.45–2.45) and Europe/Australia/New Zealand (1.67; 1.29–2.18) had an 89% and 67% higher odds ratio, respectively, suggesting reduced effectiveness. The effectiveness was enhanced when the incidence of postoperative delirium increased (0.85; 0.79–0.92, per 10% increase). Trials with concerns related to deviations from intended interventions reported increased effectiveness compared with those at low risk (0.69; 0.53–0.90). Compared with usual care, certain interventions appeared to have reduced the incidence of postoperative delirium in low-risk trials with low-to-moderate certainty of evidence. However, these findings should be considered inconclusive because of challenges in grouping heterogeneous interventions, the limited number of eligible trials, the prevalence of small-scale studies, and potential publication bias. The effectiveness of postoperative delirium trials varied based on the region of trial origin, the incidence of delirium, and the risk of bias. The limitations caution against drawing definitive conclusions from different bodies of evidence. These findings highlight the imperative need to improve the quality of research on a global scale. PROSPERO (CRD42023413984). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Hypothesis N -Methyl- d -aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) hypofunctioning has been hypothesized to be involved in circuit dysfunctions in schizophrenia (ScZ). Yet, it remains to be determined whether the physiological changes observed following NMDA-R antagonist administration are consistent with auditory gamma-band activity in ScZ which is dependent on NMDA-R activity. Study Design This systematic review investigated the effects of NMDA-R antagonists on auditory gamma-band activity in preclinical (n  = 15) and human (n  = 3) studies and compared these data to electro/magneto-encephalographic measurements in ScZ patients (n  = 37) and 9 studies in early-stage psychosis. The following gamma-band parameters were examined: (1) evoked spectral power, (2) intertrial phase coherence (ITPC), (3) induced spectral power, and (4) baseline power. Study Results Animal and human pharmacological data reported a reduction, especially for evoked gamma-band power and ITPC, as well as an increase and biphasic effects of gamma-band activity following NMDA-R antagonist administration. In addition, NMDA-R antagonists increased baseline gamma-band activity in preclinical studies. Reductions in ITPC and evoked gamma-band power were broadly compatible with findings observed in ScZ and early-stage psychosis patients where the majority of studies observed decreased gamma-band spectral power and ITPC. In regard to baseline gamma-band power, there were inconsistent findings. Finally, a publication bias was observed in studies investigating auditory gamma-band activity in ScZ patients. Conclusions Our systematic review indicates that NMDA-R antagonists may partially recreate reductions in gamma-band spectral power and ITPC during auditory stimulation in ScZ. These findings are discussed in the context of current theories involving alteration in E/I balance and the role of NMDA hypofunction in the pathophysiology of ScZ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This editorial is companion to the first registered report published in the Canadian Journal of School Psychology entitled, "Scope of School Psychological Practice in Germany: Part 1" by Alexa von Hagen et al. This manuscript outlines the importance of evidence-based practices in school psychology, identifies weaknesses in the foundation of current research practices, and discusses registered reports as a tool to enhance research rigor by mitigating biases such as p -hacking and publication bias. Registered reports have gained traction despite initial reservations from researchers due to perceived constraints and barriers; this approach to publication of scholarly articles can lead to a positive shift in the relationship between authors and editors during the publication process, fostering collaboration, transparency, and credibility in the research practice and ultimately leading to improved evidence-based practice. Initial experiences from the first registered report in the field of school psychology are examined, noting advantages, disadvantages, and future recommendations. The adoption of registered reports signifies a cultural shift toward more robust, transparent, and credible research practices in school psychology, leading to true evidence-based practice with increased likelihood of implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) require effective academic interventions tailored to their distinctive learning characteristics. This is especially important in mathematics since approximately a quarter of learners with ASD have a mathematics learning disability. This meta-analysis examined the effectiveness of mathematics interventions for students with ASD by synthesizing and analyzing 33 studies that met inclusion criteria. The findings indicate moderate to large Tau-U single-case effect sizes (ES = .91) for the interventions. Five distinct intervention approaches were identified: multiple representations, video modeling, schema-based instruction, drill and practice, and multiple intervention components. Furthermore, these interventions were effective across various learner characteristics, mathematical performances, settings, and implementers. The implications for research and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recognition memory, the ability to recognise previously encountered information, correlates with pupil diameter changes during the recognition period. This physiological response, known as the pupil old/new effect, generally reflects the variation in pupil dilation when encountering previously studied (old) stimuli compared to new stimuli. To develop a more precise understanding of the pupil old/new effect, we conducted a meta-analysis of 17 eye-tracking experiments (across 12 articles spanning from 2008 to 2023) involving 560 healthy adults with a mean age of 22.31 years. Analysis of publication bias showed a rather low risk of bias in the selected articles. The main meta-analysis revealed a significant and large pooled pupil old/new effect (Cohen’s dz = 0.73, 95% CI [0.50, 0.95]). Further analysis of moderators showed that the number of participants included in the experiments and the criteria for selecting trials (only correct trials vs. all trials) had a significant impact on the meta-analytic results. In general, the analyses revealed a robust pupil old/new effect across all selected articles. This finding underscores its potential utility as a marker of recognition memory across different stimuli type, and various experimental designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hypertension is a silent killer disease and the global report revealed that half of the world's population lives with undiagnosed hypertension. The problem is expected to be worse in low-income countries such as in Horn of Africa countries. Thus, we planned to determine the trend, burden, and determinates of undiagnosed hypertension in this region and provide conclusive and tangible evidence for interventions. Method: Articles were searched on Google, Google Scholar, PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and the published articles' reference list. The JBI critical appraisal checklist was used for quality assessment. A sensitivity test and I2 statistics were conducted to evaluate the heterogeneity. The Begg's statistics in the random effect model were done to evaluate the publication bias. Result: The pooled prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension in the Horn of Africa was 17% (95% CI: 15%–20%) and it ranges from from 13% in 2006 to 20% in 2023. A trip time to a medical institution of less than 35 minutes (OR = 0.52, 95%CI: 0.35–0.79), no regular exercise (OR = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.54–3.32), age > = 45 years (OR = 2.51, 95% CI: 1.66–3.8), age 35–44 years (OR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.5–2.37), male (OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.34–2.2), poor knowledge (OR = 3.29, 95%CI: 2.39,4.53), normal BMI (OR = 3.84, 95% CI: 2.96–4.98), Overweight (OR = 1.97, 95% CI: 2.96–4.98), poor health seeking (OR = 2.79, 95%CI: 2.01–3.86), low vegetable consumers (OR = 1.99, 95%CI:1.36–2.91), smoking (OR = 1.47, 95%CI: 1.13–1.93), high triglyceride (OR = 1.83, 95%CI:1.33–2.52), chat chewing (OR = 2.18, 95%CI: 1.54–3.09), and alcohol drinking (OR = 1.75, 95%CI: 1.32–2.33) were the determinats of undiagnosed hypertension. Conclusion and recommendation: The pooled prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension was low in the Horn of Africa but its trend was increased over time. Individual level variables were identified that affect the undiagnosed hypertension. Therefore, healthy lifestyle is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, research has investigated the role of the ruminant native microbiome, and the role microbes play in methane (CH4) production and mitigation. However, the variation across microbiome studies makes implementing impactful strategies difficult. The first objective of this study is to identify, summarize, compile, and discuss the current literature on CH4 mitigation strategies and how they interact with the native ruminant microbiome. The second objective is to perform a meta-analysis on the identified16S rRNA sequencing data. A literature search using Web of Science, Scopus, AGRIS, and Google Scholar will be implemented. Eligible criteria will be defined using PICO (population, intervention, comparator, and outcomes) elements. Two independent reviewers will be utilized for both the literature search and data compilation. Risk of bias will be assessed using the Cochrane Risk Bias 2.0 tool. Publicly available 16S rRNA amplicon gene sequencing data will be downloaded from NCBI Sequence Read Archive, European Nucleotide Archive or similar database using appropriate extraction methods. Data processing will be performed using QIIME2 following a standardized protocol. Meta-analyses will be performed on both alpha and beta diversity as well as taxonomic analyses. Alpha diversity metrics will be tested using a Kruskal-Wallis test with a Benjamini-Hochberg multiple testing correction. Beta diversity will be statistically tested using PERMANOVA testing with multiple test corrections. Hedge's g standardized mean difference statistic will be used to calculate fixed and random effects model estimates using a 95% confidence interval. Heterogeneity between studies will be assessed using the I2 statistic. Potential publication bias will be further assessed using Begg's correlation test and Egger's regression test. The GRADE approach will be used to assess the certainty of evidence. The following protocol will be used to guide future research and meta-analyses for investigating CH4 mitigation strategies and ruminant microbial ecology. The future work could be used to enhance livestock management techniques for GHG control. This protocol is registered in Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/vt56c) and available in the Systematic Reviews for Animals and Food (https://www.syreaf.org/contact). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today’s society, the issues surrounding aging, older adults, and ageism have gained considerable attention due to the rapidly increasing aging population. This study examines attitudes of the university students in Türkiye toward ageism. Employing a meta-analysis approach, the study investigates whether various sociodemographic factors affecting university students’ attitudes toward ageism. Utilizing Comprehensive Meta Analysis (CMA) software, the research examines potential disparities in attitudes toward ageism based on gender, class, age, family type, mother’s education level, father’s education level and the place where they spend most of their lives. The analysis involves evaluating Hedges’s g effect coefficient, Z statistic, and p-values to determine the relationship between ageism and demographic variables. To address publication bias, Egger’s regression intercept, Duval and Tweedie’s trim and fill, Rosenthal’s classic fail-safe N, and Orwin’s fail-safe N tests are conducted. Conclusively, the study finds that sociodemographic variables have a predominantly ‘very low’ or ‘low’ impact on ageism attitudes among university students. Specifically, only the variable of class shows a marginal effect (measured at −0.375), albeit statistically insignificant. Due to the absence of prior meta-analyses exploring the effects of sociodemographic factors on ageism among university students, these results cannot be directly compared with the existing research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: MOTS-c is known as mitochondrial open reading frame (ORF) of the twelve S c, produced by a small ORF-encoded peptides (SEPs) in mitochondrial 12S rRNA region. There is growing evidence that MOTS-c has a strong relationship with the expression of inflammation- and metabolism-associated genes and metabolic homeostasis, and even offering some protection against insulin resistance (IR). However, studies have reported inconsistent correlations between different population characteristics and MOTS-c levels. This meta-analysis aims to elucidate MOTS-c levels in physiological and pathological states, and its correlation with metabolic features in various physiological states. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to synthesize the evidence of changes in blood MOTS-c concentration, and any association between MOTS-c and population characteristic. The Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI, WANGFANG and VIP databases were searched from inception to April 2023. The statistical analysis was summarized using the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (95% CIs). Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation and generate forest plots through a random-effects model. Additional analyses as sensitivity and subgroup analyses were performed to identify the origins of heterogeneity. Publication bias was retrieved by means of a funnel-plot analysis and Egger's test. All related statistical analyses were performed using Revman 5.3 and Stata 15 statistical software. Result: There are 6 case–control studies and 1 cross-sectional study (11 groups) including 602 participants in our current meta-analysis. Overall analysis results showed plasma MOTS-c concentration in diabetes and obesity patients was significantly reduced (SMD = − 0.37; 95% CI− 0.53 to − 0.20; P < 0.05). After subgroup analysis, the present analysis has yielded opposite results for MOTS-c changes in obesity (SMD = 0.51; 95% CI 0.21 to 0.81; P < 0.05) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (SMD = − 0.89; 95% CI − 1.12 to − 0.65; P < 0.05) individuals. Moreover, the correlation analysis was performed to identify that MOTS-c levels were significantly positively correlated with TC (r = 0.29, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.38) and LDL-c (r = 0.30, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.39). The subgroup analysis results showed that MOTS-c decreased significantly in patients with diabetes (SMD = − 0.89; 95% CI− 1.12 to − 0.65; P < 0.05). In contrast, the analysis result for obesity persons (BMI > 28 kg/ m2) was statistically significant after overweight people (BMI = 24–28 kg/ m2) were excluded (SMD = 0.51; 95% CI 0.21 to 0.81; P < 0.05), which is completely different from that of diabetes. Publication bias was insignificant (Egger's test: P = 0.722). Conclusion: Circulating MOTS-c level was significantly reduced in diabetic individuals but was increased significantly in obesity patients. The application of monitoring the circulating levels variability of MOTS-c in routine screening for obesity and diabetes is prospects and should be taken into consideration as an important index for the early prediction and prevention of metabolic syndrome in the future. PROSPERO registration number CRD42021248167. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to comprehensively evaluate efficacy and safety of CDDP in patients with AMI undergoing PCI. Methods: A computerised search was conducted on the CNKI, WF, VIP, CBM, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases for RCTs of CDDP adjuvant therapy for AMI up to May 2023. STATA 17.0 was used to perform meta-analyses, sensitivity analyses, subgroup analyses, meta-regression, and publication bias assessments. TSA 0.9.5.10 Beta was used for trial sequential analysis (TSA). Evidence confidence of meta results was evaluated by GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) according to the instructions. Results: The results of the meta-analysis showed that CDDP combined with conventional western treatment (CWT) was superior to CWT in increasing LVEF and TCER and decreasing LVEDD, hs-CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α. The quality of evidence for TCER was moderate, LVEF, LVEDD, IL-6, and TNF-a were low. The TSA results showed that the total number of samples collected in this study met the requirements for meta-analysis and excluded the possibility of false positives, further confirming the efficacy of CDDP for the treatment of AMI undergoing PCI. Conclusion: Adjuvant treatment of AMI with CDDP has shown exciting and safe benefits in improving cardiac function and reducing inflammatory response in patients with AMI undergoing PCI, but the quality of some of the included studies was poor, and the results should be interpreted with caution until further confirmation by well-designed RCTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The increasing incidence of stroke globally has led to dysphagia becoming one of the most common complications in stroke patients, with significant impacts on patient outcomes. Accurate early screening for dysphagia is crucial to avoid complications and improve patient quality of life. Methods: Included studies involved stroke-diagnosed patients assessed for dysphagia using bedside screening tools. Data was sourced from Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and CINAHL, including publications up to 10 December 2023. The study employed both fixed-effect and randomeffects models to analyze sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and Negative Predictive Value (NPV), each with 95% confidence intervals. The random-effects model was particularly utilized due to observed heterogeneity in study data. Results: From 6,979 records, 21 studies met the inclusion criteria, involving 3,314 participants from 10 countries. The analysis included six assessment tools: GUSS, MASA, V-VST, BSST, WST, and DNTA, compared against gold-standard methods VFSS and FEES. GUSS, MASA, and V-VST showed the highest reliability, with sensitivity and specificity rates of 92% and 85% for GUSS, 89% and 83% for MASA, respectively. Heterogeneity among studies was minimal, and publication bias was low, enhancing the credibility of the findings. Conclusion: Our network meta-analysis underscores the effectiveness of GUSS, MASA, and V-VST in dysphagia screening for stroke patients, with high sensitivity and specificity making them suitable for diverse clinical settings. BSST and WST, with lower diagnostic accuracy, require more selective use. Future research should integrate patient-specific outcomes and standardize methodologies to enhance dysphagia screening tools, ultimately improving patient care and reducing complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate and compare the diagnostic value of contrastenhanced transcranial Doppler (c-TCD) and contrast-enhanced transthoracic echocardiography (c-TTE) for right to left shunt (RLS) in patent foramen ovale (PFO) by meta-analysis. Methods: The literature included in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Embase were searched by using "contrast-enhanced transcranial Doppler (c-TCD), contrast-enhanced transthoracic echocardiography (c-TTE), patent foramen ovale (PFO), and right to left shunt (RLS)" as the keywords from inception through April 30, 2024. The diagnostic accuracy research quality assessment tool (QUADAS-2) was used to evaluate the quality of the included literature. The combined sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), and Diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were pooled, and a comprehensive ROC curve analysis was performed. Statistical software StataSE 12.0 and Meta-Disc 1.4 were used for data analysis. Results: A total of 8,536 articles were retrieved, and 9 articles that met all inclusion criteria were included in this meta-analysis. The meta-analysis results show that the combined sensitivity, specificity, PLR, NLR, DOR, and area under the SROC curve of c-TCD for the diagnose of PFO-RLS were 0.91 (95% CI, 0.88-0.93), 0.87 (95% CI: 0.84-0.91), 6.0 (95% CI, 2.78-12.96), 0.10 (95% CI, 0.06-0.18), 91.61 (95% CI, 26.55-316.10), and 0.9681, respectively; the corresponding values of c-TTE were 0.86 (95% CI, 0.84-0.89), 0.88 (95% CI, 0.84-0.91), 5.21 (95% CI, 2.55-10.63), 0.16 (95% CI, 0.09-0.31), 71.43 (95% CI, 22.85-223.23), and 0.9532. The ROC curve shows that c-TCD has slightly higher diagnostic value for PFO than c-TTE, but there is no significant statistical difference (Z = 0.622, p > 0.05). Deek funnel pattern showed no significant publication bias. Conclusion: Both c-TCD and c-TTE have high diagnostic values for PFO-RLS. However, c-TCD has slightly higher sensitivity and lower specificity in diagnosing PFO-RLS compared to c-TTE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Background Methods Results Conclusions There is some evidence for systematic biases and failures of research integrity in the anaesthesia literature. However, the features of problematic trials and effect of editorial selection on these issues have not been well quantified.We analysed 209 randomised controlled trials submitted to Anaesthesia between 8 March 2019 and 31 March 2020. We evaluated the submitted manuscript, registry data and the results of investigations into the integrity of the trial undertaken at the time of submission. Trials were labelled ‘concerning’ if failures of research integrity were found, and ‘problematic’ if identified issues would have warranted retraction if they had been found after publication. We investigated how ‘problematic’ trials were detected, the distribution of p values and the risk of outcome reporting bias and p‐hacking. We also investigated whether there were any factors that differed in problematic trials.We found that false data was the most common reason for a trial to be labelled as ‘concerning’, which occurred in 51/62 (82%) cases. We also found that while 195/209 (93%) trials were preregistered, we found adequate registration for only 166/209 (79%) primary outcomes, 100/209 (48%) secondary outcomes and 11/209 (5%) analysis plans. We also found evidence for a step decrease in the frequency of p values > 0.05 compared with p values < 0.05. ‘Problematic’ trials were all single‐centre and appeared to have fewer authors (incident risk ratio (95%CI) 0.8 (0.7–0.9)), but could not otherwise be distinguished reliably from other trials.Identification of ‘problematic’ trials is frequently dependent on individual patient data, which is often unavailable after publication. Additionally, there is evidence of a risk of outcome reporting bias and p‐hacking in submitted trials. Implementation of alternative research and editorial practices could reduce the risk of bias and make identification of problematic trials easier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The effectiveness of telemedicine in aiding rehabilitation exercises among patients with rotator cuff (RC) disorders remains unknown. Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to assess the effectiveness of telemedicine in patients with RC disorders. Methods: Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on the effectiveness of telemedicine in patients with RC disorders were summarized through a meta-analysis. A systematic search for these RCTs was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and Web of Science databases up to July 2024. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata 16. Publication bias was estimated with the funnel plot and Egger's test. Results: Ten studies involving 497 participants (telemedicine group = 248 and conventional group = 249) were enrolled, with follow-up durations ranging from 8 weeks to 48 weeks. Functional outcomes measured by the Constant-Murley score were markedly improved after treatment in the telemedicine group compared to the conventional group. Moreover, compared to conventional treatment, telemedicine significantly improved shoulder function evaluated by Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Score, relieved pain assessed by visual analog scale pain score, and improved range of motion after treatment and in the final follow-up period. Conclusion: Telemedicine has demonstrated potential in alleviating pain and enhancing shoulder function and motion in patients with RC injuries. It may be a feasible intervention for rehabilitation exercises. Further research with a large sample size and standardized treatment is warranted to validate these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current systematic review and meta‐analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of kiwifruit intake on anthropometric indices and key cardiometabolic parameters. Related articles were found by searching PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and Scopus to detect relevant Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs) and novel systematic reviews relating to kiwi consumption in adults, up to August 2023. The weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random‐effects model. Heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias were assessed and reported using standard methods. Six RCTs were included in the meta‐analysis. Analyzing overall effect sizes demonstrated a significant reduction in low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels (WMD: −9.30 mg/dL; 95% CI: −17.56 to −1.04, p = .027), whereas no significant alterations of triglycerides (TG) (WMD: −12.91 mg/dL; 95% CI: −28.17 to 2.34, p = .097), total cholesterol (TC) (WMD: −7.66 mg/dL; 95% CI: −17.85 to 2.52, p = .141), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) (WMD: 2.87 mg/dL; 95% CI: −0.36 to 6.11, p = .141), fasting blood glucose (FBG) (WMD: 1.06 mg/dL; 95% CI: −1.43 to 3.56, p = .404), C‐reactive protein (CRP) (WMD: 0.15 mg/dL; 95% CI: −0.40, 0.70, p = .0598), body weight (BW) (WMD: 0.85 kg; 95% CI: −1.34 to 3.04, p = .448), body mass index (BMI) (WMD: 0.04 kg/m2; 95% CI: −0.75 to 0.83, p = .920), and waist circumference (WC) (WMD: 0.18 cm; 95% CI: −1.81 to 2.19, p = .855) were found. Our findings suggest that consuming kiwifruit does not have a significant impact on anthropometric indices and cardiometabolic factors, except for LDL‐C levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The relationship between hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and uric acid (UA) remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between UA concentrations and the risk of HT following acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Methods: Electronic databases were searched for studies on HT and UA from inception to October 31, 2023. Two researchers independently reviewed the studies for inclusion. STATA Software 16.0 was used to compute the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the pooled and post-outlier outcomes. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the I2 statistic and the Galbraith plot. Additionally, sensitivity analysis was performed. Lastly, Begg's funnel plot and Egger's test were used to assess publication bias. Results: A total of 11 studies involving 4,608 patients were included in the metaanalysis. The pooled SMD forest plot (SMD = -0.313, 95% CI = -0.586--0.039, p = 0.025) displayed that low UA concentrations were linked to a higher risk of HT in post-AIS patients. However, heterogeneity (I2 = 89.8%, p < 0.001) was high among the studies. Six papers fell outside the Galbraith plot regression line, and there exclusive resulted in the absence of heterogeneity (I2 = 52.1%, p = 0.080). Meanwhile, repeated SMD analysis (SMD = -0.517, 95% CI = -0.748--0.285, p = 0.000) demonstrated that the HT group had lower UA concentrations. Finally, Begg's funnel plot and Egger's test indicated the absence of publication bias in our meta-analysis. Conclusion: This meta-analysis illustrated a substantial connection between UA concentrations and HT, with lower UA concentrations independently linked with a higher risk of HT post-AIS. These results lay a theoretical reference for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenoma detection rate (ADR) is higher after a positive fecal immunochemical test (FIT) compared to direct screening colonoscopy. This meta-analysis evaluated how ADR, the rates of advanced adenoma detection (AADR), colorectal cancer detection (CDR), and sessile serrated lesion detection (SSLDR) are affected by different FIT positivity thresholds. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and EBM Reviews databases for studies reporting ADR, AADR, CDR, and SSLDR according to different FIT cut-off values in asymptomatic average-risk individuals aged 50–74 years old. Data were stratified according to sex, age, time to colonoscopy, publication year, continent, and FIT kit type. Study quality, heterogeneity, and publication bias were assessed. Overall, 4280 articles were retrieved and fifty-eight studies were included (277,661 FIT-positive colonoscopies; mean cecal intubation 96.3%; mean age 60.8 years; male 52.1%). Mean ADR was 56.1% (95% CI 53.4 − 58.7%), while mean AADR, CDR, and SSLDR were 27.2% (95% CI 24.4 − 30.1%), 5.3% (95% CI 4.7 − 6.0%), and 3.0% (95% CI 1.7 − 4.6%), respectively. For each 20 μg Hb/g increase in FIT cut-off level, ADR increased by 1.54% (95% CI 0.52 − 2.56%, p < 0.01), AADR by 3.90% (95% CI 2.76 − 5.05%, p < 0.01) and CDR by 1.46% (95% CI 0.66 − 2.24%, p < 0.01). Many detection rates were greater amongst males and Europeans. ADRs in FIT-positive colonoscopies are influenced by the adopted FIT positivity threshold, and identified targets, importantly, proved to be higher than most current societal recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Polymyxins, the cationic lipopeptide antibiotics, are the last line of therapeutics against the MDR Gram-negative bacterial (GNB) pathogens. Unfortunately, the rising cases of polymyxin-resistant strains from across the globe have adversely impacted their utility. While the molecular mechanisms responsible for developing polymyxin resistance (PolR) are largely understood, the prevalence of PolR strains in India has not been investigated systematically. The current study was undertaken to primarily determine the prevalence of PolR strains in India. Moreover, the extent of the spread of mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes among the GNB strains in India was also determined. Method A systematic search for articles using the relevant inclusion and exclusion criteria was performed in the applicable databases for the period January 2015 to December 2023. The included 41 studies were subjected to a meta-analysis using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software (V4.0). Publication biases were assessed using funnel plots and Egger's regression analysis. Result Considering a total of 41 studies including 24 589 bacterial isolates the present meta-analysis found the rate of PolR bacteria in India to be at 15.0% (95% CI: 11.2 to 19.8). Among the Indian States, Tamil Nadu topped with the highest prevalence of PolR at 28.3%. Investigating the contribution of the mcr genes, it was observed that among the PolR strains, 8.4% (95% CI: 4.8 to 14.3) were mcr positive. Conclusion The study determined the prevalence of PolR strains in India at 15.0%, which is higher than that of the global average at 10%. The study also determined that 8.4% of the PolR strains carried the mcr genes. The mcr -positive strains reported from India could be an underestimation of the actual numbers due to the non-inclusion of mcr screening in many previous studies. This study provides insight into the state of the PolR situation in India, which may be useful to develop a monitoring strategy to contain the spread of such strains and preserve the efficacy of the polymyxins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports two independent meta-analyses on the relationship between (a) classroom climate and academic achievement; and (b) school climate and academic achievement. The analyses were based on extant correlational research studies at the K-12 level that were published between 2000 and 2020. The relationships were analyzed in terms of various moderator variables. The first dataset included 53 research studies focusing on classroom climate and academic achievement, and the second dataset included 37 research studies on school climate and academic achievement. The meta-analyses were carried out with a random effects model. Fisher's effect size was calculated for each study. Publication bias was tested with Egger's linear regression method and Duval and Tweedie's trim and fill method. We used the Q-test for moderation analyses and I 2 test for heterogeneity analyses. The results revealed that the mean effect size for the relationship between classroom climate and academic achievement was small, while it was medium for the relationship between school climate and academic achievement. The effect sizes regarding classroom climate differed significantly only in terms of the academic area moderator variable, and the effect sizes regarding school climate differed in terms of school area, report type, and unit of analysis. This meta-analysis study confirmed that school climate and classroom climate are significant correlates of academic achievement, and the dataset in this study revealed a greater magnitude of relationship in favor of school climate (although a comparison is not meant in this study). This study suggests that policymakers and practitioners should invest their efforts in promoting sound school climates while maintaining an emphasis on classroom climate components, as the two types of climates are intertwined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is a mainstay surgical intervention for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP). Nasal irrigation, particularly with normal saline, is a widely recommended postoperative care modality. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the efficacy of various nasal irrigation solutions in postoperative FESS patients. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in multiple databases for randomized controlled trials investigating normal saline and various substances for nasal irrigation post-FESS. The systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines, and the meta-analysis used R software for data synthesis. Outcome measures included SNOT-22 and LKES scores. The Cochrane tool was employed to evaluate the potential for bias. Results: Results from 14 studies, focusing on six each for SNOT-22 and LKES, revealed a significant reduction in symptoms and endoscopic scores with various solutions compared to normal saline. The meta-analysis using the random-effects model indicated a negative standardized mean difference (SMD) of − 0.69(95% CI [− 1.64; 0.27], p = 0.157) for symptoms and endoscopic scores (SMD = − 0.48, 95% CI [− 1.32; 0.36], z = − 1.12, p = 0.264). Subgroup analyses highlighted budesonide's efficacy over normal saline, but substantial heterogeneity and potential publication bias were noted. Conclusion: Nasal irrigation with various solutions postoperative FESS patients demonstrated significant improvements in patient-reported symptoms and endoscopic scores compared to normal saline. Budesonide appeared particularly effective. However, high heterogeneity and potential publication bias warrant cautious interpretation. Standardized outcome measures and further research are needed to strengthen the evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background study: Computer‐assisted pronunciation training (CAPT) has emerged as an important resource for second language (L2) pronunciation learning. CAPT offers diverse opportunities for learners to master L2 pronunciation with the help of authentic learning activities in multiple contexts. Objectives: This study presents a comprehensive overview to examine the overall effect of using a computer in learning pronunciation in multiple settings and diverse educational levels with the assistance of different tools. Methods: The meta‐analysis consisted of 31 primary studies that reported results obtained from experimental vs. control group designs. These studies reported 42 effect sizes in the results. Results: The findings of the meta‐analysis indicated that using CAPT in learning pronunciation had an overall medium effect size. Similarly, the results showed that using CAPT inside the classrooms had a large effect size. The results also showed that CAPT had a large effect size when used in schools and other formal learning contexts, such as language institutes. CAPT had a medium effect when it was used in universities. The results also showed that using videos for learning pronunciation had a large effect size while other tools had a medium effect size. Conclusions: The study findings contribute to understanding the overall effect of CAPT and offer implications for educators and practitioners involved in designing effective instructional strategies for enhancing L2 pronunciation skills. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Computer‐Assisted Pronunciation Training has emerged as a valuable tool for L2 pronunciation learning.The variables that may affect the using of Computer‐Assisted Pronunciation Training include settings, educational level and CAPT tools. What this paper adds: The study drew on a meta‐analytic framework to examine the overall effect of using a computer in learning pronunciation in different settings and in different educational levels with the help of different tools.The meta‐analysis consisted of 31 primary studies reported results obtained from experimental vs. control group design. Implications for practice and/or policy: Language instructors are requested to incorporate CAPT in their teaching of L2 pronunciation.The integration of CAPT can be to any educational stage (i.e., schools, colleges, etc.).To optimize the benefits of CAPT, instructors should consider integrating videos, games, and other multimedia elements into their teaching practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pressure ulcer (PU) is known to be associated with abnormalities of micronutrient status. However, to date, it is not clear whether a causal relationship exists between circulating levels of micronutrients and their supplementations and PU. Methods: A two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study was conducted using summary statistics from Genome‐Wide Association Studies (GWAS). Genetic instrumental variables (IVs) for 13 micronutrients were identified from a GWAS of 67 582 participants, IVs for supplement zinc were acquired from 18 826 cases and 44 255 880 controls, and IVs for PU were obtained from 663 PUs and 207 482 controls. The MR analysis was conducted using the MR base platform. The main analysis method was inverse variance weighted (IVW) analysis, supplemented by MR Egger, Weighted median, Weighted mode, and Simple mode analyses. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran's Q statistic for MR‐IVW and Rucker's Q statistic for MR‐Egger. Pleiotropy was determined by the MR‐Egger regression. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using the leave‐one‐out method, and publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots. Results: Genetically predicted lower circulating zinc levels were found to be causally linked to the development of PU (OR = 0.758, 95%CI 0.583–0.987, P = 0.040). However, there was no significant evidence of a causal relationship between supplemental zinc intake and PU development (P > 0.05). Additionally, no causal association was observed between the other circulating micronutrients and the occurrence of PU. Furthermore, there was no indication of horizontal pleiotropy or heterogeneity among genetic variants (P > 0.05), and the robustness of the findings was confirmed through leave‐one‐out tests and funnel plots. Conclusions: Our findings indicate a potential causal association between circulating zinc levels and decreased risk of PU. However, zinc supplementation did not demonstrate a significant reduction in the risk of PU. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms through which zinc influences the pathogenesis of PU and evaluate the efficacy of zinc supplementation in the prevention and management of PU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research has shown that industry funding can impact the outcomes reported in medical literature. Limited data exist on the degree of bias that industry funding may have on shoulder arthroplasty literature outside of the Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. The purpose of this study is to characterize the type and frequency of funding for recently published shoulder arthroplasty studies and the impact of industry funding on reported outcomes. We hypothesized that studies with industry funding are more likely to report positive outcomes than those without. We performed a retrospective study searching all articles with the term "shoulder arthroplasty," "reverse shoulder arthroplasty," "anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty," or "total shoulder arthroplasty" on PubMed from the years January 2020 to December 2022. The primary outcome of studies was coded as either positive, negative, or neutral. A positive result was defined as one in which the null hypothesis was rejected. A negative result was defined as one in which the result did not favor the group in which the industry-funded implant was used. A neutral result was defined as one in which the null hypothesis was confirmed. Article funding type, subcategorized as National Institutes of Health funding or industry funding was recorded. Author disclosures were recorded to determine conflicts of interest. Statistical analysis was conducted using the χ2 test and Fisher exact test. A total of 750 articles reported on either conflict of interest or funding source and were included in the study. Of the total number of industry-funded studies, the majority were found to have a positive primary endpoint (58.1%, 104 of 179), as compared to a negative (7.8%, 14 of 179) or neutral endpoint (33.5%, 60 of 179) (P =.004). Overall, 363 articles reported an author conflict of interest, and the majority of these studies had positive primary endpoint (55.6%, 202 of 363) as compared to negative (9.1%, 33 of 363) or neutral endpoints (34.4%, 125 of 363) (P =.002). The results of this study suggest that there is a significant relationship between conflicts of interest and the primary outcome of shoulder arthroplasty studies, beyond the overall positive publication bias. Studies with industry funding and author conflicts of interest both report positive outcomes more frequently than negative outcomes. Shoulder surgeons should be aware of this potential bias when choosing to base clinical practice on published data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of topical application of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on pressure ulcers (PUs). Method: Relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published from database creation to July 2018 were systematically searched. Pooled risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated to assess mean healing time in days as a measure of treatment efficacy. Standardised mean differences (SMD) with 95%CI were calculated to assess the proportion of complete healing. Funnel plots and Egger's regression tests were used to assess publication bias. Results: In total, 12 RCTs encompassing 664 PUs were included. The pooled effect size demonstrated a significant difference in complete healing proportions between the control groups and subjects treated with bFGF (RR=1.61 (1.40–1.85); p<0.001) and mean healing time (SMD=–1.97 (–2.54– –1.40); p<0.001). There was no indication of significant publication bias in the primary analysis. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the results of the meta−analysis were reliable. Conclusion: In this review, topical application of recombinant bFGF was found to be effective in the treatment of PUs. Given the limitations of the reports included, additional RCTs of higher power are warranted to confirm our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In areas with limited resources, the lack of preparedness and limited availability of diabetes mellitus services in healthcare facilities contribute to high rates of illness and death related to diabetes mellitus. As a result, this study focused on analyzing the combined prevalence of preparedness and availability of diabetic services in countries with limited resources. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted across various databases, such as PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and African Journal Online. The search aimed to identify primary research articles that assessed the availability and preparedness of services for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus specifically. The articles included in the search spanned from January 2000 to 23 February 2024. To analyze the data, a meta-analysis of proportions was performed using the random-effects model. Additionally, the researchers assessed publication bias by examining a funnel plot and conducting Egger's test. Heterogeneity and sensitivity analyses were also conducted to evaluate the data. The findings of the study regarding the pooled prevalence of diabetes service preparedness and availability, along with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals, were presented using a forest plot. Results: A comprehensive analysis was conducted on 16 research articles that focused on service preparedness and 11 articles that examined service availability. The sample sizes for these studies were 3,422 for service preparedness and 1,062 for service availability. The findings showed that the pooled prevalence of diabetes service preparedness was 53.0% (95% CI: 47.0-60.0). Furthermore, in this systematic synthesis, the overall pooled prevalence of service availability for diabetes mellitus was 48% (95% CI: 36.0-67.0), with the highest pooled prevalence observed in Asia, with a pooled prevalence of 58% (95% CI: 38.0-89.0). Conclusion: Our study reveals a significant disparity in the preparedness and availability of services for diabetes mellitus, which falls below the minimum threshold set by the WHO. These findings should capture the attention of policymakers and potentially serve as a foundation for reevaluating the current approach to diabetes service preparedness and availability. To enhance the availability and preparedness of diabetes services, a tailored, multifaceted, and action-oriented approach to strengthening the health system is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While evidence-based practice has demonstrated its capacity to enhance healthcare quality and bolster clinical outcomes, the translation of research into clinical practice encounters persistent challenges. In Ethiopia, there remains a dearth of comprehensive and nationally representative data concerning the extent of Evidence-based practice adoption among nurses. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis endeavors to assess the overall prevalence of Evidence-based practice implementation and delve into its determinants among Ethiopian nurses. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. In order to identify pertinent studies, a search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and EMBASE databases. A weighted inverse variance random-effects model was employed to estimate the pooled prevalence. Cochrane's Q-test and I2 statistics were calculated to assess heterogeneity among studies. Funnel plots and Egger's test were utilized to evaluate publication bias. Pooled implementation rates and meta-regression analysis were carried out using STATA 17. Results: Of the total 1,590 retrieved articles, twelve studies including 4,933 nurses were included in the final analysis. The pooled prevalence of Evidence-based practice uptake among nurses in Ethiopia is 53% (95% CI: 46%-60%). Having knowledge about Evidence-based practice (AOR = 2.29; 95% CI: 1.90, 2.69; I2 = 70.95%), holding a favorable attitude towards Evidence-based practice (AOR = 2.56; 95% CI: 1.63, 3.49; I2 = 88.39%), occupying a head nurse position (AOR = 3.15; 95% CI: 1.85, 4.46; I2 = 87.42%), possessing effective communication skills (AOR = 4.99; 95% CI: 1.47, 8.51; I2 = 99.86%), and having access to Evidencebased practice guidelines (AOR = 1.90; 95% CI: 1.55, 2.24; I2 = 57.24%) were identified as predictors of the uptake of Evidence-based practice. Conclusion: Only half of Ethiopia's nurses exhibit a strong embrace of Evidence-Based Practice within clinical settings, underscoring the urgent necessity for coordinated endeavors to cultivate this essential practice. Possessing knowledge, effective communication skills, access to updated guidelines, maintaining a positive attitude towards Evidence-Based Practice, and holding a position as head nurse emerged as predictors of successful implementation of Evidence-Based Practice. Hence, policymakers must prioritize capacity-building initiatives, disseminate the latest EBP guidelines widely, and strengthen mentorship roles for head nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the treatment landscape has rapidly evolved over the last years, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal cancers. With recent advances, both immunotherapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs)‐based chemotherapy constitute the standard treatment for advanced HCC. A systematic search of randomized clinical trials employing TKIs was performed in 17 databases, obtaining 25 studies evaluating the prognosis, tumor response, and presence of adverse events (AEs) related to TKIs in HCC. Overall effect sizes were estimated for the hazard ratios (HR) and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI), either extracted or calculated with the Parmar method, employing STATA 16. Heterogeneity was assessed by Chi‐square‐based Q‐test and inconsistency (I2) statistic; source of heterogeneity by meta‐regression and subgroup analysis; and publication bias by funnel plot asymmetry and Egger's test. The research protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023397263). Meta‐analysis revealed a correlation between survival and tumor response parameters and TKI treatment vs. placebo, despite detecting high heterogeneity. Combined TKI treatment showed a significantly better objective response rate (ORR) with no heterogeneity, whereas publication bias was only detected with time to progression (TTP). Few gastrointestinal and neurological disorders were associated with TKI treatment vs. placebo or with combined treatment. However, a higher number of serious AEs were related to TKI treatment vs. sorafenib alone. Results show positive clinical benefits from TKI treatment, supporting the approval and maintenance of TKI‐based therapy for advanced HCC, while establishing appropriate strategies to maximize efficacy and minimize toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inappropriate management of blood sugar in patients with diabetes mellitus leads to micro-vascular and macro-vascular complications, subsequently leading to high morbidity and mortality rates. In addition, diabetes independently increases the occurrence of cognitive impairment complicated by dementia. Scientific evidence on the magnitude of cognitive impairment will provide a sound basis for the determination of healthcare needs and the planning of effective healthcare services. Despite this, there are no comprehensive data on the prevalence and associated factors of cognitive impairment among patients with diabetes in Africa. Methods: To identify relevant articles for this review, we searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, African Journals Online, and Google Scholar. After extraction, the data were imported into Stata software version 11 (Stata Corp., TX, USA) for further analysis. The random-effects model, specifically the DerSimonian and Laird (D+L) pooled estimation method, was used due to the high heterogeneity between the included articles. Begg's and Egger's regression tests were used to determine the evidence of publication bias. Sub-group analyses and sensitivity analyses were also conducted to handle heterogeneity. Results: The pooled prevalence of cognitive impairment among patients with diabetes in Africa is found to be 43.99% (95% CI: 30.15-57.83, p < 0.001). According to our analysis, primary level of education [pooled odds ratio (POR) = 6.08, 95% CI: 3.57-10.36, I² = 40.7%], poorly controlled diabetes mellitus (POR = 5.85, 95% CI: 1.64-20.92, I² = 87.8%), age above 60 years old (POR = 3.83, 95% 95% CI: 1.36-10.79, I² = 63.7%), and diabetes duration greater than 10 years (POR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.07-1.19, I² = 0.0%) were factors associated with cognitive impairment among patients with diabetes. Conclusion: Based on our systematic review, individuals with diabetes mellitus exhibit a substantial prevalence rate (43.99%) of cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment was found to be associated with factors such as primary level of education, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, age above 60 years, and diabetes duration greater than 10 years. Developing suitable risk assessment tools is crucial to address uncontrolled hyperglycemia effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the association between maternal education and completion of childhood vaccination among aged 12–23 months children in Ethiopia. Systematic review and meta-analysis. PubMed-Medline, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Global Health, and Google Scholar were searched for articles published from January 2010 to January 2020. The data extraction was reported based on the PRISMA guideline (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines. We performed the I2 test and a funnel plot to assess heterogeneity and check for publication bias. We assessed 841 studies for eligibility, of which 43 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, and 28 studies were fully accessed for meta-analysis. The overall pooled effect of this systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated a positive association between maternal education and completion of childhood vaccination. Having a primary level of maternal education was correlated with a 1.87 times higher likelihood (95% CI 1.76–1.98) of completing childhood vaccination compared to having no education. Furthermore, attending secondary education and above was associated with a 3.47 times higher likelihood (95% CI 3.18–3.78) of completing childhood vaccination compared to having no education. This systematic review and meta-analysis study revealed that as the level of maternal education increases, the completion of childhood vaccination accelerates. Therefore, investment in maternal education should be prioritized as an intervention. Empowering mothers through education can contribute to the reduction and prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases and associated risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Risk perception plays important role in motivating preventive health behaviours. The objective of this systematic review was to explore the level of diabetes risk perception among individuals with and without apparent risk for diabetes, and to consider the effect of environmental factors on the level of diabetes risk perception. Methods: This systematic review was reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The literature search was carried out through PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Original articles written in English and published between 2013 and 2023 were considered. Study quality was appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Narrative synthesis was undertaken due to methodological heterogeneity in the included studies. Results: A total of 13 cross-sectional studies, two randomized controlled trials, two cohort studies, two mixed methods studies and one quasi-experiment with a control group were included. An overall low level of diabetes risk perception was reported particularly in those without apparent risk for diabetes. The 20 included studies reported widely varied measures for calculating diabetes risk perception. The influence of environmental factors on the risk perception of diabetes was highlighted. Limitations: The use of study-specific and non-validated measures in the included studies weakens the authors' ability to compare across studies. The role of language and publication bias within this systematic review should be acknowledged as we included only English-language studies published in peer-reviewed journals. Another limitation is the exclusion of dimensions of risk perception such as optimistic bias as search terms. Conclusion: The overall low risk perception of diabetes calls for urgent need of public health interventions to increase the risk perception of diabetes. In the future, researchers should ensure the validity and reliability of the measures being used. The influence of environmental factors on the diabetes risk perception indicates that diabetes preventive interventions targeting environmental factors may be effective in increasing the risk perception of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Design Methods Data Sources Results Conclusion To systematically investigate the effectiveness of interventions for managing workplace violence experienced by registered nursing students during clinical placement.A systematic review of experimental studies.The review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines. The key search concepts such as “Nursing students”, “Education”, “workplace violence”, “clinical placement” and “clinical study” were inspected to identify relevant articles (Appendix A). Two independent reviewers completed screening, critical appraisal and data extraction. Due to heterogeneity among the included studies, results were synthesized narratively.MEDLINE (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCOhost), Web of Science Core Collection (Clarivate Analytics), Scopus (Elsevier), Embase (Ovid), Cochrane CENTRAL, ERIC (ProQuest), ProQuest Central and ProQuest Social Science Premium Collection were searched from inception to 27th February 2023.A total of 13 studies were included in this review. The predominant intervention for managing workplace violence experienced by registered nursing students during clinical placements was education. Approaches varied among studies and included didactic teaching, e‐learning, role‐playing and simulation practice. The included studies showed uncertain improvements in registered nursing students' confidence, coping skills, knowledge, competence and self‐efficacy in dealing with workplace violence during clinical placements. Only one study assessed the incidence rate of workplace violence and found that a multi‐faceted intervention involving both staff and students decreased the incidence.Given the heterogeneity of educational interventions, the effect of interventions for managing workplace violence during students' clinical placement is uncertain. To address this gap, high‐quality, proactive and combined interventions at both institutional and organizational levels are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Globally, with a neonatal mortality rate of 27/1000 live births, Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest rate in the world and is responsible for 43% of all infant fatalities. In the first week of life, almost three-fourths of neonatal deaths occur and about one million babies died on their first day of life. Previous studies lack conclusive evidence regarding the overall estimate of early neonatal mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, this review aimed to pool findings reported in the literature on magnitude of early neonatal mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: This review's output is the aggregate of magnitude of early neonatal mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Up until June 8, 2023, we performed a comprehensive search of the databases PubMed/Medline, PubMed Central, Hinary, Google, Cochrane Library, African Journals Online, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The studies were evaluated using the JBI appraisal check list. STATA 17 was employed for the analysis. Measures of study heterogeneity and publication bias were conducted using the I2 test and the Eggers and Beggs tests, respectively. The Der Simonian and Laird random-effect model was used to calculate the combined magnitude of early neonatal mortality. Besides, subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and meta regression were carried out to identify the source of heterogeneity. Results: Fourteen studies were included from a total of 311 articles identified by the search with a total of 278,173 participants. The pooled magnitude of early neonatal mortality in sub-Saharan Africa was 80.3 (95% CI 66 to 94.6) per 1000 livebirths. Ethiopia had the highest pooled estimate of early neonatal mortality rate, at 20.1%, and Cameroon had the lowest rate, at 0.5%. Among the included studies, both the Cochrane Q test statistic (χ2 = 6432.46, P <0.001) and I2 test statistic (I2 = 99.80%, p <0.001) revealed statistically significant heterogeneity. Egger's weighted regression (p <0.001) and funnel plot show evidence of publication bias in this meta-analysis. Conclusion: This review demonstrated that the pooled magnitude of early neonatal mortality in sub-Saharan Africa is substantial. Therefore, governmental and nongovernmental agencies, international organizations, healthcare providers and institutions and academic and research institutions should give a due attention and design strategies to reduce early neonatal mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stereotype threat is a well-known construct in psychology wherein individuals who belong to a negatively stereotyped demographic group underperform on cognitive or academic tasks due to the detrimental effects of a stereotype. Many psychologists have suggested that stereotype threat may be one of the reasons that some demographic groups are underrepresented in advanced academic programs and STEM fields. However, others have raised concerns about the quality of the stereotype threat research, suggesting that its apparent effects are inflated and that the phenomenon may be an illusion of questionable research practices and publication bias. The purpose of this proposed meta-analysis is to evaluate the existence of stereotype threat by (1) identifying the average effect size of stereotype threat studies in different types of studies, (2), investigating whether publication bias and p-hacking are present in the empirical research on stereotype threat, (3) testing for the influence of theoretical and methodological moderators, (4) assessing the overall quality of the research on stereotype threat, (5) and identifying the average effect in the methodologically strongest studies. This meta-analysis will be limited to studies that report data from African Americans because this population is a theoretically important group in stereotype threat research, and the size of score gaps between the African American and non-stereotyped populations in the United States should make the stereotype threat effect easiest to detect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaboration has an essential role in memory, and how to appropriately use it to affect individual memory positively is a matter of concern. The meta‐analysis generally assessed the effect of collaboration on subsequent individual retrieval, registered on the PROSPERO platform and adhering to the PRISMA guidelines, using the Web of Science, Science Direct, CNKI and WanFang databases with post‐collaborative memory as the main subject, screened studies published up to December 31, 2023, a total of 64 studies with 101 effect sizes, including 13,398 participants from 11 countries. Heterogeneity test, sensitivity analysis, subgroup analysis and meta‐regression analysis were performed on the included studies, while publication bias was assessed. The results found that collaboration improves subsequent individual retrieval memory more than individuals, and collaboration has a moderate facilitating effect on subsequent individual retrieval. Group size, material category, category size, collaboration phase, collaboration approach, task process and test method were among the moderating variables. The study emphasizes the role of collaboration in cognition and demonstrates the post‐collaborative benefits. The conclusions are of value for developing methods to improve individual memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study sought to assess the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive utility of serum procalcitonin (PCT) in the diagnosis of pediatric osteomyelitis. Methods: A systematic computer-based search was conducted for eligible literature focusing on PCT for the diagnosis of osteomyelitis in children. Records were manually screened according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. Statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager software 5.3, Meta-disc software1.4, STATA 12.0, and R 3.4 software. Result: A total of 5 investigations were included. Of these, 148 children with osteomyelitis were tested for bacterial cultures in PCT. For PCT in the diagnosis of pediatric osteomyelitis, diagnostic meta-analysis revealed a pooled sensitivity and specificity of 0.58 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.49 to 0.68) and 0.92 (95% CI: 0.90 to 0.93) respectively. The PCT had the greatest area under the curve (AUC) at 0.80 for the diagnosis of osteomyelitis in children. The Deeks' regression test for asymmetry results indicated that there was no publication bias when evaluating publication bias (P = 0.90). Concusion: This study provided a comprehensive review of the literature on the use of PCT in pediatric osteomyelitis diagnosis. PCT may be used as a biomarker for osteomyelitis diagnosis; however, its sensitivity was low. It still needs to be validated by a large sample study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This systematic review aims to assist clinical decision-making in selecting appropriate preoperative prediction methods for difficult tracheal intubation by identifying and synthesizing literature on these methods in adult patients undergoing all types of surgery. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Comprehensive electronic searches across multiple databases were completed on March 28, 2023. Two researchers independently screened, selected studies, and extracted data. A total of 227 articles representing 526 studies were included and evaluated for bias using the QUADAS-2 tool. Meta-Disc software computed pooled sensitivity (SEN), specificity (SPC), positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR). Heterogeneity was assessed using the Spearman correlation coefficient, Cochran's-Q, and I2 index, with meta-regression exploring sources of heterogeneity. Publication bias was evaluated using Deeks' funnel plot. Results: Out of 2906 articles retrieved, 227 met the inclusion criteria, encompassing a total of 686,089 patients. The review examined 11 methods for predicting difficult tracheal intubation, categorized into physical examination, multivariate scoring system, and imaging test. The modified Mallampati test (MMT) showed a SEN of 0.39 and SPC of 0.86, while the thyromental distance (TMD) had a SEN of 0.38 and SPC of 0.83. The upper lip bite test (ULBT) presented a SEN of 0.52 and SPC of 0.84. Multivariate scoring systems like LEMON and Wilson's risk score demonstrated moderate sensitivity and specificity. Imaging tests, particularly ultrasound-based methods such as the distance from the skin to the epiglottis (US-DSE), exhibited higher sensitivity (0.80) and specificity (0.77). Significant heterogeneity was identified across studies, influenced by factors such as sample size and study design. Conclusion: No single preoperative prediction method shows clear superiority for predicting difficult tracheal intubation. The evidence supports a combined approach using multiple methods tailored to specific patient demographics and clinical contexts. Future research should focus on integrating advanced technologies like artificial intelligence and deep learning to improve predictive models. Standardizing testing procedures and establishing clear cut-off values are essential for enhancing prediction reliability and accuracy. Implementing a multi-modal predictive approach may reduce unanticipated difficult intubations, improving patient safety and outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the recognized psychological benefits of traditional dance forms, the impact of newer forms, such as pole dancing, on mental well-being and sexual self-concept remains underexplored. This protocol outlines a systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at elucidating the effects of pole dancing, a burgeoning non-pharmacological intervention, on these dimensions of mental health. Methods: This systematic review was registered in the PROSPERO. We will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis Protocol to accomplish the systematic review protocol. This review will systematically search electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Medline, and CNKI, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the impact of pole dancing on mental well-being and sexual self-concept. Two independent evaluators will screen the literature, extract data, and evaluate study quality and bias. Data synthesis will utilize Stata 14.0 and Revman 5.4, employing random-effects models. The Grading of Recommendations, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system will appraise evidence reliability, with subgroup analysis exploring heterogeneity sources. Publication bias will be assessed through funnel plots and Egger's regression tests. Discussion: This review aims to fill the gap in the current literature by providing a comprehensive evaluation of pole dancing's psychological effects. It is anticipated that this systematic review and meta-analysis will offer valuable insights for health policy and practice, advocating for the inclusion of pole dancing in mental health and sexual well-being interventions. Trial registration: Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42024529369. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains a challenging cancer to treat, especially when patients do not respond to initial immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. This systematic review aims to identify effective second-line treatments for patients who have failed first-line ICI therapy. By analyzing 27 studies involving 1970 patients, we found that both VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and ICIs can be beneficial as second-line treatments, with VEGFR TKIs showing slightly higher response rates. The findings from this research could guide oncologists in personalizing treatment strategies, ultimately improving outcomes for patients with metastatic RCC. Introduction: There is a significant gap in the literature concerning the effective management of second-line therapy for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) who have received immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Most of the published articles were small multicenter series or phase 2 studies. To our knowledge, a systematic review that comprehensively outlines the range of treatment options available for patients with metastatic RCC who do not respond to first-line ICIs has not yet been conducted. Our aim was to synthesize evidence on second-line therapies for patients with metastatic RCC after initial treatment with ICIs and to offer recommendations on the best treatment regimens based on the current literature. Material and Methods: We conducted a search in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library on 29 February 2024, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We selected articles that met the predetermined inclusion criteria (written in English, retrospective observational studies, prospective series, and randomized trials reporting second-line therapy for metastatic RCC after failure of ICI-based therapy). Relevant articles were identified in the reference lists. The main endpoint was the overall response rate (ORR), with the median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) as secondary endpoints. Results: We included 27 studies reporting the outcomes of 1970 patients. Salvage therapies were classified as targeted therapy (VEGFR TKIs) in 18 studies and ICIs in 8 studies. In studies where TKIs were the second line of choice, the pooled ORR was 34% (95% CI: 30.2–38%). In studies where ICIs, alone or in combination with TKIs, were used as second-line therapies, the ORR was 25.7% (95% CI: 15.7–39.2%). In studies where TKIs and ICIs were the second-line choices, the pooled median PFS values were 11.4 months (95% CI: 9.5–13.6 months) and 9.8 months (95% CI: 7.5–12.7 months), respectively. Conclusions: This systematic review shows that VEGFR TKIs and ICIs are effective second-line therapies following an initial treatment with anti-PD(L)1 alone or in combination. The treatment choice should be personalized, taking into account the patient's response to first-line ICIs, the site of the disease, the type of first-line combination (with or without VEGFR TKIs), and the patient's overall condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]