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Introduction Adolescents are especially susceptible to the harmful effects of secondhand smoke exposure. Mental health issues may be one of these negative consequences. This study aimed to explore the association between secondhand smoke exposure and anxiety among Korean adolescents. Methods This study used the nationwide representative cross-sectional data obtained from the 4-year (2020-2023) Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey. In total, 214514 individuals aged 12–18 years were included in this study (109910 males and 104604 females). Secondhand smoke exposure was assessed based on responses to questions concerning the days they were exposed (at home and in public places), while anxiety levels were measured using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 scale. Multivariable logistic regression analysis divided by sex was performed to explore the association (p=0.0173 for interaction by secondhand smoke exposure and sex), and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Results Among the study population, 8.8% of the male and 15.6% of the female participants had anxiety. After adjusting for covariates, adolescents with secondhand smoke exposure had a higher likelihood of reporting anxiety than those without the exposure (male, OR=1.23; 95% CI: 1.16–1.29; female, OR=1.27; 95% CI: 1.21–1.33). In additional stratified analyses, this association was more prominent among those who were never smokers, were exposed for more days, and had severe levels of anxiety. Conclusions This study found that secondhand smoke exposure was associated with anxiety in adolescents; hence, proper political interventions to reduce secondhand smoke exposure may be required.

BackgroundImproper settings of outdoor smoking points in public places may increase the risk of secondhand smoke exposure among the population. Conducting research on air pollution in and around smoking spots and related influencing factors can provide valuable insights for optimizing the setting of outdoor smoking points. ObjectiveTo investigate the influence of the number of smokers at outdoor smoking points and the distance on the diffusion characteristics of surrounding air pollutants, in order to optimize the setting of outdoor smoking points. MethodsSurrounding the exhibition halls in the China International Import Expo (CIIE), two outdoor smoking points were randomly selected, one on the first floor (ground level) and the other on the second floor (16 m above ground), respectively. At 0, 3, 6, and 9 m from the smoking points in the same direction, validated portable air pollutant monitors were used to measure the real-time fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations for consecutive 5 d during the exhibition, as well as the environmental meteorological factors at 0 m with weather meters including wind speed, wind direction, and air pressure. An open outdoor atmospheric background sampling point was selected on each of the two floors to carry out parallel sampling. Simultaneously, the number of smokers at each smoking point were double recorded per minute. The relationships between the number of smokers, distance from the smoking points, and ambient PM2.5 and CO2 concentrations were evaluated by generalized additive regression models for time-series data after adjustment of confounders such as temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. ResultsThe median numbers of smokers at smoking points on the first and second floors were 6 [interquartile range (IQR): 3, 9] and 9 (IQR: 6, 13), respectively. Windless (wind speed

Introduction: Adolescents are especially susceptible to the harmful effects of secondhand smoke exposure. Mental health issues may be one of these negative consequences. This study aimed to explore the association between secondhand smoke exposure and anxiety among Korean adolescents. Methods: This study used the nationwide representative cross-sectional data obtained from the 4-year (2020-2023) Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey. In total, 214514 individuals aged 12–18 years were included in this study (109910 males and 104604 females). Secondhand smoke exposure was assessed based on responses to questions concerning the days they were exposed (at home and in public places), while anxiety levels were measured using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 scale. Multivariable logistic regression analysis divided by sex was performed to explore the association (p=0.0173 for interaction by secondhand smoke exposure and sex), and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Results: Among the study population, 8.8% of the male and 15.6% of the female participants had anxiety. After adjusting for covariates, adolescents with secondhand smoke exposure had a higher likelihood of reporting anxiety than those without the exposure (male, OR=1.23; 95% CI: 1.16–1.29; female, OR=1.27; 95% CI: 1.21–1.33). In additional stratified analyses, this association was more prominent among those who were never smokers, were exposed for more days, and had severe levels of anxiety. Conclusions: This study found that secondhand smoke exposure was associated with anxiety in adolescents; hence, proper political interventions to reduce secondhand smoke exposure may be required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews five decades of literature in English investigating the nature of locations where most firearm-related violence occurs in public places, with a focus on neighbourhood-level and land-use characteristics. A search for peer-reviewed articles in Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed from 1970 to 2022 resulted in 112 articles. A bibliometric followed by a thematic analysis of the articles shed light on two questions: Which types of neighbourhood characteristics attract firearm-related violence? and What are the typical land uses associated with firearm-related violence? The article concludes by reporting examples from research of safety interventions implemented to tackle firearm violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To understand and assess the health risks of five common chemical pollutants, formaldehyde, ammonia, benzene, toluene and xylene, in indoor air of public places in Xining City, and to provide technical support for environmental health management of public places in Xining City. Methods From 2020 to 2022, monitoring sites were set up in the western and central districts of Xining City to monitor the data of common chemical pollutants in hotels and barbershops, and conduct health risk assessment of chemical pollutants according to the Technical Guide for Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Substances (WS/T 777 -2021). Results From 2020 to 2022, there were 238 monitoring points in the hotel, only 2 formaldehyde monitoring points exceeded the standard. The total qualified rate of formaldehyde in the hotel was 99. 16%, and the total qualified rate of benzene toluene and xylene in the hotel was 100%. There are 47 monitoring points in barbershop, and the total pass rate of formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, xylene and ammonia at each monitoring point is 100%. The concentration of benzene in indoor air in barbershop (0. 001 mg/m3) was lower than that in hotel (0. 002 mg/m3), and the difference was statistically significant (Z 二 一2.708, P < 0. 05). Among 47 monitoring points in barbershop, 23 monitoring points had a risk between 10-4 and 10-6, accounting for 48. 9%, and the rest had a risk value higher than 10-4; Among 238 monitoring points in hotel, 154 monitoring points had a risk between 10-4 and 10-6, accounting for 64. 7%, and the rest had a risk value higher than 10 ~4; There were 34 monitoring sites in barbershop with risk less than 10, accounting for 72. 3%, and 138 monitoring sites in hotel with risk less than 10 6, accounting for 58%. The risk values of P75 and maximum concentration of both sites were greater than 10 Hotel formaldehyde has 150 monitoring points HQ > 1, accounting for 63%, the maximum risk value is 3. 6; There were two monitoring points for benzene with HQ > 1, accounting for 0. 8%, and the maximum risk was 1. 08. All HQ of toluene and xylene are less than 1. There were 31 monitoring points for formaldehyde in barbershop, HQ > 1, accounting for 66%, and the highest risk value was 3.72. HQ of other pollutants is less than 1. Conclusion The concentration of five chemical pollutants in the air of public places in Xining City from 2020 to 2022 basically meets the requirements of the national standard, but the carcinogenic risk and non - carcinogenic risk caused by formaldehyde and benzene should be paid attention to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundAt present, China's Public places health management regulations list 7 categories and 28 sub-categories of public places, but infant and young child swimming places are not in the list yet. ObjectiveTo understand the microbial pollution status in commercial infant and young child swimming places in Shijiazhuang City, compare with the microbial pollution in other five types of public places, and find the potential safety hazards in infant and young child swimming places. MethodsA total of 3438 microbial samples were collected from the environment of infant and young child swimming places and 5 types of public places (hotels, barber stores, waiting rooms, shopping malls and supermarkets, and conventional swimming places) in Shijiazhuang City from 2021 to 2022. Sampling and monitoring were carried out according to the requirements of Examination methods for public places—Part 6: Technical specifications of health monitoring (GB/T 18204.6-2013). Chi-square test was used to compare hygiene qualification by microbial indicators, and Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare overall distributions of total bacterial counts on the surface of public articles. ResultsFrom 2021 to 2022, the highest qualified rate of microbial indicators on the surface of public articles was Staphylococcus aureus (100%) for all tested public places in Shijiazhuang City, followed by coliforms (99.44%), and that of total bacterial count was relative low (92.83%). The qualified rate of total bacterial count on the surface of public articles in the swimming places for infants and young children was 87.76%, and the qualified rates in hotels, barber stores, waiting rooms, shopping malls and supermarkets were all above 92%, and the difference among the 5 types of places was statistically significant (P0.05). The qualified rates of total bacteria count and coliforms in pool water of infant and young child swimming places were 45.99% and 74.69% respectively, and the two indicators in pool water of conventional swimming places were 94.57% and 98.91% respectively; both showed significant differences between the two types of public places (χ2=162.532, χ2=71.910, both Ps

Objective To understand the concentration of formaldehyde pollution in indoor air of four types of public places in Shijiazhuang City, and to assess the chronic non 一 carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of employees in various types of places. Methods Using the monitoring data of health hazards in public places, we analyzed the concentration levels of formaldehyde in the indoor air of swimming pools, barber stores, beauty stores, and hotels in Shijiazhuang City in 2021 - 2022, and evaluated the chronic non 一 cancer and cancer risks of formaldehyde for employees in the above four types of public places by adopting the classic,r four 一 step" health risk assessment model of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Results From 2021 to 2022, a total of 169 swimming pools, barber stores, beauty stores and hotels were randomly selected, with a total sample size of 485 formaldehyde tests, and the overall pass rate was 91.34%. The pass rate of formaldehyde concentration in the indoor air of swimming pools in the above four types of public places was 100% (161/161), 93. 10% (27/29) for barber stores, 90. 09% (20/22) for beauty stores and 86. 08% (235/273) for guesthouses(hotels), with statistically significant differences (x² = 24. 931, P < 0. 001); the mean value of the HQ of the chronic non 一 carcinogenic effect of formaldehyde for practitioners in swimming pools was less than 1, and that for practitioners in the other three types of public places was greater than 1, and swimming pools, Hairdressers, beauty stores, and hotels, the cancer risk values of formaldehyde for employees were 1. 90 X 10-5, 8, 19 X 10-5, 1. 13 X 10-4, and 5. 63 X 10-5, respectively, which were higher than the limit value (1 X 10 "6) set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Conclusion Exposure to formaldehyde in the indoor air of swimming pools in Shijiazhuang City doesn't exceed the threshold for adverse reactions, and the chronic non - carcinogenic risk of formaldehyde for practitioners in this type of venue is low. There was a certain amount of chronic non 一 carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk for practitioners in barber stores, beauty stores, and guesthouses, and the risk value of formaldehyde for practitioners in the beauty category of venues is the highest, and it should be analyzed in further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal Public Administration & Social Management / Administração Pública e Gestão Social is the property of Administracao Publica e Gestao Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociedad e Infancias is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

IntroductionNon-compliance with smoke-free law is one of the determinants of untimely mortality and morbidity globally. Various studies have been conducted on non-compliance with smoke-free law in public places in different parts of the world; however, the findings are inconclusive and significantly dispersed. Moreover, there is a lack of internationally representative data, which hinders the evaluation of ongoing international activities towards smoke-free law. Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to assess the pooled prevalence of non-compliance with smoke-free law in public places.MethodsInternational electronic databases, such as PubMed/MEDLINE, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, African Journals Online, HINARI, Semantic Scholar, google and Google Scholar were used to retrieve the relevant articles. The study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA) guidelines. The Higgs I2 statistics were used to determine the heterogeneity of the reviewed articles. The random-effects model with a 95% confidence interval was carried out to estimate the pooled prevalence of non-compliance.ResultsA total of 23 articles with 25,573,329 study participants were included in this meta-analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of non-compliance with smoke-free law was 48.02% (95% CI: 33.87–62.17). Extreme heterogeneity was observed among the included studies (I2 = 100%; p

BackgroundPublic places are frequently polluted by cigarette smoking, and there is a lack of accurate, real-time, and intelligent monitoring technology to identify smoking behavior. It is necessary to develop a tool to identify cigarette smoking behavior in public places for more efficient control of cigarette smoking and better indoor air quality. ObjectiveTo construct a model for recognizing cigarette smoking behavior based on real-time indoor concentrations of PM2.5 in public places. MethodsReal-time indoor PM2.5 concentrations were measured for at least 7 continuous days in 10 arbitrarily selected places (6 public service providers and and 4 office or other places) from Oct. to Nov. 2022 in Pudong New Area, Shanghai. Indoor nicotine concentrations were monitored with passive samplers simultaneously. Outdoor PM2.5 concentration data were obtained from three municipal environmental monitoring stations which were nearest to each monitoring point during the same period. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare indoor and outdoor means of PM2.5 concentrations, and Spearman rank correlation was used to analyze indoor PM2.5 and nicotine concentrations. An interactive plot and a random forest model was applied to examine the association between video observation validated indoor smoking behavior and real-time indoor PM2.5 concentrations in an Internet cafe. ResultsThe average indoor PM2.5 concentration in the places providing public services [(97.5±149.3) µg·m−3] was significantly higher than that in office and other places [(19.8±12.2) µg·m−3] (P=0.011). The indoor/outdoor ratio (I/O ratio) of PM2.5 concentration in the public service providers ranged from 1.1 to 19.0. Furthermore, the indoor PM2.5 concentrations in the 10 public places were significantly correlated with the nicotine concentrations (rs=0.969, P

Sexual harassment in the street is a form of microaggression that takes many different forms, including whistling, hissing, yelling, insulting, asking for sex, chasing, or cornering. Sexual street harassment is a social problem. A material risk of using the public realm is that some may abuse it (e.g., groping a stranger in a crowded room). A moral risk is that some people may have a mistaken sense that they have a right to make comments about people who are conspicuous in public spaces. This article examines the consequences of sexual street harassment for college students (n = 280; 84.4% female; M age = 23). In this selective sample, female students were more likely to experience street harassment than male students. Victimization of street harassment was associated with lower psychological well-being, lower perceptions of safety, and more precautions to avoid harassment. Sexual street harassment may reduce the accessibility of public spaces for victims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, the author discusses the conditions under which misdemeanor from the Law on Public Order and Peace can be committed via the Internet. These are the existence of the element of publicness, the essential feature of the mentioned misdemeanor, which is manifested through the requirement that the act of execution and the consequences of the misdemeanor be objectified in a public place, and the eligibility of being a misdemeanor. The Internet as a digital space is viewed through two segments: public and non-public Internet space. The criterion of the direction of the enforcement action on public or non-public internet space is defined, which depends on whether the internet can be considered a public place. Spatial, expansive and consequent determination of the public place resulting from the legal definition of this term and the relationship with the Internet were analyzed. Eligibility of being a misdemeanor determines which misdemeanors from the Law on Public Order and Peace can be committed on the Internet. The author’s conclusion is that the focus of the enforcement action on the public Internet space implies the existence of a misdemeanor, and that in the case of a non-public Internet space, the misdemeanor exists if the consequence occurred in a public place or public Internet space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, the author discusses the conditions under which misdemeanor from the Law on Public Order and Peace can be committed via the Internet. These are the existence of the element of publicness, the essential feature of the mentioned misdemeanor, which is manifested through the requirement that the act of execution and the consequences of the misdemeanor be objectified in a public place, and the eligibility of being a misdemeanor. The Internet as a digital space is viewed through two segments: public and non-public Internet space. The criterion of the direction of the enforcement action on public or nonpublic internet space is defined, which depends on whether the internet can be considered a public place. Spatial, expansive and consequent determination of the public place resulting from the legal definition of this term and the relationship with the Internet were analyzed. Eligibility of being a misdemeanor determines which misdemeanors from the Law on Public Order and Peace can be committed on the Internet. The author's conclusion is that the focus of the enforcement action on the public Internet space implies the existence of a misdemeanor, and that in the case of a non-public Internet space, the misdemeanor exists if the consequence occurred in a public place or public Internet space.

ObjectiveTo explore the status and influencing factors of attitudes and approaches to acquiring health knowledge among employees in public places in Zhejiang province. MethodsA face-to-face survey was conducted among 1 296 employees working in hotels, public baths/swimming pools, hair/beauty salons, and waiting rooms for buses/trains in 4 prefectures/municipalities of Zhejiang province in 2019. Participants′ information on attitude and approach to acquiring health knowledge were collected with a questionnaire compiled by researchers of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Logistic regression was used to analyze main factors influencing the approach for health knowledge acquisition. ResultsOf the 1 290 valid respondents, 986 (76.43%) reported objective need to acquire health knowledge, 1 092 (84.65%) reported the willingness to acquire the knowledge, and 1 085 (84.11%) reported ever obtaining the knowledge actively. The respondents′ attitude towards health knowledge acquisition differed significantly by age, gender, education attainment, and work type (P < 0.05 for all). Among all the respondents, the top three approaches to acquire health knowledge were through internet surfing (reported by 89.77% of the respondents), from administrators' publicities (89.38%), and via watching television programs (87.29%). The results of logistic regression analysis revealed that higher education (college and above vs. primary school or lower) and higher annual household income (more than 200 000 vs. less than 50 000 RMB yuan) were promoting factors for acquiring health knowledge through internet surfing, with the odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of 6.819 (3.005 – 15.471) and 5.268 (1.235 – 22.465); compared to those being cleaners, the respondents being engaged in technical tasks were less likely to acquire health knowledge from administrators′ publicities (OR = 0.367, 95% CI: 0.187 – 0.720); and female gender (versus male: OR = 1.720, 95% CI: 1.209 – 2.446) and higher education (college and above vs. primary school or lower: OR = 3.438, 95% CI: 1.608 – 7.352) were promoting factors for acquiring health knowledge via watching television programs. ConclusionAmong employees working in public places in Zhejiang province, the attitude towards health knowledge acquisition needs to be improved and special attention should be paid to the approach for health knowledge acquisition and the employees′ characteristics when developing related projects.

In recent years, the "Room Escape" industry in China is booming, and this real live game has become popular. However, health threatening events such as fire, trauma, coma, and lung infection in the game venues have been reported at home and abroad. If these venues are not supervised in time, there will be great potential public safety and health hazards. In this review, we summarized the hidden dangers of public safety and health in such venues, including fire and safety hazards, persistent stress state, indoor ventilation problems, risk of contagious infection, non-player characters’ health risk, special film effects of 4D cinemas, mosquito problems, light pollution and noise, and food safety. Meanwhile, health management recommendations for the game venues were proposed from the aspects of formulating health management standards, improving health security measures, and strengthening related health education to players, so as to improve the hygiene levels of such venues and protect players and staff from injuries or diseases.

This article highlights public libraries and seeks to apprehend the different relationships established by a given community with their spaces, services and collections, considering the indications of subalternity and representation formulated by authors linked to so-called subaltern studies. Thereby, it investigates the dynamics of representation of subalternized groups or individuals in the context of the Biblioteca Pública Municipal Ataliba Lago, located in the city of Divinópolis, Minas Gerais State. Therefore, the theoretical discussion recovers the propositions of the IFLA/UNESCO Public Library Manifesto and discusses the democratic dimension that must sustain the actions and functions of this library type. In methodological terms, this is a qualitative research centered on literature review and operationalized from a case-study. Data collection occurred through documentary research and semi-structured interviews with workers and managers linked to the Biblioteca Pública Municipal Ataliba Lago with the focus on evaluating whether, in its representational dimension, this institution speaks "by" or "about" certain subalternized audiences, as questioned by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak in Can the subaltern speak? It is demonstrated in the results that "Ataliba Lago" has privileged the maintenance of structural markers of subalternization and the production of a hegemonic discourse around the theme "representation" and the policies of democratization of culture, library and reading, serving differently distinct population groups of the city, which can be easily perceived from the approach of the concept of sociospatial segregation as a factor of subalternization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outdoor gyms (OG) are public places designed for physical activity, especially for older adults. This is a cross-sectional study that aimed to compare morphofunctional characteristics of sedentary and active older adults regarding OG. The participants consisted of 194 older people divided into three groups: sedentary (n = 76, mean age = 70.5 ± 6.4 years, 38.7% male); OG + walking (n = 86; mean age = 69 ± 6.1 years; male 50.6%); and OG (n = 32; mean age = 70.3 ± 8.3 years; male 56.3%). Socioeconomic and morphofunctional characteristics, anthropometric measurements, body composition, and functional tests were collected. For comparison among groups ANOVA, for categorical variables the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, and to verify factors related to gait speed logistic regression were used. We found that sedentary older adults had lower educational level and lower prevalence of polypharmacy. OG + walking participants had lower waist circumference and fat percentage, and better gait speed. Older people in the OG + walking were less likely to show gait difficulty (i.e., <1.0 m/s) in reference to the sedentary group. In addition, strength and better performance on the Timed Up and Go were also associated with gait speed >1 m/s. It is understood that the higher volume of physical activity performed by OG + walking may be one of the reasons why they obtained better indicators in health aspects. The findings, especially regarding the characterization of profiles of older adults who use OG, leads to the definition of public policies aimed at the real needs of this public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of the Public Place or public space in general depends on what the urban form offers to its users and the uses it accommodates. The characterization of the use's intensity (frequency) of the public place deserves a measuring tool. This use is both qualitative and quantitative, as it depends on the number of people using the public place during a given period of the day and year. This work attempts to understand on what basis we can evaluate the intensity of use of public places. The objective is to draw up a scale of attendance intensity and an observation grid using two public places in the city of Biskra, Algeria, as case studies. A critical analysis of the bibliographical review has allowed us to apprehend the different scales of measurement in various fields and to classify them in order to adapt a scale concerning the intensity (frequency) of public places attendance and to implement it on a corpus defined in Biskra as a validation model. As a result, we propose a tool (scale) that is easy to use, to measure the intensity (frequency) of the public place usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Farol - Revista de Estudos Organizacionais e Sociedade is the property of Farol - Revista de Estudos Organizacionais e Sociedade and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arcos: Design, Cultura e Visualidade is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Health pandemics are one of the greatest threats to human life. The more spacious and interdependent the city becomes, the faster the spread of epidemics is unless the State takes public health measures. Green places and public places contribute to improving the health of the population during the pandemics. Therefore, Poland has banned cars in parks to help people to get out and walk of their homes during the quarantine. However, as spatial spacing measures continue, cities may allocate more public places to, people only to practice their various activities. This paper aims to observe ideas introduced about how to change our relationship with public places, through a review some proposals by multiple parties concerned with the issue of urbanization under the Corona pandemic. Such proposals focus on identifying design guides for activities in public places within; the city, Such as providing the places with sanitary facilities that help with the ongoing sterilization process, as well as technical facilities that help monitor the status quo to alert and act accordingly. In addition to the various urban solutions that we will review in the context of the study in terms of achieving the principle of social convergence and spatial divergence. The study follows the theoretical and analytical approach in monitoring the changes that occurred on urban places as a result of Corona virus, analyzing models for the study that clarified the changes of activities in urban places, and reaching a set of indicators for designing urban places during the pandemic.

Background: Exposure to Second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) harms health. It is a risk factor for various diseases like asthma, hypertension, diabetes, heart disease and lung cancer. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and predictors of second-hand tobacco smoke among adult never-smokers. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 220 participants aged 18 years and above. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to elicit information regarding exposure to second-hand smoke at the home, workplace and various public places. The data was analysed using the Epi Info software for windows. Results: The second-hand smoke exposure at home and workplace was 11.4% and 19.1%, respectively. The SHS exposure at bus stops, public transport, government buildings and health care facilities were 33.3%, 13.0%, 7.6% and 3%, respectively. The in-home study participants with a current tobacco smoker, family member and/or friend had comparatively higher exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke. In the workplace and or public places, male study participants and illiterate individuals had higher exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke. Conclusion: The observed level of SHS exposure among non-smokers is a public health concern. Family members should not allow anyone to smoke in their home environment. The public health law prohibiting tobacco smoking in workplaces and public places needs further strengthening.

This article aims to determine whether Algerian public spaces are gendered or gender neutral and to deduce the place of women in this type of hedonistic aesthetic consumption space. A non-probability sample of 363 individuals allowed us to collect the necessary data on the basis of an experiential scale designed for Algerian public spaces. This scale offers us the possibility of measuring their spatial and phenomenal experiential tendency. In other words, it allows us to evaluate the potential of their sensorial, relational, emotional, cognitive, behavioural spaces, their urban environments and their spirits of the place. This scale has undergone the tests of reliability and validity laid down by Churchill. It has also undergone the latest generation confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) method. Due to the non-normality of the sample distribution, we applied non-parametric tests in our analysis. The Mann Whitney U tests were used to calculate and compare the indices of spatial and phenomenal segregation of public places. The results revealed the gendered or gender-neutral nature of the three public places with their respective mapping. In the end, on the basis of the cultural dimensions of Hofstede, we were able to get to know the populations of the cities in our case studies that require urgent awareness-raising action. This promotes gender equality and especially the right of women to use and occupy hedonic public spaces without any conditions or prejudice.

BackgroundWearing a mask is one of the simplest ways to reduce the spread of COVID-19. Studies reported poor mask compliance in Greater Chennai Corporation, India. Hence, we described the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding mask use among adults (≥18 years) in Greater Chennai Corporation, Tamil Nadu, India.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional survey among residents of Greater Chennai Corporation in March 2021. We estimated the sample size to be 203 per strata (slum and non-slum). We used a simple random sampling technique to select 20 locations using a digital map in the slum and non-slum areas. After reaching the location chosen, we selected 10 consecutive households and one adult (≥18 years of age) from each household. We used a validated, semi-structured questionnaire for collecting data regarding knowledge, attitudes, and practices for mask use. We estimated proportions and 95% CI for key variables and compared the variables between slums and non-slums.ResultsOf 430 participants included in the study, 51.4% were males. The mean (S.D.) age of the participants is 41.1 (14.6) years. The majority (86.7%) of the participants felt that wearing a mask helped in reducing the spread of coronavirus and the knowledge differed (p-value < 0.05) between the slum (81.4%) and non-slum (92.3%). Nearly half (46.5%) of the participants did not like being forced to wear the mask. About 63.9% of the participants reported the practice of mask use while going out which was similar across slums and non-slums.ConclusionAlthough the knowledge regarding mask use was good among the public, the attitude was unfavorable. We suggest continuous reinforcement by spreading awareness and educating the community on the appropriate use of the mask.

Purpose: Urbanization, Women’s participation in education and work, and the patriarchal structure of Pakistani society are challenging women in urban communities, especially for their mobility. The present study aims to revolve around the experiences, consequences, and reactions of street harassment among young females of Urban Lahore. This study also aims to explore the perceptions of young females about public safety and comfort by exploring the reactions and reporting mechanism of young females to Street Harassment. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research stance is interpretive consisting of 20 in-depth interviews of females between the ages of 18-35 years from Lahore. The sampling technique was snowball sampling and the data is transcribed and analyzed through thematic analysis. Findings: The major findings of the present research show that the bus stops and terminals are the major places of street harassment and the perpetrators of street harassment come from all walks of life. Young females have social, emotional, and physical consequences of such kind of harassment. There are many social and cultural barriers, including patriarchal society and its socialization patterns, blaming the victims and considering it a harmless act which stops women to report it legally but they started to talk about it, especially in informal settings. Implications/Originality/Value: Women need to have some support from their families and even from the passers in dealing with public or street harassment by not considering it a harmless act.

Copyright of Direito da Cidade is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La Avenida de los Aliados, en la ciudad de Oporto (Portugal), es un lugar privilegiado en la organización de eventos que fue recalificado en 2005 y 2006, según la propuesta de Siza Vieira y Souto de Moura. Para estudiar el centro de la ciudad como un parque temático, recurrimos a Bryman (2004) que aplicó a la sociedad estadounidense los principios de disneyización, es decir, la tematización, el consumo híbrido, el merchandising, el trabajo performativo, la vigilancia y la seguridad. Esta investigación, etnográfica tuvo como objetivo verificar la aplicabilidad de estos principios en los eventos promovidos en la Avenida de los Aliados. En conclusión, consideramos que todas las dimensiones de los parques de Disney son aplicables a los eventos estudiados y, por lo tanto, reproduce un modelo de sociabilidad debilitada a favor del turismo.

Territorialities derive from the concept of territory and can be understood from the symbolic, cognitive and practical mediation that the materiality of places exercises in social actions carried out by subjects and agents in a geographical space. The question that mobilized this writing was: What temporalities, features, uses and appropriations are practiced by subjects and social agents in Squares Luiz Nogueira and Miguel Carneiro in Serrinha, a pole city in the region of the Sisal Identity Territory in the state of Bahia? The objective of this work is to present the territorialities of those squares in face of the different temporalities, features, uses and appropriations practiced by the subjects and social agents in these two public spaces. It is, therefore, an investigation centered on the inductive method, anchored in the case study. Among other results achieved, it is noteworthy that Squares Luiz Nogueira and Miguel Carneiro exercise a hegemonic and hierarchical function in relation to other squares in Serrinha because they concentrate the main public and private offices of the city in their surroundings, in addition to the first constructions of the city. It is observed that, in Squares Luiz Nogueira and Miguel Carneiro, the territorialities practiced by social agents contribute to accelerate the process of "privatization" of public spaces through uses and appropriations, reinforcing the existence of several privatized territories within the same territory, the example of taxi drivers, motorcycle taxi drivers and street vendors who appropriate certain areas of these squares to work.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Megaron is the property of KARE Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Large-scale public buildings (e.g., stadiums and comprehensive hospitals) in modern cities provide places for various social activities. However, all of these public places encounter the scenario of large passenger flow and crowd gathering, which is highly likely to induce serious safety problems, such as stampedes. Previous studies have shown that efficient evacuation is an important way to ensure the safety of dense crowds in public places. This study aims to explore the optimization methods to improve the evacuation efficiency of public buildings. Two strategies considering plane partition and multi-floor layout are proposed for plane evacuation and vertical evacuation, respectively. Simulation scenarios and models of large stadiums and high-rise hospitals are established to verify the strategies. The results show that plane partition could effectively shorten the total evacuation time, which is due to the optimization of the initial exit choice of individuals and the avoidance of regional congestion in some evacuation channels or exits. Multi-floor layout optimization is an effective management method to arrange the different features of different floors, which could improve the evacuation efficiency for the whole multi-floor building. This study is helpful for building designers and managers to improve the building space layout design and the daily safety management mode.

Sexual harassment in public places of Pakistan is a social problem. In Pakistan, a good number of studies have been conducted on sexual harassment of women; however, they are based in educational institutes and the workplace settings. This research examined the gender and city-wise difference among the victims of sexual harassment. The sample was 452 victims (197 men and 255 women) with age ranging from 16 to 40 (M = 22.29, SD = 3.83) collected from different public places of three major cities of Pakistan including Islamabad, Karachi, and Lahore. The results indicated that women fall victims of sexual harassment more as compared to men. Results also indicated that men are the major perpetrators of committing sexual harassment. This study also reinforces the idea that men also experienced sexual harassment in public places of Pakistan and further research is needed to explore the experiences of sexual harassment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has become increasingly common for parents and children to engage in individual digital activities which disconnect them from each other while remaining in each other's presence. Accordingly, this paper examines how parent-child face-to-face communication is associated with mobile phone use during a family meal in eateries. The study included unobtrusive observations of 58 families with children approximately three to six years of age in various eateries. We identified four parent-child face-to-face interaction patterns that occurred when a parent and/or a child used a mobile phone: (1) Communication discouragement during parents' phone use; (2) Communication discouragement during children's phone use; (3) Communication facilitation via family photos; and (4) Communication facilitation via a shared phone use. Mobile phone use during family mealtimes in public is thus another example of both the positive and the negative outcomes of media use in family communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 is a spreading dreadful disease which is easily spreading all over the world. Many measures are being taken to avoid this. Like sanitizers are being used, facemask is also used; some precautions are also taken. To overcome this, we have also prepared our alternative purposed system. This system can solve this problem in a very easily manner. Today's covid-19 pandemic situation. our identification model will detect the covid-19 patient remotely and can tell which patient is covid-19 infected or not. Our model doesn't have to go close enough to identify a patient. our proposed sytem can easily detect covid -19 patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What we witness today is secularism in church and state relation and moral pluralism in society. The modern state separates state and church, if not on all the levels, surely on the level of separation of governmental and religious institutions. State and church relation is based on the principles of equality, liberty and neutrality. But secularism of state means not the end of religion! Before we look on a conscientious objection of individual subject in modern secular state, we try to analyze concept of common good with his historical context. If the common good is not provided for, people’s individual goods are not sure either. We can therefore see that individual goods cannot be put in opposition to the common good. St. Thomas Aquinas has shown that since every man is part of our common existence, it is impossible for any man to be good without having a good relationship towards the common good. Our aim is to find a role of Christian character of secular society and basic elements of a good secularism for a politic society and the Church in a modern time.

This study views street vendors as public issues which are related to the conflict over public spaces between the government and the street vendors. The conflict was derived from differences in the interpretation and meaning of public spaces. The government has visions of order in the city and tries to control the street vendor in public place. However, the street vendors interpret public place as a strategic place to conduct their business and try to defend their existence in it. The differences in interpretation encouraged the birth of street vendor movement in Bandung. This research employed social movement concept to describes how street vendors try to construct their identities, build up the strength of their organization/association, frame and disseminate issues, and establish some coalitions. It used a qualitative method with case study research by attaining some cases of street vendors in Bandung and observing their news through newspaper and online media between 2015-2016, as well as conducting some interviews with key informants. The data collected through participative observation, thorough interview with street vendors, municipal government, street vendors’ organizations/associations, and focus group discussion. This research showed that the process of identity construction is carried out informally through kinship system. Furthermore, the street vendors built their movement based on issues of unjust policy which is supported by right to seek livelihood, marginalization issue, and limited access to formal economic sectors. These issues become their justification to maintain their business in public places and their efforts to go against government interpretation of public places which become their foundation to formulate policies about street vendors. Lastly, to strengthen their bargaining position against the government, they establish three types of coalition; political coalition, political-economy coalition, and economy coalition.

This is the first experimental study testing the effect of street performance (aka busking) on the subjective environmental perception of public space. It is generally believed that street performance can enhance people’s experience of public space, but studies advocating such a view have not used a control group to explicitly verify the effect of street performance. In response to this methodological limitation, we conducted two studies using experimental design. Study 1 (N = 748) was an online computer-based study where research participants evaluated the extent to which the presence vs. absence of street performance could change their perception of public space. Study 2 (N = 162) was a between-group quasi-experiment in an actual public space where people physically present in the space evaluated the perception of the space with vs. without street performance. Overall, we found converging results that street performance could make public space more visitable, more restorative, and more preferable. The current findings not only fill in a gap in the literature on street performance, but they also inform the policy making and regulations of street performance.

Background: Characteristics and outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) occurring at workplaces is sparsely studied. Aim: To describe (1) the characteristics and 30-day survival of OHCAs occurring at workplaces in comparison to OHCAs at other places and (2) factors associated with survival after OHCAs at workplaces. Methods: Data on OHCAs were obtained from the Swedish Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2018. Characteristics and factors associated with survival were analysed with emphasis on the location of OHCAs. Results: Among 47,685 OHCAs, 529 cases (1%) occurred at workplaces. Overall, in the fully adjusted model, all locations of OHCA, with the exception of crowded public places, displayed significantly lower probability of survival than workplaces. Exhibiting a shockable rhythm was the strongest predictor of survival among patients with OHCAs at workplaces; odds ratio (95% CI) 5.80 (2.92–12.31). Odds ratio for survival for women was 2.08 (95% CI 1.07–4.03), compared with men. At workplaces other than private offices, odds ratio for survival was 0.41 (95% CI 0.16–0.95) for cases who did not receive bystander CPR, as compared to those who did receive CPR. Among patients who were found in a shockable rhythm were 23% defibrillated before arrival of ambulance, which was more frequent than in any other location. Conclusion: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest occurring at workplaces and crowded public places display the highest probability of survival, as compared with other places outside hospital. An initial shockable cardiac rhythm was the strongest predictor of survival for OHCA at workplaces.

This is the first experimental study testing the effect of street performance (aka busking) on the subjective environmental perception of public space. It is generally believed that street performance can enhance people's experience of public space, but studies advocating such a view have not used a control group to explicitly verify the effect of street performance. In response to this methodological limitation, we conducted two studies using experimental design. Study 1 (N = 748) was an online computer-based study where research participants evaluated the extent to which the presence vs. absence of street performance could change their perception of public space. Study 2 (N = 162) was a between-group quasi-experiment in an actual public space where people physically present in the space evaluated the perception of the space with vs. without street performance. Overall, we found converging results that street performance could make public space more visitable, more restorative, and more preferable. The current findings not only fill in a gap in the literature on street performance, but they also inform the policy making and regulations of street performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Conservative Thought / Muhafazakar Düşünce is the property of Muhafazakar Dusunce Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Aposta is the property of Aposta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Non-compliance with smoke-free law is one of the determinants of untimely mortality and morbidity globally. Various studies have been conducted on non-compliance with smoke-free law in public places in different parts of the world; however, the findings are inconclusive and significantly dispersed. Moreover, there is a lack of internationally representative data, which hinders the evaluation of ongoing international activities towards smoke-free law. Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to assess the pooled prevalence of non-compliance with smoke-free law in public places., Methods: International electronic databases, such as PubMed/MEDLINE, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, African Journals Online, HINARI, Semantic Scholar, google and Google Scholar were used to retrieve the relevant articles. The study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA) guidelines. The Higgs I 2 statistics were used to determine the heterogeneity of the reviewed articles. The random-effects model with a 95% confidence interval was carried out to estimate the pooled prevalence of non-compliance., Results: A total of 23 articles with 25,573,329 study participants were included in this meta-analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of non-compliance with smoke-free law was 48.02% (95% CI: 33.87-62.17). Extreme heterogeneity was observed among the included studies (I 2 = 100%; p  < 0.000). The highest non-compliance with smoke-free law was noted in hotels (59.4%; 95% CI: 10.5-108.3) followed by homes (56.8%; 95% CI: 33.2-80.4), with statistically significant heterogeneity., Conclusion: As the prevalence of non-compliance with smoke-free law is high in public places, it calls for urgent intervention. High non-compliance was found in food and drinking establishments and healthcare facilities. In light of these findings, follow-up of tobacco-free legislation and creating awareness that focused on active smokers particularly in food and drinking establishments is recommended., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Daba, Atamo, Gasheya, Geto and Gebrehiwot.)

We developed a psychometric scale for measuring the subjective environmental perception of public spaces. In the scale development process, we started with an initial pool of 85 items identified from the literature that were related to environmental perception. A total of 1,650 participants rated these items on animated images of 12 public spaces through an online survey. Using principal component analyses and confirmatory factor analyses, we identified two affective factors (comfort and activity) with 8 items and six cognitive factors (legibility, enclosure, complexity, crime potential, wildlife, and lighting) with 22 items. These eight factors represent the core attributes underlying environmental perception of public spaces. Practicality of the scale and limitations of the study are also discussed.