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Nanotechnology has great theoretical and application value. Nanomaterials have the characteristics of radiation, absorption, sterilization, and adsorption. Numerous studies have shown that nanotechnology plays an important role in protecting and planning public green spaces. In recent years, with the continuous improvement of Macau's status as an international city, the development of tourism has led to the northward shift of the centre under the "spillover effect" of the residential space in the historical city. As a typical high-density community, the Macau Peninsula has a serious shortage of public green space. This paper selects Macau's community public green spaces as research objects, takes environmental perception as the evaluation perspective, takes the supply capacity of public green space and the degree of demand of urban residents as evaluation indicators, as well as the subjective and objective factors that affect the layout of public green space, combined with relevant theories to construct A complete set of comprehensive index system. Based on the analysis results, from the attractiveness and utilization rate of public green space, the layout of public green space, urban road traffic network, land use planning, nanotechnology materials, etc., to explore effective ways to promote the sustainable development of high-density cities in Macau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractNanotechnology has great theoretical and application value. Nanomaterials have the characteristics of radiation, absorption, sterilization, and adsorption. Numerous studies have shown that nanotechnology plays an important role in protecting and planning public green spaces. In recent years, with the continuous improvement of Macau’s status as an international city, the development of tourism has led to the northward shift of the centre under the "spillover effect" of the residential space in the historical city. As a typical high-density community, the Macau Peninsula has a serious shortage of public green space. This paper selects Macau’s community public green spaces as research objects, takes environmental perception as the evaluation perspective, takes the supply capacity of public green space and the degree of demand of urban residents as evaluation indicators, as well as the subjective and objective factors that affect the layout of public green space, combined with relevant theories to construct A complete set of comprehensive index system. Based on the analysis results, from the attractiveness and utilization rate of public green space, the layout of public green space, urban road traffic network, land use planning, nanotechnology materials, etc., to explore effective ways to promote the sustainable development of high-density cities in Macau.

Copyright of Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnography of the Serbian Academy of Sciences & Arts / Glasnik Etnografskog Instituta SANU is the property of Institute of Ethnography, SASA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For the administrative districts of the city of Ufa (the capital of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia), the distribution of green spaces, including public green spaces, the degree of greening, and the accessible green spaces per resident, were analysed. Green spaces were estimated to be available for the citizens within 400 m (for multi-story building areas), 800 m (for low-rise building areas), and 1250 m (for all residential areas). The analysis relies on open geographic system tools and open spatial data. Data are compared with existing governmental regulations and recommendations. Green stands to cover approximately 35% of the city area (indicating that Ufa is one of the greenest among the 16 million-plus Russian cities), and most forest sites are located outside the city centre. Meanwhile, public green spaces cover less than 5% of the city and are unevenly spread across administrative urban districts. The major recreation facilities are situated in the city centre. Despite the high level of greening in Ufa on the whole, access to public areas in multi-story building areas within a 400 m radius and low-rise building areas within an 800 m radius is not guaranteed for city residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present the results of preliminary research into children’s birthday celebrations in public green spaces in Belgrade during the second decade of the 21st century. This period is characterized by the widespread practice of celebrating children’s birthdays in commercial children’s playrooms. Birthday celebrations “in nature” were very rare in comparison. Thus we decided to focus on birthday celebrations held in public green spaces. This social practice is analyzed in the context of utilizing urban public space, public greens for organizing private events with the intent to consider the reasons for its appearance at a time when children’s birthdays were becoming part of the processes of the institutionalization and commercialization of childhood. The analysis is based on empirical material gathered through informal conversations with parents who organized birthday parties “in the open”, “in nature”. Children’s birthday parties we attended were organized at the Sava quay, in Košutnjak and at Ada Ciganlija. The fieldwork was conducted periodically from 2014 to 2018, and entailed the application of classical fieldwork methods in ethnology and anthropology (participant observation and interviews with the participants of the events).

This paper addresses a challenging global problem, insufficient accessible urban public green space, based on building typology. Offering sufficient public green spaces and maintaining the equalities of citizens' accessibility in high-intensity urban cities has been increasingly challenging. Thus, providing adequate and accessible green public spaces by 2030 is a sub-goal of SDGs No. 11. Solving this urban problem is commonly considered the responsibility of urban planning; however, the potential of buildings is scarcely discussed in academia. Luckily, in the industry, many top architecture firms (studios) have tapped the particular potential of buildings via design practice. This practice-led research aims to understand the efforts made by industrial circles. Based on the fieldwork worldwide, this study proposes a 'spiral space' building typology to work as a conceptual framework for this emerging field. The key benefit of this building typology—incremental production of public green spaces—is qualitatively verified, and the good flexibility and international acceptance of this building typology are demonstrated based on global cases. This work could serve as a basis for future research on how buildings could play a greater role in supporting urban sustainability, such as enhancing the residents' accessibility to public green space in metropolises. In addition, the building typology and corresponding design strategies discussed herein could also serve as references for future design practice for architects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the administrative districts of the city of Ufa (the capital of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia), the distribution of green spaces, including public green spaces, the degree of greening, and the accessible green spaces per resident, were analysed. Green spaces were estimated to be available for the citizens within 400 m (for multi-story building areas), 800 m (for low-rise building areas), and 1250 m (for all residential areas). The analysis relies on open geographic system tools and open spatial data. Data are compared with existing governmental regulations and recommendations. Green stands to cover approximately 35% of the city area (indicating that Ufa is one of the greenest among the 16 million-plus Russian cities), and most forest sites are located outside the city centre. Meanwhile, public green spaces cover less than 5% of the city and are unevenly spread across administrative urban districts. The major recreation facilities are situated in the city centre. Despite the high level of greening in Ufa on the whole, access to public areas in multi-story building areas within a 400 m radius and low-rise building areas within an 800 m radius is not guaranteed for city residents.

In outdoor spaces where children spend time outside their homes, certain conditions should be provided for the healthy development and increase of their quality of life. The main problem is that the regulations do not contain anything about outdoor standards, so spaces are designed without considering the needs of children. In this study, 105 spatial indicators were determined together with the needs of children for public green spaces. This study was carried out in urban parks serving the whole city within the scope of outdoor spaces. The status of the selected areas in the study to meet these indicators was examined and it was determined that the place with the best score (62.25%) was Hüdavendigar Urban Park, the largest urban park in Bursa. Improvement suggestions have been developed for children by introducing indicators that are not found outdoors. These spatial indicators, which are determined by considering the needs of children, will benefit the process of creating all the spaces where children spend time for well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural ecosystem services (CES) are mainly intangible benefits, obtained by aesthetical and other experiences, recreation, learning and spiritual enrichment, or by the ability to distinguish values. In other words, what makes a service ‘cultural’ is its ‘non-economical’ character. CES are ecosystem services with direct impact on the quality of life in urban systems, and they are directly appreciated by inhabitants and visitors of these urban systems (Plieningeret al., 2013; Zulian et al., 2018). In order to satisfy the needs and expectations of the wider urban community, a ‘broader portfolio of areas’ is needed, which can meet the expectations of different users, from children to older adults. The new methodological approach tested on three model areas in the city of Nitra in the housing estate Chrenová was used to establish the level of benefits provided by existing vegetation areas in urban environment in terms of recreation as a CES. Following data were collected: the quality of vegetation, spatial design, management of vegetation elements, selected environmental aspects, available amenities and architectural elements needed for recreation. In our article, we present the assessment of vegetation in relation to the provision of recreation as a CES. Our results show that the assessed areas can be classified in the category of average to low provision of benefits related to recreation. Vegetation on area P1 is in good condition, mainly the quality of trees and shrubs was assessed as very good (4). Other areas (P2 and P3) assessed provide only low levels of benefits derived from recreation as one of the CES. This was caused by some vegetation deficiencies (mainly related to horticultural and compositional aspects). Methodological approach can be used for different vegetation areas in urban environment and after suitable modifications (e.g. adding other components for assessment) also for different cultural ecosystems services. The results can be used in landscape planning documents or in other types of documents dealing with the quality of vegetation in urban environment.

Urban Warming is an increasing problem in the cities, and inadvertently Thermal Comfort has received an increased attention since the last decade. Compared to indoors, the outdoor environment is more complex and there are larger variations in the climatic parameters. The present research is an effort towards evolving "Human 'Outdoor' Thermal Comfort Index", so as to overcome the limitations of prevalent indices such as 'Physiological Equivalent Temperature' and 'Universal Thermal Climate Index'. The present study was carried out at twenty Public Green Spaces, selected on the basis of geographical location, land use pattern, public prominence, topography and physical area; for 12 hours to monitor Climatic Parameters. The Input parameters included Ambient Air Temperature, Relative Humidity, Wind Speed, Intensity of Sunlight, Green-cover Area; and Public Perception which was ascertained at each observatory with the help of a self-designed compact questionnaire survey. Subsequently, this newly designed empirical relationship was employed for establishing the Thermal Comfort Index of various Public Green Spaces of Bengaluru, with ranking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses a challenging global problem, insufficient accessible urban public green space, based on building typology. Offering sufficient public green spaces and maintaining the equalities of citizens’ accessibility in high-intensity urban cities has been increasingly challenging. Thus, providing adequate and accessible green public spaces by 2030 is a sub-goal of SDGs No. 11. Solving this urban problem is commonly considered the responsibility of urban planning; however, the potential of buildings is scarcely discussed in academia. Luckily, in the industry, many top architecture firms (studios) have tapped the particular potential of buildings via design practice. This practice-led research aims to understand the efforts made by industrial circles. Based on the fieldwork worldwide, this study proposes a ‘spiral space’ building typology to work as a conceptual framework for this emerging field. The key benefit of this building typology—incremental production of public green spaces—is qualitatively verified, and the good flexibility and international acceptance of this building typology are demonstrated based on global cases. This work could serve as a basis for future research on how buildings could play a greater role in supporting urban sustainability, such as enhancing the residents’ accessibility to public green space in metropolises. In addition, the building typology and corresponding design strategies discussed herein could also serve as references for future design practice for architects.

Public green spaces (PGS) on the shores of the Limay River in Neuquen Metropolitan Area (AMN, for its acronym in Spanish) can represent tools for water management. For the design of such instruments, it is important to know the local dynamics of hydrometeorological threats. The aim of this paper is to analyze, from a historical perspective based on the digital written press, the occurrence of events related to hydrometeorological threats in the AMN and, most precisely, around the PGS located on the coast of the Limay River for the period 1999-2020. 131 journalistic articles were surveyed and the information collected was validated through hydrometeorological databases. The methodology classifies events according to origin and nature, as well as characterizing them according to their physical characteristics; consequent damages in urban, periurban and rural areas; actors from different jurisdictions and adopted actions. Before and during the events soft measures prevailed while hard measures prevailed after them. Specifically, the consequences in EVP result in hindrances for its exploitation by users. Historical records provide initial, useful and comprehensive information for the analysis of the incidence of water processes in cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Academic Journal of Agriculture / Akademik Ziraat Dergisi is the property of University of Ordu, Faculty of Agriculture, Academic Journal of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of PARC Pesquisa em Arquitetura e Construção is the property of Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Portal de Periodicos Eletronicos Cientificos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Art-Sanat Journal / Art-Sanat is the property of Art-Sanat and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article proposes an analysis of the nearness of the elderly population to the public green spaces (PGS) of the municipalities of Santa Fe and Rafaela (Argentina), with the aim of recognizing the proximity of elderly population to the PGS and identifying in which urban areas can be found the deficits, according international parameters. The purpose of this paper is to generate a reflection which could be useful to increase the level of details about urban strategies in this matter, in both intermediate cities. The methodology is based on the Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas (INDEC, 2010) and different surveys carried out by own resources from municipal cartographies. The study integrates the identified PGS into a spatial data matrix that makes it possible to quantify the available green area, and to map and identify urban areas which lack for these spaces, from the delineation of an «optimal proximity area» suggested by the WHO. The main results indicate, with respect to the amount of green area per inhabitant, that both urban centres accomplish the recommended standards of the WHO, although the participation of the different PGS according to «size ranges» indicates a general predominance of small spaces, with little contribution in the total green area. On the other hand, the analysed municipalities present an unequal proportion of elderly population residing inside the «optimal proximity area» to the PGS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Urban green spaces provide an array of ecosystem services. Spiritual services provided by urban green spaces are widely used, but are often overlooked and rarely quantified. These services are accessed at sites of specific religious or sacred significance or more general urban green spaces used for religious practices that require natural or semi-natural, outdoor settings. We sampled twelve public green spaces in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, to determine their use as sites for religious gatherings, interviewed visitors to green spaces and religious congregants about such and used the travel cost method to assign a value to the green spaces for spiritual benefits. Religious gatherings were observed in all twelve sampled green spaces, and 7% of a random sample of visitors to the urban green spaces said that they participated in such. Amongst the worshippers, 71% said worshipping outdoors was part of their religious practices and 29% said they did so because they had no building in which to worship. Most (79%) worshipped in public green spaces 1–4 times per week. Many felt that it would be easier if the city council designated specific and quiet areas in public green spaces for their religious observances, which they could then help maintain. The mean value of spiritual services was determined to be US$93 ± 79 /ha/yr, and tended to be highest in the high density, poorer suburbs. These results reveal the significance of urban green spaces for spiritual purposes and indicate the need for greater recognition amongst researchers and city planners and authorities to secure and maintain such benefit flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public green spaces (pgs) provide social and environmental services to the urban community. The article identifies and analyzes the presence, surface, and distribution of the pgs of the municipality of Santa Fe (Argentina) in relation to four quality of life areas established in a previous study. This approach is based on a series of indicators that rely on data drawn from secondary and primary sources. The results show that the offer, size, presence, and density of pgs in Santa Fe differ according to the quality of life areas, and that there is a greater availability of such spaces in places with a better quality of life. Municipal regulations appear to have favored the proliferation of small pgs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the accessibility of urban green spaces within the Syrian city of Aleppo before the civil war using an environmental justice approach by indicating the current state of the parameters proximity and quantity in relation to the socioeconomic status of the inhabitants. Therefore, we conducted the average nearest neighbour analysis, facilities over and under coverage analysis, network analysis and a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test followed by a post-hoc Tukey honestly significant difference (HSD) test. The findings clearly indicate that the spatial pattern of the distribution of public parks facilities was significantly clustered (p-value < 0.0001), with a z-score of −16.4. Several neighbourhoods within the western and central parts of the city were identified to have a higher density of facilities, while the majority of the neighbourhoods located in the marginal parts in eastern Aleppo (low income) lack access to urban green spaces. The hierarchy-wise analysis reveals a strong deficit of urban green spaces at lower hierarchies, for example pocket parks and neighbourhood parks, while access to quarter parks and district parks is high. The urban green spaces at higher hierarchies are located in high and middle socioeconomic status areas. Regarding social segregation in park distribution and their accessibility, the data showed that high income neighbourhoods enjoy a significantly higher percentage of park facilities. The approach presented in this paper offers a generic method for the future development of public green spaces for balanced and sustainable planning.

In the early nineteenth century, the (obsolete) Portuguese urban fortifications were frequently ruined and suffering from a gradual desertion around them. With the emergence of patrimonial concerns, those defensive structures began being considered as historical and cultural monuments. As a result, the isolation of these monuments became a common practice that often created public green areas (gardens and parks) framing monuments, giving them a picturesque image. The consequences of these rehabilitation actions on urban fortifications in Portugal are analyzed here, focusing particularly on those that created new public green spaces within and around urban areas. In fact, the shape of several Portuguese cities was conditioned by those interventions: not only were breathing areas conceived in the middle of dense urban masses, allowing their fruition by local populations, but also some ancient urban belts associated with former defensive needs were recovered by those interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing concern with biodiversity loss has raised the attention on the importance of cities as habitats for a unique assemblage of plants and animals, particularly its public green spaces. Public green spaces, namely parks, gardens and green squares, are often too numerous to allow a detailed study of all of them. Due to their high heterogeneity, a random selection or a stratification based on few features would have consequences on the statistical validity of subsequent biodiversity analysis. Therefore, we aim to present a sampling methodology for public urban green spaces for the selection of a representative group that reflects the diversity of the original population. First, the stratification is based on a selection of variables considered relevant for biodiversity research and easy to evaluate, specifically total area, vegetation cover, impermeable area, water, age, dominant function and space character. Then, a clustering method, through finite mixture modelling, is applied to generate groups of similar green spaces. The application of the proposed sampling methodology was tested in Porto, Portugal. It aims to facilitate site selection for urban biodiversity surveys, in order to improve the accuracy and reliability of biodiversity analysis in public green spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have argued that a better understanding of people’s preferences about public urban green spaces may inform urban planners to effectively provide and manage urban green spaces to meet users’ needs. The aim of this study is to examine urban residents preferred public green space characteristics and investigate whether similarities and differences can be highlighted in three different Portuguese cities. Through a web-based questionnaire based on the best-worst scaling (BWS) method, residents of Lisbon, Porto and Évora (n = 750) were asked to select the most and least important public green space characteristic among thirteen attributes. The results suggest a consensus about some green space characteristics across cities but also the existence of some local variations in city residents’ preferences. Overall, this study can support public authorities and urban planners as they strive to effectively design and manage urban green spaces to meet users’ needs.

Public green spaces (PGSs) play a critical role in enhancing human well-being and urban quality of life. Characterizing the inequalities in PGSs provision can provide essential references for urban planning. This paper employs spatial regression to examine the PGSs provision in association with district sociodemographics in Shenzhen, China. In particular, district sociodemographics are described by ten variables from five aspects: income, occupation, education, demographic structure and housing arrangements. The PGSs provision is measured by six indicators from three aspects: quantity, accessibility, and quality. Results show that PGSs quantity declines with district disadvantage degree of income, occupation and housing. PGSs present lower quality in the wealthier neighborhoods but better quality in districts with housing disadvantage. The socioeconomically disadvantaged districts have more restricted access to PGSs. These findings demonstrate the inequalities in UPGSs provision in Shenzhen. This study informs urban planners of the ‘oasis and desert’ of PGSs provision across space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantifying the public green space required by urban residents is a fundamental aspect of sustainable urban planning and management. This paper proposes a metric of effective green equivalent (EGE), which is defined as the area of green space multiplied by corrected coefficients of quality and accessibility. Based on the EGE values of individual residents, two city-level indicators are developed: (1) average EGE, which refers to the average level of EGE values of all urban residents within the urban boundary; and (2) an inequality coefficient, which measures the inequality of EGE distribution across the urban area. Three indicators (EGE, average EGE, and the inequality coefficient) were used to measure the real green spaces of the urban residents of Beijing, China. The results showed that the EGE values for individual residents in Beijing follow a normal distribution. The average EGE value is 355.49 ha per resident and the inequality coefficient value is calculated to be 0.24, indicating that the current public green spaces of Beijing can basically meet residents’ requirements. These indicators can thus be applied to urban public green space planning practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of ecosystem goods and services is increasingly used to describe how biodiversity and ecosystems are linked to human well-being and that it should be placed at the core of sustainable urban development. Predictions of a tremendous future increase of urbanization in Africa necessitate an investigation into the research on ecosystem goods and services in the urban green infrastructure of Africa. Ecosystem goods and services (ES) are described as the benefits humans derive directly or indirectly from ecosystem functions and are classified as supporting, provisioning, regulating and cultural services. A literature study focusing on journal papers was conducted. Additionally a case study based on two masters studies was further refined. ES studies in African cities are biased towards South Africa and include assessments and economic valuations in which several different methods were used to determine direct consumptive and non-consumptive and indirect use values. Emphasis was placed on the multifunctional nature of ES. The main objectives of these studies were to sensitize policy makers, planners and the general public about the importance of biodiversity and ES. Ecosystem-based adaptation is discussed as the most appropriate approach in terms of applying knowledge about ES and their values in African cities as many residents still rely on ES from natural areas, but the major ecological, economic and political challenges are acknowledged. A case study focusing on domestic gardens (private green spaces) have indicated that the demand and supply of certain ES differ along a socio-economic gradient due to poor service delivery and smaller plots in the poorer areas mainly due to the legacy of separate development of the past. Where provisioning services are mainly outsourced in cities, it was found that plant species useful as food, medicine, etc. were more frequent in the gardens of poorer residents than in those of more affluent areas. The tendency to pay more for residential properties close to public open spaces, as in Europe, could not be statistically proven in the more affluent areas of a South African city, although the property values in proximity of public open spaces in some of the areas studied were lower than further away. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of empirical studies in Euro-American region consistently demonstrate that, parks and open space have a positive impact on property values. However, this effect has not been investigated in Beijing, China. And the public and city managers often ignore or underestimate the role of urban green spaces. This paper surveyed the relationship between the average house prices of 76 residential areas and 14 parks in Beijing, and measured the total benefits of 18 070 ha public green spaces on residential property value, by using the inventory data of urban green spaces (2009) and GIS techniques. Results showed that the residential property values located 850-1604 meters away from parks achieved a 0.5% to 14.1% increase in sales price. The overall benefit of Beijing's public green spaces on residential property was 2.86 billion CNY (1 USD=6.83 CNY), and the average benefit of per hectare public green space was 0.16 million CNY, corresponding to 1.8-3.9 times of the maintenance cost of green space in Beijing. Therefore, there is chance for local governments to increase property tax revenues due to the creation and maintenance of urban green spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Urban & Regional Research is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)