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We are entering a period of abrupt and irreversible environmental change. Currently dominant assumptions about what is politically appropriate and realistic will be obliterated as vast masses of people find the conditions for their collective survival annihilated in coming decades. This article argues that it is imperative we deepen the debate about strategies to provoke revolutionary ruptures within the fossil‐capitalist world system. We need viable strategies to generalize mutual aid and disaster communism, and these strategies must provide concrete solutions to the intersecting climate crises on different scales, from the local to the global. The abolition of fossil capital through the building of counterpower—in all senses of that term—should be a key strategic priority of the global movement for ecosocialism. The article discusses the Public Power NY campaign, which has established itself as a potent counterpower within the corporate‐dominated US energy system. Constituted on the heels of the campaign's legislative success, the Public Power Observatory is an interdisciplinary formation dedicated to monitoring and building this counterpower and, in so doing, reclaiming the energy commons. The article discusses some of the suite of transmedia tools currently being developed by the Public Power Observatory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The constitutional reform of 2020 made it relevant to develop a doctrinal and legal description of public power. The existing interpretations of its legal nature are often different, even mutually exclusive. This situation makes it necessary to expand the methodological foundations behind the theoretical model of public power. The author identified public power based on the differences in philosophy, management theory, political science, and sociology, on the one hand, and constitutional studies, on the other. The hypothesis of the cyclical development of constitutional law, both as a branch of law and as a science, made it possible to reconstruct the ideas of public power in the Russian doctrine of constitutional law at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries. These ideas proved systematic and logically complete because they interpreted public power as a special subjective right implemented by the community. The concepts of public power in the national constitutional studies demonstrated continuity, especially against V. E. Chirkin’s collectivist theory of public power. However, the importance of public understanding of the legal nature of public power remains underestimated. This flaw is also typical of the latest theoretical models of public power, which were affected by the constitutional reform of 2020, as demonstrated by some recent federal laws.

It is indicated that the construction «constitutionalism» has quite firmly entered the circulation of modern science. The term «constitutionalism» has a humanitarian etymology, but today it is also actively used in the natural sciences. At the same time, the category «constitutionalism» mainly appears in humanities, and its most intensive use is carried out in legal science. It is noted that almost every modern state has a constitution in the sense of a constitutional structure and established procedures for conducting economic, social, political, legal and other affairs. But the existence of a constitution in the state does not allow us to speculate about its constitutionality. Despite this, the constitutionality of the state is by no means exhausted by the fact that there is a basic law in it, perhaps which establishes a certain compromise of sociopolitical forces, which establishes one or another state system and competence of authorities. Constitutionality is not limited to the fact that this basic law has a real and practical supremacy over the rest of the laws and can be changed only through a special law-making procedure. These are necessary but insufficient features of constitutionalism. A state can have a constitution, but there can be no constitutionalism, and vice versa. The authors conclude that, despite all the differences between the above models of constitutionalism, there are general principles that allow us to describe constitutionalism as a legal principle, namely: 1) the supremacy of legal laws and among them the constitution as the basic law; 2) legal guarantees of a person's rights and freedoms; 3) institutional and legal organization of state power (horizontal and vertical distribution). Moreover, it is worth noting that the universality of these principles is connected precisely with the transition of Western society from a religious worldview to a rational picture of the world as early as the Renaissance and the New Age, which changes a person's perception of the state and society, with the design of a classical liberal type of civil society, the emergence autonomous personality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction. Legal regulation in the fi eld of local self-government has been carried out by the key Federal Law “On the General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation" for twenty years. It is periodically criticized due to numerous adjustments, and, after the 2020 amendments to the Russian Constitution, its “resignation” was already predicted. However, the bill prepared to replace it did not stand up to criticism and died out in the State Duma. Against this background, there is a reason to comprehend and evaluate the current law from the standpoint of the relevance of extending its “legal life”. Theoretical analysis. It has been revealed that, from its inception, local self-government has undergone numerous changes dictated by the needs of the state. They are based on the balance of interests of central and local authorities. Historical and legal research has shown the trend during the period of zemstvo reforms in monarchical Russia. After a long Soviet period of oblivion, at the end of the last century there was a revival of local government on the democratic basis. The Basic Law of the State of 1993 reflected the independence of local self-government, as well as not entirely justified rule on the separation of its bodies from state ones, which influenced further legislative regulation that was subject to frequent changes. Results. The clearly manifested desire of the legislator to bring local self-government closer to the general system of government for the coordinated interaction of all levels of government became a logical step towards the constitutional consolidation of the institution of public power. The authors’ conclusion was that under these conditions, the resource of the current Federal Law “On the General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” is not exhausted.

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On April 25-29, 2022, an All-Russian conference with international participation “Problems and Prospects for the Development of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation and Foreign Countries” was held at the Law Institute of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia on the basis of the Department of Municipal Law. More than 200 scientists and practicing lawyers from the Russian Federation and foreign countries took part in the Conference. The Conference has acquired a traditional character and is being held for the sixth time. The 2022 conference was marked by a significant increase in the number of participants from different Russian regions, mostly by state and municipal employees. The additional relevance of the conference was caused by the ongoing municipal reform in Russia, designed to concretize the provisions of the 2020 constitutional reform. Besides reports by leading scientists and practitioners, the Conference included a student section “Young Scientist”, as well as a scientific seminar in Spanish on the topic “Decentralization in the framework of Peruvian constitutionalism”. Presents a general description of the conference, and the contents of the plenary meetings and sessions.

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The author analysis of the state of research of the sub-institutes of individual representative bodies. The author starts with the fact that this group of studies is the most extensive in the science of constitutional law, because the subject of constitutional law is traditionally considered to be two groups of social relations, which are significant in terms of their volume - these are the foundations of the legal status of the individual and the foundations of constitution systems of public authorities. It is within the scope of the second group of social relations that all representative bodies of public power in Ukraine are investigated. And therefore, conducting a detailed review of the state of research of the sub-institute of representative bodies of public power within the scope of this work seems ineffective. The modern Ukrainian literature in constitutional law lacks monographical researches, when it comes about the representative bodies as they are -dedicated separately to the Parliament, to the Head of the state, to the local councils and to the Heads of the territorial collectives. There are some researches on these topics, but most of them are rather old - so, both of the four topics require 'refreshing'. The absence of such researches creates certain difficulties for the scientists, that analyze the indirect democracy in general. As for the works, mentioned in this article, the author summarizes that not all authors, when researching representative bodies, pay due attention to their representative character. But works in which researchers "focus" on a more detailed analysis of the creation and especially the functioning of representative bodies is also useful for researchers of the institution of representative democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undoubtedly, when solving the issue of early termination of the powers of the body of self-organization of the population, it will be necessary to be guided by the basic law, but the existence of a situation in which one legislative act defines some grounds, and another provides a broader list, in our opinion, creates problems of violation of legal technique when solving this issue. In our opinion, these grounds should be either identical, or in the matter of regulating the administrative-legal status of self-organization bodies, the Law of Ukraine «On Local Self-Government in Ukraine», in terms of early termination of powers, should contain blanket norms. At the same time, the legislator must in any case settle this issue in order to avoid double interpretation of this provision. Therefore, the bodies of self-organization of the population are an independent institution of local self-government, the activity of which is aimed at building an effective and developed public environment within the boundaries of the defined administrative-territorial unit independently by residents and their representatives to improve the quality of life, provide housing and communal and other services, improve the state socio-cultural, infrastructural development of the territory and acceptance of active participation in the co-design of development programs. Peculiarities of self-organization bodies: 1) they are a tool of local democracy; 2) take an active part in the implementation of the reform of decentralization and access to resources; 3) ensure control and quality of services for residents of the respective unit; 4) are in permanent and close relationship with village, settlement and city councils; 5) maximally take into account the needs of the local community and defend them in cooperation with public authorities; 6) contribute to a more active solution of local problems and contribute to the development of this territory.

Background. The work is devoted to the study of the constitutional foundations of organizing the local self-government in the Russian Federation. Various approaches to understanding the category of “constitutional foundations” are revealed. The category “constitutional foundations of local self-government” is studied, their structure and content are determined. The comparison of the national constitutional foundations of local selfgovernment with the European approach to the definition of local self-government is carried out. The approaches of regional legislators to the understanding of local selfgovernment are analyzed. Local self-government is considered as a part of public power in Russia. The necessity of reformation of the entire system of legislation on local selfgovernment is determined. The necessity of creating models of local self-government in the subjects of the Russian Federation, taking into account the peculiarities of each region, is emphasized. The purpose of the study is to study the problems of determining the constitutional foundations of the organization of local self-government in the Russian Federation. Materials and methods. The work uses dialectical, formal-legal, logical, comparative-legal and other methods of cognition. Results. The constitutional basis is a set of legal norms, institutions, principles enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which determine the possibility of legal regulation of the corresponding types of public relations. The solution to the problem of attributing various legal norms to constitutional norms is, firstly, to determine the correlation of these norms with the level of social development and, secondly, to what extent the mechanism of legal regulation through constitutional norms will be developed in the legislation of Russia, as well as in all areas of law enforcement practice. Conclusions. The entire system of legal regulation of local self-government should be formed from the rules of conduct established by the constitutional foundations. The system of constitutional foundations of local self-government consists of: the public foundations of legal policy in the field of local self-government, the foundations of the legal status of local self-government bodies and officials, the foundations of the public division of spheres of government between state and local self-government bodies, the foundations of the relationship and interaction of levels of public power (state and municipalnoah). The development and subsequent development of the concept of local self-government should be built initially with the definition of its constitutional foundations, which are a system of legal norms and institutions regulating all types of public relations existing in the organization and activities of municipal public authorities. The hierarchical model of legal regulation of local self-government in the Russian Federation consists of five constituent elements. The European Charter of the Local Self-Government is an integral part of the legal system of Russia and in accordance with it, the Russian model of local self-government was built. National legislation has its own peculiarities on the regulation of local self-government. Today, in the course of reforming local self-government in Russia, the continuity of the approach to defining approaches to the concept of local self-government remains, and an important sign of local self-government remains that this is an activity where selfmanagement takes place.

Nowadays a lot of attention in Ukraine is given to the activity of the local self-government bodies. The aim of the article is to give the list of the representative bodies of local self-government (municipal bodies) in Ukraine and to propose how the relevant constitutional regulation might be improved. The author uses legal synthesis, legal analysis, deductive, inductive, comparative (historical perspectives - so called 'vertical' comparison) and hermeneutical methods; the article researches the issue based on the antropocentrical and axiological methodological approaches The author analyses Ukrainian constitutional developments in the democracy's regulation, then pays attention to the theoretical aspects of democracy's classifications. The last part of this article covers the current problems of the representative bodies of local government in Ukraine: namely, their nomenclature. The author argues that the Ukrainian self-organizes bodies of population can't be recognized as "representative bodies" (despite the adjectives in the name of the analyzed institute of constitutional law and the analyzed group of bodies). But they probably have a public nature - because they are an element of the system of local self-government in Ukraine. The author invites municipalists to the discussion and argues the own directions of the future researches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of the article is to give the state of the art, when it comes about the representative democracy in research of Ukrainian constitutionalists. Using the axiological and antropocentrical methodological approaches and the legal analysis, legal synthesis, inductive, deductive, comparative, hermeneutical and sociological methods, the author analyses the doctrinal provisions on such problems as: a) people's sovereignty and the mechanism of its implementation by public power: theoretical and legal aspect (researched at the monographic level by Ya. S. Bohiv); b) realization of the principle of national sovereignty in Ukraine: theoretical and legal aspect (analyzed at the monographic level by O.O. Skrypnyuk); c) people's sovereignty in the political and legal construction of the modern state (researched at the monographic level by O.V. Shcherbanyuk). The article shows the gaps in the state of art and the author proposes the directions for the future researches in the field based on the current political situation in Ukraine. The author invites constitutionalists to the doctrinal discussion and argues the own directions of the future researches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cases of marine environmental pollution (MEP), such as condensate leakage in the Sanchi case, not only directly infringe on private personal health and property rights, but also cause serious damage to the marine ecological environment. This paper analyzes dozens of MEP cases and summarizes the typical rights, interests, and remedies under Chinese law. Traditional tort liability legislation remedies the problem of infringement of private interests by environmental torts through compensation and punitive damages but it cannot reverse the damage to the marine ecological environment. Traditional civil legislation is built on the basis of rights and interests regarding damages and relief. MEP infringes on a wide range of citizens' environmental rights and should be addressed by the environmental public interest litigation (EPIL), which is an important way to protect citizens' environmental rights. This paper analyzes the legal interests, relief measures, and limitations of the existing EPIL legislation that is applicable to MEP cases under Chinese law, so as to make corresponding legislative suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article emphasizes that in the context of reforming the legal system, it is necessary to consider not a legal doctrine, but a law doctrine focused on the organic unity of the state and law, in which law is a necessary form of state functioning. At the same time, the concept of “legal doctrine” is not denied, but it must be defined in relation to the concept of “law doctrine”. It is claimed that the concept of law doctrine reflects the need for the existence of an official position of the subject of the implementation of political and legal reforms regarding approaches, principles, ideas and provisions that determine the purpose, directions and methods of state-legal construction and which form the basis of the legal policy of the state. It is emphasized that the core of the law doctrine should be the legal mechanism of public power, which is defined as a system of public-power relations, which includes party-political, state and self-governing subsystems of organization and exercise of power in society and should ensure the target, functional and organizational unity of public authorities as a subject of the national idea, to ensure the progressive and stable development of Ukraine in the external conditions of the unstable development of the world. It is noted that the national idea is the starting point, which in the law doctrine should be specified through the ideas of a sovereign, independent, democratic, social, legal state, declared in Article 1 of the Constitution of Ukraine. The implementation of these ideas determines the content of all reforms of Ukrainian society and the state. The research of the phenomenon of public power has priority in the formation of the concept of law doctrine. Public power is exercised in the forms of the state and local self-government, the interaction of which is determined by the Constitution of Ukraine, primarily at the level of its foundations. However, the lack of conceptual unity of the basic constitutional provisions necessitates their change, which, according to the current Constitution, is approved by an all-Ukrainian referendum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The entry into force of the Law of the Russian Federation on the amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the qualitative changes that were made to the text of the latter led to legislative activity. Laws were adopted, reflecting the changes made to the text of the Constitution, and containing new and / or little-studied terms, concepts, phenomena. Special attention of scientists and researchers was attracted by the Federal Law “On the State Council of the Russian Federation”, which came into force in December 2020, which for the first time legalized such terms as “public power”, “unified system of public power”, etc. The position is also of interest, expressed in the conclusion of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated March 16, 2020 No. 1-З in connection with the request of the President of the Russian Federation. It became necessary to give explanations and Author’s comments on the positive law of the country caused by these novelties. The term “public authority” is not a novelty for Russian legal science, but it has not been widely studied, and in connection with legislative changes it acquires new qualities, characteristics that need explanation and justification. The legislator provides an extensive definition of these terms. This makes it necessary to comprehend their essence, highlight the main elements of the public power system and demonstrate their political and legal ties, as well as the forms of interaction that take place in the public law regulation of relations between the subjects (elements) of a unified system of public power. Purpose: to investigate the essence of the concepts of “public power”, “unified system of public power”, to identify the characteristic features of the concept of “unified system of public power”. Among the main tasks: to show the political and legal ties and forms of interaction that arise between the subjects (elements) of a single system of public authority. Methods: logical, analytical, comparative legal, dialectical methods, allowing to reveal the essence, internal connections and the ratio of concepts enshrined in the federal law “On the State Council of the Russian Federation”, to reveal the features of a unified system of public authority. Results: state authorities are listed that correspond to the characteristics specified by the legislator, political and legal ties and forms of interaction that arise between the subjects (elements) of a unified system of public authority are identified, conclusions corresponding to the study are drawn.

The subject. An attempt is made to analyze the evolution of the relationship between the Russian Presidents and local self-government in modern Russia over the past 30 years.The methodology of the research is based on the application of the historical method and the method of comparative legal analysis of normative legal acts of the Russian Federation of different years.The purpose of the article is to confirm or dispute hypothesis that the President's relations with local self-government developed non-linearly and contradictory on the different stages.The main results, scope of application. The paper examines the dynamics of the relationship between the Russian Presidents and local self-government, determines the five stages of the development of such relations and their characteristic features, as well as the prospects for these relations after the adoption of amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 2020.Stage 1. The absence of specific regulatory legal provisions on the participation of the President in local self-government issues and the actual practice of their interaction (July 1991 – October 1993).Stage 2. Arbitrary or authoritarian President’s participation in local self-government issues (October 1993 – August 1995). This stage is connected with the period of the constitutional crisis of 1993 and is characterized, first of all, by two decrees of the Russian President directly changing the provisions of the Law of the Russian Federation on Local Self-Government of 1991.Stage 3. Bringing the powers of the President in the field of local self-government in accordance with the Russian Constitution of 1993, the approval by the President of the main directions of state policy in the field of local self – government development in the Russian Federation, the creation of the Council for Local Self-Government under the President of the Russian Federation (August 1995 – August 2000).Stage 4. Strengthening the role of the President in the field of local self-government. The beginning of this stage is connected with the coming to power of the new Russian President (August 2000 – July 2020). So far, this is the longest stage in our chronology. This stage is characterized by additional regulation by the President of certain point issues in the field of organization and implementation of local self-government, directly provided for by federal law. Stage 5. The integration of local self-government bodies into a single system of public power and the receipt by the Russian President of hidden, virtually unlimited powers in the field of local self-government (from July 2020 to the present). The starting point of this stage was the adoption of amendments to the Russian Constitution in 2020.Conclusions. The interaction between the Russian President and local self-government developed in a zigzag pattern: from the complete absence of contacts to the direct intervention of the Russian President in the legal regulation of relations in the field of local self– government, violating and actually canceling the legislative regulation of these relations in 1993-1995. From bringing these relations into line with the Russian Constitution of 1993, which proclaimed the organizational independence of local self-government, to strengthening the role of the Russian President and regulating certain issues in the field of organization and implementation of local self-government. The expansion of the powers of the Russian President in connection with the amendments to the Russian Constitution in 2020 actually means an aside from the organizational independence of local self-government and the integration of local self-government bodies into a single system of public authorities. In this regard, the question arises: do the above amendments mean an actual return to the second stage of the development of relations between the Russian President and local selfgovernment in the period of 1993-1995, when the use of "hidden (implied)" powers of the President was allowed, and, consequently, theoretically unlimited participation of the Russian President in local self-government issues?

The subject of research is social relations concerning the constitutional transformation of the State Council of the Russian Federation into the format of a constitutional state body, it’s tasks and functions in the unified system of public power. The aim of the research is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that the Russian State Council is a constitutional state body that ensures the coordinated functioning and interaction of authorities in the unified system of public power.The methodological basis of the research includes historical, comparative legal, formal legal methods, legal modeling and forecasting. The research is based on existing and historical legal acts, materials of judicial practice, as well as on the works of leading national lawyers.The main results, scope of application. The authors substantiate concept of the constitutional status of the Russian State Council as a completely new constitutional state body, formed on the basis of modern national principles of state building, taking into account the existing constitutional practice. Main task of the State Council is exercising the constitutional powers of the Russian President to ensure the coordinated functioning and interaction of public authorities, the definition of the main directions of national and foreign policy of the state. The article provides a critical analysis of the goals, tasks, functions of the Russian State Council, the decisions it makes, as a result of which a number of conflicts in the regulation of its constitutional-legal status are revealed. Some proposals to improve legislation and law enforcement practice aimed at solving of the discovered contradictions are made. Current constitutional of the State Council is a result of the constitutional amendments of 2020 in the Russian Constitution and innovations in the Federal Law on the State Council of the Russian Federation. The authors substantiate the idea that the consolidation of a new constitutional position of the State Council can be considered as a process of forming a completely new state body, designed to ensure the coordinated functioning and interaction of bodies included in the unified public system. A comparative legal analysis of the constitutional legislation on State Councils in foreign countries showed that despite the same name the status and functions of these state institutions differ greatly in different countries, therefore any comparative study of them will be unreliable.Conclusions. The Russian State Council has competence, functions of a state power character, take decisions signed by the President of the Russian Federation and therefore have a generally binding character. So it has the characteristics of a public authority. The Russian State Council is a new constitutional and legal structure - a constitutional state body created in order to implement the constitutional powers of the Russian President to ensure the coordinated functioning and interaction of other bodies (that are part of the unified system of public authority) and to determine the main directions of domestic and foreign policy of the state.

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On April 19-23, 2021, an All-Russian conference with international participation Problems and Prospects for the Development of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation and Foreign Countries was held at the Law Institute of the Peoples Friendship University of Russia on the basis of the Department of Municipal Law. More than 150 scientists from the Russian Federation and foreign countries took part in the Conference. The Conference has acquired a traditional character and is being held for the fifth time. The 2021 conference was marked by a significant increase in the number of participants, both Russian and foreign. The additional relevance of the Conference was caused by the Russian 2020 constitutional reform, which has a significant impact on the development of local self-government institution in the Russian Federation. This review presents a general description of the conference, the contents of the plenary meeting and sessions.

Background. The article is devoted to the study of the local self-government functions. The place of local self-government in the system of public power of the Russian Federation is shown. It is noted that local self-government as a special form of public au-thority has its own special functions. It is proved that local self-government has the function of decentralization and, accordingly, builds its own special system of local government. A special function in the activity of local self-government is considered, formulated as the democratization of the implementation of this level of public power. The existence of an important function of local self-government, referred to as the expression and protection of the interests of the population of municipalities, is substantiated. The purpose of the re-search is to study the problems of determining the functions of local self-government. Ma-terials and methods. The study uses dialectical, formal-legal, logical and other methods of cognition. Results. The organization of the successful functioning of local self-government is of paramount importance in the political activities of public authorities. The State takes an active part in this process. Todayʼs reform of the entire system of government in the state, the consolidation in the Constitution of the Russian Federation of the unified system of public power in Russia represents the need to rethink both the content of the local level of government – local self-government, and the reform of relations between all levels of public power, in particular, the relationship between state power and local self-government. The functions considered in this article should be taken into account by the legislator when forming a new model of public power in Russia, where local self-government based on the principle of decentralization should be given rather close attention, since it is it that embod-ies true democracy and where society finds acceptable models for organizing its life. Local self-government should become a real element of public rule in the Russian Federation. Conclusions. In the public system of government, local self-government bodies are struc-turally separate, endowed with their own scope of authority and independent in resolving issues of local importance in the relevant municipal territory. As a constitutional institution, local self-government is a participant in various significant spheres of life, in particular, ideological, material and social. And like any other institution of constitutional law, it has its own direct purpose in solving socially significant tasks. Local self-government, as if it did not have its own independence, is a continuation at the local level of a single public authority in the state. Local self-government within the framework of public authority is separate from state administration, it is an independent self-governing subsystem, which is characterized by decentralization. A special function in the activities of local self-govern-ment is the democratization of the implementation of this level of public power. According to the level of organization, local self-government is a kind of autonomy, where, in addition to organizing peopleʼs lives, culture, history of development are preserved, the established way of life and other local features of living are developing. An important function of local self-government is the expression and protection of the interests of the population of muni-cipalities.

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The thesis analyzes the level of interest of citizens, over a period of time, for the concept of "rule of law", approached for various purposes by the scientific literature, having an accentuated visibility in recent years, in the field of mass-media, present in public debates, political magazines, electoral campaigns, journalistic investigations, etc.. Frequently, the invocation of the concept of "rule of law" in the debates associated with public space is determined by the purpose pursued and the interest in highlighting the idea of rule, legality, in relation to the topics addressed, being used as a potential discourse strategy. By using qualitative methods of comparative analysis of the documents presented in the online environment, in order to study the interest of citizens of different countries for the concept of "rule of law", I obtained data and information, validated by the reports generated with the help of search engines, and following a causal correlation, I argue that the interest of citizens is higher in certain periods, specifically in connection with relevant political events.

Tax, as a concept, is money received from individuals based on public power. With the event that causes the tax, a tax liability arises on the taxpayer, and it is possible to collect a certain amount by using public power by the administration. In terms of taxation, which is one of the areas where interference with property rights is the most intense, violation of individuals' rights may come up in some cases. In other words, administrative authorities can carry out illegal activities by exceeding their superior powers. Therefore, judicial review of administrative acts and actions within the framework of legal rules is essential and necessary. As a rule, it can be stated that the lawsuits filed against taxation procedures, as in other administrative acts in Turkish law, are also administrative cases. In this direction, the addressees of the administration's acts and actions may apply to the administrative judiciary with the primary demand for their rights and interests. It is adopted that the settlement of disputes in the way of administrative jurisdiction is settled on a specific case. In this context, there is a particular type of case in the form of tax cases in the administrative jurisdiction. The legal nature of legal and instances of tax has been a debated issue. In this direction, regular examinations of tax cases have been examined.

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The objective of the research was to analyze the contribution of strategic and social management to the development of social projects of a Third Sector organization. This descriptive-explanatory research, of a qualitative nature, carried out semi-structured interviews with the agents involved. The research established the relationship between strategic management and social management in Third Sector Organizations, the highlighting the relevance, inseparability, and importance of interactivity between both, in establishing the trust of partners and the community. The contribution of the research is to update the factors present in the management of Third Sector organizations, crucial for the success of the enterprise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Diversitas Journal is the property of Diversitas Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To analyze, through autobiographical narratives, the perception of nurses working in the front line of combating COVID-19 about the assistance provided to patients considering the work conditions and training to face the pandemic; and reflect on how the local government should act in order to combat the increase in COVID-19. Autobiographical research through narratives, descriptive, case study, with a qualitative approach. When asked whether nurses in the state where they work received/received education/training related to the theme COVID-19, 58 participants highlighted the lack of training. Nurses highlighted the need for greater rigor in maintaining social isolation measures, increasing the number of tests and providing adequate equipment and materials. It is up to the managers of health services together with the public authorities to implement strategies that impact the policies and organizational dynamics of services in the fight against COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of the research is public relations concerning the execution of the powers of the highest official of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation in the sphere of local self-government.The aim of the research is substantiating the urgent need for legal regulation of the forms of participation of the highest official of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation in municipal legal relations, systematization of these forms and determining the limits of participation of this official in municipal legal relations.When setting the aim of the research, the authors proceeded from the fact that the independence of local self-government defined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation is not absolute and unlimited. On the contrary, the Constitution of the Russian Federation and current federal legislation provide the possibility of participation of state authorities, including the highest official of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, in municipal legal relations. The research methodology includes general scientific methods, as well as some special ones, such as formal logic, structural analysis, structural-functional and interpretative methods, legal analysis, comparative analysis. The authors analyzed legal regulation in Russia and law enforcement practiceThe main results of the research. Theoretical and practical approaches to legal substantiation of the necessity of participation of the highest official of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation in municipal legal relations were formulated. The authors systematized the organizational and legal forms of participation of the highest official of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation in municipal legal relations and analyzed their content. This made it possible to substantiate a set of proposals directly or indirectly aimed at improving this model of public relations within the framework of the concept of the unity of public authority enshrined in the Constitution. The main forms of participation of the highest official of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation in municipal legal relations are: promoting the development of local self-government; interaction with local self-government bodies; participation in the formation of local self-government bodies; application (participation in application) of measures of legal responsibility in respect of local self-government bodies and local self-government officials; temporary exercise of certain powers of local self-government bodies.Conclusions. According to the special legal status of the highest official in the system of state authorities of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, the combined potential of all organizational and legal forms of his participation in municipal legal relations undoubtedly allows to increase the effectiveness of public authority. Such participation helps to provide additional guarantees for the implementation of governmental programs for the development of local self-government on the territory of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, to assist local self-government bodies in resolving local issues and vested certain state powers, to ensure strict observance of the law, rights and freedoms of people on the territory of municipalities.

This article aims to understand the nature and causes of reproducing bureaucratic corruption in transitional societies from the legal sociology view point. According to the authors, since the operation of bureaucratic system firstly is determined by the nature of power elites and the present structural relationships in the society; on this basis, the protector-nurturing mentality and surveillance lacking of dominant elites alongside lacking rule of law is the pivotal factor of growing corruption in transitional societies. This dilemma gradually leads to forming an anomic situation in various structures of bureaucracy and changing it into an arena for rent-based games and thus, causes the process of development to wane and accordingly, causes the society to involve mentally and morally in contradiction and turmoil and from the perspective of political economy subject to increasing passivity and devolution. The final resultant of this situation is social capital crisis and vulnerability in human capital. The article with an expressive approach and in the mold of combination of various sociological theories shows why and how bureaucratic corruption in transitional societies continues reproduction, and finally deals with the foundations of an anticorruption policy and its implications.

The implementation of information systems requires efforts to conduct and optimize, cyclically, the operationalization of the processing and retrieval of data and information, which often involves personal data. The role of privacy policies in information systems highlights the legal requirement to protect personal data. This paper analyses the privacy policy of the Sistema Nacional de Juventude website, as a model derived from the adaptation of a government information system to the use of personal identification of users through social media. The proposed model complies with the right to privacy, in particular, the protection of personal data seeking to examine general aspects of information systems and their relationship with Information Science. In addition, the paper discusses privacy and protection of personal data by the government and presents the role of privacy policies in information systems. As a methodology, a qualitative research was adopted in line with Computer Science studies. Finally, the main aspects used in the adaptation of the governmental information system were described, in particular, the privacy policy of the mentioned website, presenting as a result its design aiming to comply with the General Data Protection Law of personal information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thesis analyzes the level of interest of citizens, over a period of time, for the concept of "rule of law", approached for various purposes by the scientific literature, having an accentuated visibility in recent years, in the field of mass-media, present in public debates, political magazines, electoral campaigns, journalistic investigations, etc.. Frequently, the invocation of the concept of "rule of law" in the debates associated with public space is determined by the purpose pursued and the interest in highlighting the idea of rule, legality, in relation to the topics addressed, being used as a potential discourse strategy. By using qualitative methods of comparative analysis of the documents presented in the online environment, in order to study the interest of citizens of different countries for the concept of "rule of law", I obtained data and information, validated by the reports generated with the help of search engines, and following a causal correlation, I argue that the interest of citizens is higher in certain periods, specifically in connection with relevant political events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article recovers the historiographic and critical-textual discussion about the beginning of the Usatges de Barcelona. This literature review includes an examination about the dating hypotheses, interpretations on the code compilations, in addition to exploring the relationships of codes sources, with some notes on its typology, and the historical context of its formation and diffusion between the 12th-13th Centuries. It also aims to consider the role played by Usatges as the foundation (be it true or idealized) of a publicist tradition that started in medieval Catalonia. With this approach it is possible to link all these elements assuming that many of the interpretative matrices found in its historiography are going beyond to the mere description of the sources. Finally, the paper it also deals with the institutionalist narratives that emphasize the formation of public power and the modern State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional leaders in South Africa wield significant public power. They do so under a raft of legislative enactments and also as a matter of customary law. When other organs of state exercise legislative power, they are subject to the prescripts of administrative law – they must always act lawfully and rationally, and, where their conduct constitutes administrative action under the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act 3 of 2000, they must also act reasonably and in a way that is procedurally fair. Our law reports are replete with cases of organs of state being held to these standards. Yet there is a surprising paucity of case law or literature on the administrative law obligations of traditional leaders. This article explores the potential for administrative law to hold traditional power to account and confronts the challenges of such an approach. It suggests that administrative law offers a means by which to ensure greater accountability and transparency on the part of traditional leaders while at the same time recognising traditional forms of governance and social organisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. To characterize and analyze the 1996- 2020 constitutional amendments, which affected the organization and functioning of the highest bodies of state power, local self-government and the federal structure of the country.Methodology. A comparison of the constitutional process in Russia and the countries of the near and far abroad is made; a political and legal analysis of the process of making changes to the Constitution of Russia in concrete historical conditions and development is carried out.Results. The author offers the following periodization of the constitutional transformations stages: stage 1 (1996 - 2008) - “renovation of the facade”, during which the names of the subjects of the Federation were changed in the Basic Law; stage 2 (2008 - 2019) - “strengthening of the foundations” - amendments aimed at strengthening the power vertical and the institutional design of the highest state authorities in the country; stage 3 (from 2020) - “redevelopment of the building” - a significant transformation of the Russian political system, strengthening of presidential power, unification under the definition of “public power” of its three levels - federal, regional and municipal.Research implications. The author’s approach is formulated in the article, which consists in highlighting the stages of constitutional reforms in Russia aimed at modifying the political system of society.

The article is devoted to the problem of the system of public power in Ukraine constitutional definition in the context of the legal doctrine of Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to define the concept of public authority and methodological approaches to the constitutional consolidation of its system in Ukraine. The article emphasizes the need for scientific research in the spheres of constitutional principles of public power in Ukraine organization and functioning, of clarifying this power essence and peculiarities of its manifestation in Ukrainian society. Article also deals with the need to study the patterns of public power in the constitutional system of Ukraine and its reform. The notion of public power in connection with political power and the main forms of exercising public power in modern societies, which are state power and local selfgovernment, are considered. The negative regularity of the quality of public power deterioration due to the underdeveloped political system because of the imperfection of the Ukrainian constitutional order definition is noted. It is alleged that one such circumstance is that the Constitution of Ukraine is based on a contradictory, fundamentally erroneous in its concept constitutional process. It is emphasized that strategy of the constitutional process key part, on which the success of political and legal reforms depends, and with them -- the reform of economic, social, humanitarian, and other spheres, is the adoption of a new Ukrainian Constitution in a new version. Only through constitutional changes is it possible to carry out reforms of public authorities systematically, consistently, and exclusively on a legal basis. The priority of formulation in the legal doctrine of Ukraine of the basic constitutional provisions concerning the political system organization, and development on its basis the political reform general concept is specified. The main tasks of the reform in the political system of Ukraine are determined, which are the elimination or reduction of the influence of the relevant socio-political factors that feed poor quality government, the conceptual foundations of political reform are identified. It is emphasized that the political system reformed in this way is a necessary condition for the legal reform implementation, as a prerequisite for the reforms in other areas implementation. The main purpose of legal reform and its conceptual principles in accordance with the legal doctrine of Ukraine are indicated. Various aspects of these principles are described. The issues of constituent power are considered, in particular, the doctrinal definition of the relationship between the state and the people in terms of the participation of state power in the implementation of constituent power directly by the people. According to the legal doctrine of Ukraine, the need for real implementation of the principle of constitutional legality, strict implementation of the Constitution, imperative constitutional norms application and the need to ensure real Constitution protection from its illegal change and other violations of its requirements are noted. In this regard, the new version of the Constitution of Ukraine should provide a section "Protection of the Constitution", based on which an appropriate legal mechanism should be developed and implemented, and a description of the latter should be given. The concept of "constitutional reform" is critically considered, the definition of its object and subject is offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of GALATASARAY UNIVERSITESI HUKUK FAKULTESI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the article the essence of law-making activity of local governments is considered, its basic principles are opened. Implementation of law-making activity of local governments on the basis of the considered principles promotes ensuring legitimacy of their decisions.