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In an earlier essay, I advocated that translational bioethics uses the public's values, determined through social science, in its analysis of translational science technologies. It may be unclear what those values might be, and whether such a translational ethics would necessarily conclude that cutting edge technologies should not be developed. In this essay, I show the public's values relevant to human brain organoids and argue that a translational bioethics analysis using these values would support continued organoid research.

IMPACT: This article provides insights for policy-makers and public administrators interested in public value and policy analysis. By examining the recent experience of spending reviews in Spain, the study showcases how gender and income equality can be integrated into this process. The authors identify potential trade-offs between promoting equality and ensuring fiscal sustainability, as well as the tensions that may arise between gender and income equality objectives. Public administrators and politicians will benefit from understanding the potential conflicts and trade-offs between different public values. Overall, this article underscores the necessity of comprehensive impact analysis in public policy—promoting transparency and informed decision-making that aligns with societal values and needs. This article documents the incorporation of gender and income equality references into spending reviews in Spain. This is a new direction, as spending reviews have to date mostly been employed, and studied, as instruments geared towards achieving efficiency and managing budgetary cutbacks. The article interprets and discusses this new development as a manifestation of the 'public value' movement in public administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the fact that organisational values play a pivotal role within organisations and allow for a broad differentiation between universities, little is known about the organisational values universities select to pursue, and the factors impacting the selection of specific values. Therefore, we aim in this study to explore what type of organisational values universities express in their identity claims, and whether the institutional control (public vs private) affects value selection. We analysed the mission statements (i.e., identity narratives) of 169 Turkish universities using an a priori coding approach. The results indicate that public and private universities express similar value profiles and address different pressures from stakeholders by communicating a hybrid set of values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decades, policy learning has been often viewed as a force for the common good, a process that aims at creating value for the public through problem‐solving. While learning can indeed contribute to value creation, darkness also lurks therein, where learning can also contribute to value destruction. Yet, the dark side of policy learning remains under‐explored and under‐theorized, particularly going beyond meso‐level policy and organizational failures or “mishaps.” This article draws on policy learning and value theories to conceptualize two types of policy learning failures and plot how they can contribute to the destruction of value in the public sphere: misdirected learning design failures (non‐deliberate and cybernetic) and normative failures (intentional and deontological). This is done while addressing the two key facets of value in the public sphere; public values, being the guiding principles of policymaking and governance, as well as public value, being the worth of public services delivered to the citizenry. In doing so, this contributes to the literature by addressing calls for exploring the dark side of learning, expanding our understanding of learning outcomes beyond organizational and policy level implications, and developing novel fundamental understandings of value destruction mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Populist, illiberal, or outright autocratic movements threaten democracies worldwide, particularly when such extreme political forces gain control of executive power. For public administration illiberal backsliders in government pose a dilemma. Trained on instrumental values and expected to implement neutrally the political choices of their elected superiors, bureaucrats lack orientation of how to act in situations when obeying their own government may mean becoming an accomplice to democratic regression. Against this background, this article maps the dubious demands of backsliders in government as well as the potential reactions of bureaucrats to them. Public administration thinking is subsequently examined with a view to showing how administrative resistance to democratic backsliding could be normatively justified. Finally, the article provides practical recommendations to enhance the resilience of democratic public administration in the face of illiberal challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to understand the public value of road infrastructure maintenance in Cirebon City. This research is of a quantitative descriptive type. The findings of the study show (1) that the maintenance of road infrastructure in Cirebon City has been effectively implemented. The community's assessment of road maintenance in Cirebon City based on their answers, views, knowledge, and attitudes shows satisfaction. (2) Public value is the government's public value to the community in serving the community correctly and being satisfied with the service system from the government, getting the quality that customers or consumers want is satisfied with what they want. How can the community assess the services provided. (3) The highest average value of the public value is indicator 10, which is related to "many road infrastructures that are only left damaged and not in order" which obtained an average value of 0.94% which is on the criteria that are quite good. While the smallest indicator is indicator 5, which is related to "whether the maintenance of road infrastructure is in accordance with what has been planned" with an average value of 0.73%, which is included in the category of quite good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we explore and discuss how the clustering of values in local educational governance manifests in the case of inclusion. Public values and the role that these play as mediating factors are important in local governance processes; however, they are often overlooked in empirical studies. Inclusion is interesting because it is currently one of the most dominant political aims in education. Based on extensive data from interviews with municipal administrators in Norway, the following three aspects were important in their meaning-making around inclusive education: (1) an assumed common understanding of inclusion, (2) a general approach to adaptation and (3) a broad view on school development. These largely reflected public values, such as equality and participation, rule of law and accountability, professional autonomy and innovation. However, because the values are clustered in particular ways, inclusion largely becomes a practical and didactic issue. This is important to discuss as the municipal level arguably needs to be involved in analytical discussions to enhance inclusive education. Professional autonomy and accountability are both emphasised and may create value conflicts. How public sector values are mediated and clustered with each other should be discussed, as how this is done give directions for educational practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background It is vital that health service delivery and health interventions address patients’ needs or preferences, are relevant for practice and can be implemented. Involving those who will use or deliver healthcare in priority-setting can lead to health service delivery and research that is more meaningful and impactful. This is particularly crucial in rural communities, where limited resources and disparities in healthcare and health outcomes are often more pronounced. The aim of this study was to determine the health and healthcare priorities in rural communities using a region-wide community engagement approach. Methods This multi-methods study was conducted in five rural communities in the Grampians region, Western Victoria, Australia. It involved six concept mapping steps: (1) preparation, (2) generation (brainstorming statements and identifying rating criteria), (3) structuring statements (sorting and rating statements), (4) representation of statements, (5) interpretation of the concept map and (6) utilization. Community forums, surveys and stakeholder consultations with community members and health professionals were used in Step 2. An innovative online group concept mapping platform, involving consumers, health professionals and researchers was used in Step 3. Results Overall, 117 community members and 70 health professionals identified 400 health and healthcare issues. Six stakeholder consultation sessions (with 16 community members and 16 health professionals) identified three key values for prioritizing health issues: equal access for equal need, effectiveness and impact (number of people affected). Actionable priorities for healthcare delivery were largely related to access issues, such as the challenges navigating the healthcare system, particularly for people with mental health issues; the lack of sufficient general practitioners and other health providers; the high travel costs; and poor internet coverage often impacting technology-based interventions for people in rural areas. Conclusions This study identified actionable health and healthcare priorities from the perspective of healthcare service users and providers in rural communities in Western Victoria. Issues related to access, such as the inequities in healthcare costs, the perceived lack of quality and availability of services, particularly in mental health and disability, were identified as priorities. These insights can guide future research, policy-making and resource allocation efforts to improve healthcare access, quality and equity in rural communities.

In this article, we explore and discuss how the clustering of values in local educational governance manifests in the case of inclusion. Public values and the role that these play as mediating factors are important in local governance processes; however, they are often overlooked in empirical studies. Inclusion is interesting because it is currently one of the most dominant political aims in education. Based on extensive data from interviews with municipal administrators in Norway, the following three aspects were important in their meaning-making around inclusive education: (1) an assumed common understanding of inclusion, (2) a general approach to adaptation and (3) a broad view on school development. These largely reflected public values, such as equality and participation, rule of law and accountability, professional autonomy and innovation. However, because the values are clustered in particular ways, inclusion largely becomes a practical and didactic issue. This is important to discuss as the municipal level arguably needs to be involved in analytical discussions to enhance inclusive education. Professional autonomy and accountability are both emphasised and may create value conflicts. How public sector values are mediated and clustered with each other should be discussed, as how this is done give directions for educational practices.

Background: It is vital that health service delivery and health interventions address patients' needs or preferences, are relevant for practice and can be implemented. Involving those who will use or deliver healthcare in priority-setting can lead to health service delivery and research that is more meaningful and impactful. This is particularly crucial in rural communities, where limited resources and disparities in healthcare and health outcomes are often more pronounced. The aim of this study was to determine the health and healthcare priorities in rural communities using a region-wide community engagement approach. Methods: This multi-methods study was conducted in five rural communities in the Grampians region, Western Victoria, Australia. It involved six concept mapping steps: (1) preparation, (2) generation (brainstorming statements and identifying rating criteria), (3) structuring statements (sorting and rating statements), (4) representation of statements, (5) interpretation of the concept map and (6) utilization. Community forums, surveys and stakeholder consultations with community members and health professionals were used in Step 2. An innovative online group concept mapping platform, involving consumers, health professionals and researchers was used in Step 3. Results: Overall, 117 community members and 70 health professionals identified 400 health and healthcare issues. Six stakeholder consultation sessions (with 16 community members and 16 health professionals) identified three key values for prioritizing health issues: equal access for equal need, effectiveness and impact (number of people affected). Actionable priorities for healthcare delivery were largely related to access issues, such as the challenges navigating the healthcare system, particularly for people with mental health issues; the lack of sufficient general practitioners and other health providers; the high travel costs; and poor internet coverage often impacting technology-based interventions for people in rural areas. Conclusions: This study identified actionable health and healthcare priorities from the perspective of healthcare service users and providers in rural communities in Western Victoria. Issues related to access, such as the inequities in healthcare costs, the perceived lack of quality and availability of services, particularly in mental health and disability, were identified as priorities. These insights can guide future research, policy-making and resource allocation efforts to improve healthcare access, quality and equity in rural communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Police departments around the world implement algorithmic systems to enhance various policing tasks. Ensuring such innovations take place responsibly – with public values upheld – is essential for public organisations. This paper analyses how public values are safeguarded in the case of MONOcam, an algorithmic camera system designed and used by the Netherlands police. The system employs artificial intelligence to detect whether car drivers are holding a mobile device. MONOcam can be considered a good example of value-sensitive design; many measures were taken to safeguard public values in this algorithmic system. In pursuit of responsible implementation of algorithms, most calls and literature focus on such value-sensitive design. Less attention is paid to what happens beyond design. Building on 120+ hours of ethnographic observations as well as informal conversations and three semi-structured interviews, this research shows that public values deemed safeguarded in design are re-negotiated as the system is implemented and used in practice. These findings led to direct impact, as MONOcam was improved in response. This paper thus highlights that algorithmic system design is often based on an ideal world, but it is in the complexities and fuzzy realities of everyday professional routines and sociomaterial reality that these systems are enacted, and public values are renegotiated in the use of algorithms. While value-sensitive design is important, this paper shows that it offers no guarantees for safeguarding public values in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the public values, usability, and readability attributes of national level e-government Websites in Turkey. The Website analysis included 112 sites in the E-Government Gateway. The Websites were evaluated on the basis of public values aspects of accessibility, public participation, trust and legitimacy (i.e., transparency/openness and security/privacy), dialogue, service delivery quality, and accountability. The research also aims to examine the usability of Turkey's national Websites and assess their usability using online diagnostic methods. The pages are evaluated according to a selection of usability criteria: bounce rate, design optimization, download time, Google page rank, markup validation, mobile accountability, page size, response time, traffic rank (Turkey), and traffic rank (Global). Lastly, three most popular readability measures, Flesch–Kincaid Reading Ease, Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level, and Gunning Fog Index have been used to assess readability of national level Turkish government Websites. Results reveal that the situation in Turkey is far from satisfying with regards to overall performance of e-government services. Additionally, the results of this study depicted that the usability and performance criteria are neglected in these Websites. Lastly, the study also revealed readability and security vulnerabilities in the Websites. The findings of the study have critical theoretical, practical, and policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Co-creation has become a guiding principle in public service innovation, but more knowledge is still needed on overcoming barriers and increasing the effectiveness of co-creation processes. This study explores the research circle method as a concrete methodology for co-creation, and its application within two cases involving the implementation of new services for drug death-bereaved persons in Norway based on new research-based knowledge. Method The study followed an action research design. The field notes and audio recordings were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results The analysis identified two key dimensions experienced as important for the implementation of the new services when research circles were used as a method for co-creation: 1) the inclusion of participants from different contexts and 2) support structures for service interventions. Discussion Research circles are discussed as an important support structure for promoting public value co-creation that can contribute to increasing stakeholders’ capacity for implementing services in the public system, especially when the focus is on the perspectives and interests of stakeholders, such as practitioners and management in public health and welfare services. However, the discussion also points to barriers relating to the co-creation process that need to be considered when planning research circle-based interventions.

Identifying the diverse and often competing values of citizens, and resolving the consequent public value conflicts, are of significant importance for inclusive and integrated urban development. Scholars have highlighted that relational, value-laden urban space gives rise to many diverse conflicts that vary both spatially and temporally. Although notions of public value conflicts have been conceived in theory, there are few empirical studies that identify such values and their conflicts in urban space. Building on public value theory and using a case-study mixed-methods approach, this paper proposes a new approach to empirically investigate public value conflicts in urban space. Using unstructured participatory data of 4528 citizen contributions from a Public Participation Geographic Information Systems in Hamburg, Germany, natural language processing and spatial clustering techniques are used to identify areas of potential value conflicts. Four expert interviews assess and interpret these quantitative findings. By integrating quantitative assessments with the qualitative findings of the interviews, we identify 19 general public values and nine archetypical conflicts. On the basis of these results, this paper proposes a new conceptual model of 'Public Value Spheres' that extends the understanding of public value conflicts and helps to further account for the value-laden nature of urban space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study argues that policymaking guided by public values can help to secure public benefit in technology implementation, for two reasons. Firstly, the emergence and deliberation over plural values can result in more publicly beneficial outcomes; secondly, public values establish the meaningful link between public interest and policy goals. We explore the value bases of arguments around the societal implementation of autonomous vehicles through interviews with professionals. Mapping values on a conceptual model with two dimensions of recognition-neglect and consensus-dissensus, we find that a limited set of values receives recognition, while two distinct sets are contested or neglected almost entirely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports findings from a survey of public-sector urban planners in India. The survey attempts to gauge planners' opinions on the importance of planning values in everyday decisions and the degree to which these values are delivered in practice. In-depth interviews were used to validate the survey results and investigate themes further. The study presents a nuanced and contextualized analysis of the attitudes and mindsets of planners. It is expected that the study will initiate a discourse on planning values in India and encourage planners to confront the full implications of their decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is broad scholarly agreement that successful collaborative governance relies on supportive institutional design and facilitative leadership. However, there is a need to increase our understanding of how institutional design and leadership are used to pursue and balance conflicting public values. This article discusses an in-depth case study of a Norwegian municipality's collaborative governance efforts in designing and leading a circular economy project. The results show how taking on a leadership role as a sponsor influences decisions regarding institutional design in terms of the inclusion of actors. The municipality committed to an open approach to inclusion, which challenged the opportunity to act the leadership role as a mediator by increasing the interests that needed to be aligned. In line with a contingency approach to collaborative governance the study suggests that different leadership roles and institutional design features are required for the pursuit of different values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We develop a novel citizen-centred multi-dimensional approach to public value creation in regional policy. Drawing on 47 citizen focus groups in 16 European regions, public values are analysed through an interpretative comparative approach. Goal attainment is a positive and widely held value. However, evaluations of institutional performance and democratic values are more negative. The findings have significant implications for public value management. We propose a five C's public value creation framework emphasizing coherence across public values and the communication and co-creation of public value sustained through capacity building and continuous feedback. Implications for public value theory, European regional policy and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that the meanings of public values can vary significantly across different settings, given their abstract nature. Despite this knowledge, however, the public values literature has not significantly examined the official meanings of public values in their local setting. Against this backdrop, on the basis of a translation perspective we examine the context-specific meanings of 219 public values as defined by the core values statements of 61 Nordic central government agencies. We show variation and patterns in the meanings, emphasizing how the meanings vary depending on whether the values are translated into (1) a work and service delivery theme, (2) an internal relations theme and (3) an external relations theme. Through these findings, the study highlights the importance of taking into consideration the official meanings of agency core values for understanding the relationship between public values and administrative behaviour. Points for practitioners: The findings from this study inform public managers and administrators of the possible variation in the official meanings that could be attributed to core values. They suggest that public managers should carefully consider how they want their agency's core values to be understood by the employees. Specifically, when translating core values, public managers are advised to assess whether the signifiers they use to translate the values should guide work and service delivery, internal relations or external relations, respectively, or a combination. By drawing attention to the intended meanings of core values, the findings create increased awareness of how different translations of core values implicate different administrative behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This commentary on the article "Different strokes for different folks? The translation of public values into official meanings" considers the merits of the authors' arguments and offers several recommendations for researchers interested in public values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is guided by the question of how public organizations can adapt to include citizens as co-producers of public values. To answer it, eleven researchers and civil servants, all involved in the transformation of a collaborative platform encompassing a university and four different public organizations, formed a collaborative and boundaryspanning author. Building on personal expertise and situated organizational experiences we conclude that public organizations do not adapt except for specific confined areas where they can still control and command outcomes important to them. Hence, public organizations struggle to become co-producers of new public values. From the process, we also conclude that academics and civil servants together writing an academic article cannot be viewed as a fertile common ground for equal collaboration and co-production. Nevertheless, it might still work as an interesting boundary-spanning activity for arriving at shared understandings and important insights on for instance why organizational moves from intended to actual involvement appear difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its usefulness for analysing the social equity footprint of policies and documenting citizens' experiences of accessing social services, the present conceptualisation of administrative burden does not differentiate between necessary and unnecessary administrative burdens. As existing research tends to focus only on negative aspects of administrative burdens, it does not adequately account for their use as a countervailing force to achieve legitimate public values and prevent misuse of public resources. Using a public values accounting approach, this article outlines a framework to analyse the costs and benefits associated with public service delivery. In this formulation, administrative burden conceptualised as the monetary, time and psychological costs experienced by relevant stakeholders are balanced against specific public value benefits that a policy is supposed to achieve. In addition to allowing a more balanced analysis of costs and benefits associated with different policies, this approach helps identify illegitimate administrative burdens, that do not contribute to achieving relevant public values or can be reduced without compromising relevant public values. This approach not only contributes to adding more nuance and dimensionality to the theory of administrative burden but also increases its relevance to policymakers and other stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article assesses how changing paradigms of public administration have been reflected in public sector human resources management over time. It finds that large-scale reform acts, such as the Pendleton Act or the Civil Service Reform Act and the National Performance Review reflected the "ideals" of the rule-following bureaucrat of the Old Public Administration (OPA) and of the result-seeking entrepreneur of New Public Management (NPM). However, the advocate, empath, and networker of New Public Administration (NPA) and New Public Service (NPS) has not been pursued through similarly encompassing reform efforts. While gradual changes such as a more representative bureaucracy and increased collaborative governance have paved the way for a deeper integration of NPA and NPS values into human resource policy and practice, more efforts are needed to promote advocates, empaths, and networkers as the core of the "new" public service. We conclude by making some tentative suggestions in this direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The institute of twin cities faces serious challenges due to the developing international crisis, when urban diplomacy, and successful practices of interstate civil cooperation, perceived for decades as unshakable and value-oriented, have been subjected to “suspension” or “cancellation”. On the other hand, the territorial changes of 2022, the entry of new territories into Russia, and the establishment of twinning relations between Russian cities and the cities of the Donbass region give the twin cities institute a new meaning and important political and cultural value. The formation and development of the twin cities’ axiosphere is an important factor in the development of interregional cooperation and the “linking” of Russian territories. The research is interdisciplinary. It deals with various issues of public policy, social philosophy, cultural studies, ethics, and economics. We discuss the specifics of a developing digital society and consider issues of regional governance from the standpoint of the axiological approach. The authors note the importance of civic initiatives and movements, social media, whose activities are aimed at maintaining the social sphere and forming a digital environment of trust, at intensifying urban, civic network cooperation as a counterbalance to the aggressive network practices of modern anti-Russian narratives.

Copyright of Central European Public Administration Review is the property of University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Public Administration and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) requires banks to grant low-income communities access to credit. Federal agencies monitor CRA activity and rate banks on compliance. As an economic development tool, the CRA supports private investment of public outcomes. This paper uses qualitative content analysis to examine bank and nonprofit comments regarding proposed CRA rule changes and bank shareholder reports through the lens of the realized publicness framework, to explore how banks express public values. This study finds that banks espouse public values, but that the context of those values is not aligned with community nonprofit values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heritage is a public value, which is determined by many other values. These values can be mutually dependent and reinforcing, but can also displace or nullify each other. As public values are arguments, this can result in discursive struggles when discussing whether something should be valued as 'heritage'. It turns out that the proponents of so-called 'social values' often lose such battles. Why is it that precisely their arguments are so vulnerable? In seeking an answer to this question, it is illuminating to look at discursive struggles from the perspective of Herbert Gottweis' Argumentative Policy Analysis. It is by applying his rendering of Aristotle's categories of 'logos', 'pathos' and 'ethos' that we discover that proponents of social values, unlike exponents of an 'Authorized Heritage Discourse', are often less capable of constructing a logically consistent and convincing narrative. This also affects their ability to appeal to the emotions of the public ('pathos'). Having less legitimacy than government-backed experts they also lack 'ethos'. If social values were 'lived' by a community, they could be much stronger. Yet, as they often do not exist 'out there', but need to be constructed during discursive struggles, they are perceived as less authentic, consequently less convincing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Typologies like Ian Barbour's have been widely used—and critiqued—in religion‐and‐science. Several alternatives have been proposed by, for example, John Haught, Willem Drees, Mikael Stenmark, and Shoaib Ahmed Malik. However, there has been a surprising deficit in discussion of what we wish typologies to do in religion and science in the first place. In this article, I provide a general analysis of typologies in religion‐and‐science by (1) providing a classification of existing typologies as conclusion‐ or concept‐oriented; (2) showing that typologies are used, or expected to be used, as first‐order categorizations of how religion and science are related and as second‐order classifications of scholars/scholarly works; (3) discussing several aims which we might want typologies to achieve in their second‐order usage; and (4) presenting a new kind of typology focused on the methods used by scholars which achieves those aims in a unique way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of European Journal of Social Work is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Epitope compatibility in deceased donor kidney allocation is an emerging area of precision medicine (PM), seeking to improve compatibility between donor kidneys to transplant candidates in the hope of avoiding kidney rejection. Though the potential benefits of using epitope compatibility are promising, the implied modification of deceased organ allocation criteria requires consideration of significant clinical and ethical trade-offs. As a matter of public policy, these trade-offs should consider public values and preferences. We invited members of the Canadian public to participate in a deliberation about epitope compatibility in deceased donor kidney transplantation; to identify what is important to them and to provide recommendations to policymakers. Methods An online public deliberation was conducted with members of the Canadian public, in which participants were asked to construct recommendations for policymakers regarding the introduction of epitope compatibility to kidney allocation criteria. In the present paper, a qualitative analysis was conducted to identify the values reflected in participants’ recommendations. All virtual sessions were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using NVivo 12 software. Results Thirty-two participants constructed nine recommendations regarding the adoption of epitope compatibility into deceased donor kidney allocation. Five values were identified that drove participants’ recommendations: Health Maximization, Protection/Mitigation of Negative Impacts, Fairness, Science/Evidence-based Healthcare, and Responsibility to Maintain Trust. Conflicts between these values were discussed in terms of operational principles that were required for epitope compatibility to be implemented in an acceptable manner: the needs for Flexibility, Accountability, Transparent Communication and a Transition Plan. All nine recommendations were informed by these four principles. Participant deliberations were often dominated by the conflict between Health Maximization and Fairness or Protection/Mitigation of Negative Impacts, which was discussed as the need for Flexibility. Two additional values (Efficient Use of Resources and Logic/Rationality) were also discussed and were reasons for some participants voting against some recommendations. Conclusions Public recommendations indicate support for using epitope compatibility in deceased donor kidney allocation. A flexible approach to organ allocation decision-making may allow for the balancing of Health Maximization against maintaining Fairness and Mitigating Negative Impacts. Flexibility is particularly important in the context of epitope compatibility and other PM initiatives where evidence is still emerging.

Corporatization is a trend in local public service delivery. However, research into how public values can be preserved after corporatization has lacked. This study analyses what factors underlie the presence of 'public values' in municipally owned corporations (MOCs). I find that the best predictor of stewardship to society in MOCs is their strategic managerial autonomy. This finding challenges the literature on public value failure, which argues that government by proxy should lead to lesser public values. Instead, it is plausible that increasing autonomy after corporatization can shield service delivery from political rent-seeking, which can protect public values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What do citizens want? How do citizens think public servants should behave? Although such questions seem straightforward, little is known about the values citizens expect public servants to uphold. This paper therefore identifies such values through extensive coding of qualitative data from representative samples of United States (n = 395), Dutch (n = 369), and South Korean (n = 379) citizens. Surprisingly, and contrasting to assumptions in the literature on citizen satisfaction, citizens hardly value effectiveness, efficiency, and accountability. In contrast, we found that the top three universal values that citizens desire from public servants are serviceability, responsiveness, and dedication. These values are generic across countries, age, gender, and education level. However, some values are more important in some countries than in others. These differences show the influence of a country's longstanding public administrative tradition and its current situation. Our findings challenge scholars and government officials to rethink what citizens want from their civil servants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]