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The project to create innovation cities is part of the national innovation strategy developed since 2009, and of Law No. 01.00 on the organization of higher education which allowed to adopt judicious programs relating to the valorization of research and innovation within the universities. Therefore, to promote the valorization of research and to make society benefit from its results, various initiatives have been initiated. These initiatives gave birth to the Innovation Cities project. This project was designed around the axes of governance, regulatory framework, infrastructure, financing, support, and talent mobilization. Nevertheless, despite the results obtained, in terms of innovation and valorization of scientific research and also in terms of development of the entrepreneurial culture, difficulties hinder the management and governance of these complex ecosystems. As a result, the expected objectives could not be reached. The problematic posed is to question the difficulties encountered which are more related to the lack of adequate governance mode for this kind of structures allowing them to be able to release energies and promote innovation. In which, we will, in the first step, identify the difficulties due to the lack of efficient governance, and in the second step, show the different possible scenarios, proposed within the framework of the European Erasmus+ INSITES project "Institutionalization of Innovation and Knowledge Transfer Structures," in view of the requirement of the missions of the cities of innovation and of the regulation in force, to implement an enlightened, transparent and quality governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: This review article discusses the studies concerning advances in radiotherapy of high-grade gliomas published in the second half of 2021. Methods: A literature search was performed in PubMed using the terms ("gliom* and radio*") and time limits 1 July 2021–31 December 2021. The articles were then manually selected for relevance to the analyzed topics. Results: Considerable progress has been made in the preclinical field on the mechanisms of radioresistance and radiosensitization of high-grade gliomas (HGG). However, fewer early-phase (I/II) clinical trials have been performed and, of the latter, even fewer have produced results that justify moving to phase III. In the 6‑month period under consideration, no studies were published that would lead to a change in clinical practice and the overall survival (OS) of patients remained similar to that of 2005, the year in which it increased significantly for the last time thanks to introduction of the alkylating agent temozolomide. Conclusion: After 17 years of stalemate in improving the OS of patients with HGG, an in-depth analysis of the causes should be carried out in order to identify whether the research efforts conducted so far, including in the radiotherapeutic field, have been the most effective or require improvement. In our opinion, in addition to the therapeutic difficulties related to the biology of HGG tumors (e.g., high infiltrating capacity, multiple resistance mechanisms, blood–brain barrier), some public research policy choices may also play a role, especially in consideration of the limited interest of the pharmaceutical industry in the field of rare cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research has as main objective to analyze the behavior and the importance of agricultural diversification for Brazil, considering its States, for the period from 2002 to 2018. We will propose an analytical model to make it possible to identify the determinants of agricultural diversification in Brazil. Empirically, the study estimates an SLX model using panel data and considers the spillover effects, highlighting the importance of location and neighborhood. The study's findings indicate a continued decline in crop diversity with a strong tendency to productive specialization in Brazilian agriculture, mainly in the states located in the Midwest and South regions of the country. The average growth rates of the indices presented negative values for the analysis period: − 0.41% per year for the Simpson index, − 0.58% per year for the Shannon index, and − 0.91% per year for the effective number of crops. It is important to note that some states are allocating practically the entire agricultural area to three or four dominant crops. As for the determinants of agricultural diversification, the results for Brazil are in line with the specialized literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Purpose/Significance] This paper aims to extract the development and transformation factors of supporting embedded resource services, focusing on the dynamic elements of the service upgrading era. It is necessary to further study the embedded service function mode of "public research" in the digital environment of university libraries. [Method/Process] Combined with the dimensions of "new quality of performances, new academic characteristics, new energy of spaces, new perspective of culture, and new intention of cooperation", this paper explores the service effect of sharing and exchanging feasibility of resource as information carriers, forms the theme element of continuous sharing and exchanges with the consideration of embedded service systems, guides the embedded service concepts, comprehensively plans and designs the fast key mode of digital services, and finds a new way out to serve the development and construction of information resources in universities.[Results/Conclusions] This paper takes the concept of mass research as the research starting point, the embedded service as the combination point, the enhancement of academic and exchange as the content principle, and proposes the function display channel suitable for university library resource services, reflecting the service function and value orientation of universities and libraries in the information age.

The development of the urban planning and architectural design model of the 'sober city' in France relates to putting the energy sobriety issue on the political agenda. From the watchwords disseminated through thermal regulations, energy performance labels and construction standards, energy becomes a determining element in the production, design and management process of the sustainable city. This evolution corresponds to the moment of public action known as the energy transition, where institutional expectations in terms of energy sobriety and proposals for solutions from private and industrial players meet on a French urban scale. In this context, the irruption of sobriety issues in research on the sustainable city is not without effect. Nor is the place taken by engineers in the allocation of public funding on this issue. In just a few years, it has led to an operational and prospective turn in research. This article wishes to question the incentive to take part in interdisciplinary and operational research that the Human and Social Sciences (HSS) are subject to when energy becomes a research subject in urban studies. The HSS are then in charge of initiating the transformation of the inhabitants' behaviours to the benefit of the technical solutions mobilized, disseminating the criteria of a "well-living" in the city. The request for usefulness addressed to the HSS is related to a moral conception of living, with an important ideological component.

This article estimates the regional economic effects of public research activities. In order to identify the underlying transmission channels from knowledge creation to the regional environment, the empirical identification strategy goes beyond traditional partial effects analyses and studies the complex linkages between public research, innovativeness, and regional development on the basis of a structural vector autoregressive model. A particular focus is thereby set on assessing whether the effects of local public research activity differ by the type of research actors (universities, technical colleges, and public research institutes). The empirical results indicate that an increase in the volume of (public) third-party funding to technical colleges is associated with a rise in the regional investment and employment rate as well as the human capital stock. Increasing public third-party funding to both universities and technical colleges positively affects the regional patent activity, the employment rate, and per workforce output. In comparison, the empirical results provide limited evidence for regional economic effects stemming from an increase in local knowledge creation measured in terms of scientific publications. Here, only variations in the publication rate of public research institutes can be linked to positive private sector investment and employment effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the relationship between public research and radical technological development. This study draws on the theory of recombinant innovation and builds on two newly developed indicators of novelty that proxy different forms of radicalness, to analyse UK patents filed at the European Patent Office. It assesses whether the proximity of the invention to public research is related to a higher probability of the invention being radical. The results show that, depending on the type of novelty embodied by the radical invention (novelty in recombination or novelty in technological origin), different forms of public research output (proprietary output or open science) relate to the radicalness of invention in different ways. Moreover, these relationships are highly heterogeneous among technological sectors, and most of the proximity between codified public research and radical inventions occurs in the chemistry technology field. We provide some implications for policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy focus gives scientists an incentive to pursue specific research subjects and influences a trend of scientific research. This study examines how public grant is allocated for stem cell research in Japan and shows that scientists are likely to advance their research toward the direction led by policy. Since Japanese scientists discovered a method to generate induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) in 2006, public financial and institutional support has skewed toward iPSC. The 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for iPSC has also had an impact on policy and scientists' selection of stem cells. Scientists in the top universities are likely to select iPSC research. In addition, iPSC research obtains more amount of public grant funding than other stem cell research. However, scientists' age has no relevant impact on selecting iPSC research. Finally, this study concludes that targeted public funding skews knowledge portfolio by scientists in a nascent field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the effects of public research (publications) and research and education subsidies on regional structural strength. To this end it takes new approaches in two respects: First, we use a vector auto-regressive (VAR) model to detect reciprocal effects. Second, we introduce a new measure for structural strength based on the regions' industrial composition. We find that the effects of public research and public subsidies differ depending on the location's innovativeness. Both scientific activity and public subsidies are found to have positive effects on regional structural strength in less innovative and economically weak regions, but low or even negative effects in economically strong regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, by analysing technology attributes, examines the degree to which companies build on environmental technologies generated by public research organisations (PROs) to develop the related technological solutions. Three main technology attributes have been considered: (i) the level of establishment, (ii) the scope of application, and (iii) the technological breadth. We have then developed three hypotheses about the influence exerted by these characteristics and have chosen the green energy as the field of investigation. The analysis is based on a sample of 4363 green energy patents registered by PROs at the United States Patent and Trademark Office in the 1976–2011 period. The results of a set of Tobit regression have revealed that the level of establishment, the scope of application and the technological breadth of public environmental technologies are positively related to the technological development of an industry. Hence, these findings can help advance the current debate on whether the green outputs of public research can stimulate firms to generate environmental technologies. • To what degree firms innovate by relying on PROs' green energy technologies is analysed. • The attributes of green energy technologies developed by PROs are considered. • Results are based on a sample of 4363 green energy patents and related information. • The attributes of public technologies affect industry technological development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public research including universities and research institutes is an important source of innovation. This paper describes how a performance feedback model explains the conditions under which firms source external knowledge through universities and research institutes. In the U.S. medical device industry, we show that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between performance below aspirations and knowledge sourcing from public research. Furthermore, we find that firms respond to historical aspirations more sensitively than social aspirations, and slack resources tend to attenuate the relationship between performance below historical aspirations and knowledge sourcing from public research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing the role of publicly funded scientific research in entrepreneurial ecosystems is of great interest for science and entrepreneurship policy. Knowledge from academic research flows into the private sector through publications, patents, and researcher mobility as well as through direct interactions between founders and researchers at public research institutions (PRIs). New technology-based firms (NTBFs) are generally praised for high innovativeness despite their resource constraints and liability of newness. This study therefore investigates the impact of direct interactions with PRIs on NTBFs' innovation success. In a large sample of NTBFs in Germany, we find that those firms engaging in such knowledge interactions are more likely to introduce new products and services to the market. The strength of this association, however, depends on interaction persistency, internal R&D and the founders' academic backgrounds. Non-academic start-ups benefit more from continuous informal interactions if they pursue own R&D, which suggests that absorptive capacity matters. In academic start-ups, higher intensities of both formal and informal interactions are associated with greater innovation likelihood. Moreover, continuous informal interactions complement formal ones in the absence of own R&D activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examines the impact of collaboration in research and development (R&D) on technological innovation in emerging and developing countries. For this purpose, we use data on R&D expenditures performed by the public sector and funded by the business sector and R&D expenditures performed by the business sector and funded by abroad for R&D collaboration, while technological innovation is measured by US patent applications. Linear regressions are applied on data for 22 countries during the period 2006-2013. Findings show that both types of collaboration increases the innovation level. The main conclusion of our study is that the promotion of R&D cooperation between all sectors of the economy is an effective instrument of innovation policy in European countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As efforts to commercialize university research outputs continue, critics charge that universities and university scientists are failing to live up to their public-interest purpose. In this paper, I discuss the distinctions between public-interest and private-interest research institutions and how commercialization of university science may be undermining the public interest. I then use Jürgen Habermas's concept of communicative action as the foundation for efforts to establish public spaces for ethical deliberation among scientists and university administrators. Such ethical deliberation is necessary to facilitate discussion on whether public-interest science should be the research university's primary purpose and what institutional rules and resources are needed to honor that purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the information sources that companies use to innovate. The analysis compares two science-oriented sources of information (universities and public research institutes) with two market-oriented sources (clients and suppliers). The analysis demonstrates the importance of motivations as determinants of the sources of information used. Adding motivations to the established ‘structural’ explanations provides a new way of capturing companies’ search for information and emphasises thedirectionrather than thebreadthof the search process. The results of this analysis also have implications both for policy-making and for companies’ managers, which are discussed in the paper’s conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]