Search

The article notes that the law guarantees everyone the right to health care and medical assistance. A full-scale invasion calls for the development and updating of legal acts on ensuring a person’s right to medical assistance, in particular, to the provision of rehabilitation services. It is noted that rehabilitation assistance is aimed at a number of main areas, firstly, at supporting the functions of the patient’s body during the exacerbation of chronic diseases. Secondly, for warning, early diagnosis of disorders of the organs and systems of the patient’s body. The third direction is aimed at full or partial restoration of damaged organs or systems and compensation of lost functions of affected organs or systems. The four direction is related to the prevention and reduction of the degree of disability. The author emphasizes that the lack of competent and effective medical rehabilitation in Ukraine is a multifactorial problem: there is an insufficient number of inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation departments; lack of medical personnel - rehabilitation specialists, psychologists; there is not enough rehabilitation equipment; there is a need for adequate educational programs for physicians. In the article, the author emphasizes that one of the tasks of the state is to help persons with disabilities realize their constitutional rights; implementation of state policy in the field of rehabilitation of persons with disabilities, support for their integration into society, and the full-scale war on the territory of Ukraine causes an increasing urgency and need for the rehabilitation of persons injured as a result of hostilities. Such factors of the population’s health, such as the increase in morbidity, injuries, temporary loss of working capacity, premature mortality of the population require the development of the rehabilitation medicine market of Ukraine and its legal regulation. The article notes that the positive aspects are the development of new medical rehabilitation technologies, including those based on telemedicine and IT technologies, the preparation of new professional standards for medical rehabilitation at the modern level in accordance with international recommendations. All this requires the effective functioning of the system, which first of all requires the improvement and development of regulatory and legal support in the field of rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are integral to the National Health Mission (NHM). Kasturba Medical College (KMC), Mangalore, was the first private institution in India to embrace the PPP model way back in 1953. The then Government of Madras permitted KMC Mangalore to partner with the 2 district hospitals - the Government Wenlock and the Lady Goschen Hospitals. For almost seven decades, KMC Mangalore has been using the clinical facilities at District Wenlock and Lady Goschen hospitals to provide quality health care and also train the Undergraduate and Postgraduate students of KMC. The Manipal experiment is a shining example of public-private collaboration to provide quality accessible health care to everyone, which is in line with the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 and its targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to critically understand the current state of the art of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in the health sector and to highlight implications useful for implementing sustainability-oriented PPPs. By employing text mining to analyze the sampled articles, we identify the main themes distinguishing healthcare PPPs and sustainability. We critically discuss the narrative underlying the results achieved in terms of emerging topics: governance, managerial tools, barriers, advantages/disadvantages, and big data. Finally, we propose a literature-driven framework on PPP management that identifies implications – systemic approach, technical managerial skills, governance balance, operational instruments – that can facilitate the development of sustainability-oriented PPPs in the healthcare sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to contribute to the management control systems (MCS) changes in public-private partnerships (PPSs) by developing a conceptual archetype explaining the relationship between trust and MCSs in PPPs, and highlighting how this relationship may evolve over time. Design/methodology/approach: The paper adopts a longitudinal case study methodology focusing on a hospital built and operated under a project finance deal. The methods adopted include semistructured interviews, direct observation and internal documentation analysis. We conducted 15 semistructured interviews from 2019 to 2021. In analyzing different documents and interviews, we triangulated data to ensure solid interpretation. Findings: The case shows how trust can take different configurations depending on the type of MCS used. The results highlight how different patterns of MCSs, about trust, can be combined to govern PPPs. The case also shows the temporal dynamics of how MCS and trust evolve at different organizational levels and how bureaucratic control matched with contractual trust and trust-based control matched with competence trust can coexist at different times and organizational levels. Practical implications: Managers involved in PPPs will be aware of the role of different types of trust in shaping and managing the relationship between partners at different organizational levels. Furthermore, the findings could help policymakers to adopt more informed decisions and to promote practice-based trust at various organizational levels of PPPs. Originality/value: The paper proposes a management control archetype based on bureaucracy- and trust-based patterns concerning the level of programmability of tasks, as well as defined risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public–private partnership (PPP) has delivered expected results on a number of significant projects. Yet, despite the growing appeal, problems have been encountered which have either resulted in slow progress or the total failure of such arrangements. This study offers a comparison between Nigeria and South Africa focusing on several identified critical success factors (CSFs) for PPPs. We rely on secondary data to compare Nigeria and South Africa based on the top ten ranking CSFs identified in the literature. Findings reveal that both countries account for the highest number of PPP projects in Africa but have not recorded huge successes as a result of their shortcomings in important CSFs responsible for the success of PPPs. Nigeria, for instance, is still being challenged with poor energy supply, bad road networks, and ineffective waste management practices, among others. South Africa appears to have had better success in PPP delivery due to a suitable financial market, stable economic policy, favorable legal framework, and a transparent procurement process. We conclude by highlighting the key CSFs for PPPs in Nigeria and South Africa and emphasize the need to address the identified shortcomings. The relevance of this study is in its contribution to the understanding of CSF in PPP projects thereby offering useful insights for policy makers and administrators in improving the success rate of PPPs and enhancing the delivery of public services in these countries. Related Articles: Ikeanyibe, Okechukwu Marcellus. 2018. "Bureaucratic Politics and the Implementation of Liberalization Reforms in Nigeria: A Study of the Unbundling and Reorganization of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation." Politics & Policy 46(2): 263–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12249. Iwuoha, Victor Chidubem, Nneka Ifeoma Okafor, and Emmanuel Ifeadike. 2022. "State Regulation of Nigeria's Maritime Ports: Exploring the Impact of Port Concession on both the Regulator and the Operators." Politics & Policy 50(5): 1032–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12495. McNamara, Madeleine W., John C. Morris, and Martin Mayer. 2014. "Expanding the Universe of Multi‐Organizational Arrangements: Contingent Coordination and the Deepwater Horizon Transportation Challenges." Politics & Policy 42(3): 346–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12073. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Press coverage of the Sheffield street tree dispute showed images of protestors and yellow ribbons on trees threatened with felling as part of a highly charged and public argument between the council and some of its citizens. However, a closer analysis of the highways management programme shows that it was not simply a case of two parties in conflict. This paper pulls on a wide range of secondary data sources to explore Sheffield's street tree dispute by examining the urban management approach taken by the local authority. Using the place-keeping concept as an analytical framework, the paper will demonstrate how the Sheffield case reflects "business as usual" maintenance practices undertaken by local authorities when contracting out management work. The analysis also provides evidence showing how the Sheffield case demonstrates poor contract design, governance processes, evaluation and communication practices that had ramifications for the city that went beyond its street trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Conclusions In Haiti, cervical cancer continues to cause high levels of mortality and morbidity due to lack of resources and political unrest. Haitian women employed in factories are especially vulnerable because they are unable to take time away from work to access health resources. We aimed to describe a low‐cost intervention which successfully addressed this need.We present a retrospective review of data gathered through a public–private partnership, in which women working in garment factories near Port‐au‐Prince, Haiti, were offered health education, clinical breast exam, and free human papillomavirus (HPV) self‐swab testing at their place of employment. Women testing positive for HPV were subsequently tested using visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) to inform treatment referrals, and treated with mobile thermocoagulation in factory infirmaries. Factory‐employed healthcare workers were trained on cancer screening, including VIA and clinical breast exam.A total of 6843 out of 6983 (98%) female factory employees attended free reproductive health education sessions, and 4005 out of 4153 eligible women (97%) were screened using HPV self‐swab testing; 5176 women received a clinical breast exam. Of the women screened for HPV, 1001 (25%) tested positive and 905 (90%) of HPV‐positive women received VIA testing and thermocoagulation. The intervention had a total cost of US$76 000, over half of which was spent on an HPV testing machine.Innovative approaches to the prevention of cervical cancer are especially necessary in very low‐resource, politically unstable environments like Haiti. Self‐swab and screen‐and‐treat programs in the workplace were acceptable to employees and factory owners. This low‐cost model was reached vulnerable women through a public‐private partnership, and tracked them through screening and treatment. It could be implemented elsewhere or extended to include other health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The public–private partnership (PPP) environment in Asia is complex due to the different levels of development. Thus, investigating critical success factors (CSFs) of PPP projects plays an important role for both the public and private sectors to ensure sustainable development. The purpose of this study is: (1) to seek and evaluate CSFs of PPP infrastructure projects in Vietnam; and (2) to compare top CSFs among several countries in Asia. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey with 36 obtained responses. Collected data were analyzed using the mean score technique, factor analysis, and fuzzy synthetic evaluation (FSE) method. Finally, a comparison among countries in Asia was carried out. Seventeen CSFs were identified and five main groupings were grouped, including favorable investment environment, good partnership management, sound financial package, effective contract management, and ability of the private sector. The comparative result has shown that PPP investment in middle-income countries is more complicated than the high-income countries. This finding not only helps the government and investors to be more understanding of CSFs for implementing PPP procurement in Vietnam, but also offers the overall picture of the PPP market in the Asia region. In addition, it provides practitioners with an evaluation framework regarding CSFs in decision-making for PPP implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public–private development partnership constitutes the core of a deepening normative agenda that places private actors as active development agents and as means through which other development objectives are pursued in partnership with publicly funded aid actors. This normative agenda may challenge international development. This article goes beyond the official policy level to explore the formation of public–private development cooperation in practice, not just on paper. It zooms into the partnership between a Norwegian NGO and a multinational company and their joint project to renovate an old vocational college in Ethiopia to serve the private actor's need for qualified workers. The article shows how a publicly funded development project becomes a proxy for private interests, but argues that the diversion of public aid is not due to bad intentions or conflicting interests. Rather, it is the result of interface situations created by the public–private partnership agenda and its intentional merger of actors with distinct institutional logics, accountabilities and rationales. The article demonstrates how actors put together as part of the public–private partnership agenda end up undermining the agenda itself because of the interface situations created in the nexus of public and private actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Referring to PPP Books 2017-2023 issued by The Ministry of National Development Planning of Indonesia, there is only 1 out of 16 AP PPP projects at the municipal/regency level that have successfully reached the operational stage (6% success rate), i.e. Madiun Regency Public Street Lighting. Several municipal/regency AP PPP projects have failed, for example, Bandung Municipal Public Street Lighting. The widespread failures indicate that the application of AP in regional infrastructure has so far not been successful in Indonesia. This paper aims to identify the basic requirements, critical success factors, and lessons learned from AP PPP implementation in Municipal/Regency Governments. Thus, it is hoped that the future provision of regional infrastructure with the AP scheme can proceed seamlessly. This study used a mixed-method approach that combines qualitative and quantitative data from literature reviews, questionnaires, and interviews. The results showed that the basic requirements for AP PPP include the existence of regulations and institutions. The five main success factors of AP PPP in the Municipal/Regency Government are (1) a well-organized and committed public agency; (2) political support; (3) favorable and efficient legal framework; (4) stable political and economic situation; and (5) public and private sector commitments and responsibilities. The lesson learned from the case study is that fiscal capacity is not the main factor in the success of PPP in Madiun Regency, but rather the willingness of the local government to implement PPP by regularly holding capacity building and maintaining good relationships and communication with each stakeholder involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dietary factors are among the largest and costliest drivers of chronic diseases in England. As a response, the government implements a range of population interventions to promote healthy diets by targeting food environments. Objectives: This study aimed to conduct a systematic review of the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and policy process of real-world evaluations of national and state policies on improving food environments, with a focus on whether they were regulatory, voluntary or partnership approaches. Data sources: Fourteen relevant English-language databases were searched in November 2020 for studies published between 2010 and 2020. Methods: Six separate evidence reviews were conducted to assess the evidence of effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and policy processes of policies to improve food environments. Results: A total of 483 primary research evaluations and 14 evidence syntheses were included. The study reveals considerable geographic, methodological and other imbalances across the literature, with, for example, 81% of publications focusing only on 12 countries. The systematic reviews also reveal the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of reviewed regulatory approaches designed to improve health, consumer behaviour and food environment outcomes while public–private partnerships and voluntary approaches to improve diets via reformulation, advertising and promotion restrictions or other changes to the environment were limited in their effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. The study also revealed key enabling and impeding factors across regulatory, voluntary and public–private partnership approaches. Conclusion: From the available evidence reviewed, this study finds that regulatory approaches appear most effective at improving the food environment, and voluntary agreements and partnerships have limited effectiveness. These findings should be carefully considered in future public health policy development, as should the findings of geographic imbalance in the evidence and inadequate representation of equity dimensions across the policy evaluations. We find that food policies are at times driven by factors other than the evidence and shaped by compromise and pragmatism. Food policy should be first and foremost designed and driven by the evidence of greatest effectiveness to improve food environments for healthier diets. Limitations: This was a complex evidence synthesis due to its scope and some policy evaluations may have been missed as the literature searches did not include specific policy names. The literature was limited to studies published in English from 2010 to 2020, potentially missing studies of interest. Future work: Priorities include the need for guidance for appraising risk of bias and quality of non-clinical studies, for reporting policy characteristics in evaluations, for supporting evaluations of real-world policies equitably across geographic regions, for capturing equity dimensions in policy evaluations, and for guideline development for quality and risk of bias of policy evaluations. Study registration: This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42020170963. Funding: This award project was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme (NIHR award ref: NIHR128607) and is published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 12, No. 8. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information. Plain language summary: Poor diet is a leading cause of death, globally, including in the United Kingdom. It also causes many types of illness and is one of the biggest drains on the United Kingdom National Health Service budget. Governments act in various ways to promote healthy diets by improving food environments: these are the physical and social surroundings that influence what and how much people eat. Some actions are regulated by government, for example, to control food production, marketing and promotions. Other actions are led by, or with, food businesses, making voluntary changes to the foods they produce, for example, by reducing salt content; this can be done by businesses alone or in partnership with government (referred to as 'public–private partnerships'). The six reviews of published research look at whether, and how, these actions to improve diets work, and whether they can provide value for money. Most regulations appear to be effective at supporting better diets. However, voluntary changes led by businesses had limited success. There were not many evaluations that assessed the effectiveness of public–private partnerships. Of those that did, partnerships with the food industry had limited effectiveness, resulting in largely unchanged outcomes. When looking at how these actions improve diets, we found that clear leadership, public support for the policy, the use of the best evidence and of local expertise helped with getting actions implemented. Factors that appear to make it harder to implement policy actions include a lack of evidence specific to the context, conflicting beliefs about what works, limited human or financial resources, lack of engagement by key people. Although the findings may help us to think about the ways forward to improve diets, more research is needed to understand whether actions to reduce diet-related ill health work, and provide value for money. Scientific summary: Background: Unhealthy diets are now estimated to be responsible for more deaths than any other risk globally, including in England. Dietary factors underpin many of the major chronic diseases currently faced by the population and are estimated both to be the largest contributor to overall disease and to have the highest impact on the NHS budget. It is in this context that the English government has implemented a range of population interventions to promote healthy diets by improving food environments. These range from public–private partnerships (PPPs) and voluntary programmes to regulatory policies, aiming to reduce ingredients like sodium and sugars in foods through interventions, such as reformulation, advertising reduction/bans and labelling. Governance arrangements in policy are broadly defined here as whether or not a policy intervention is voluntary, PPP or government led. Governance is a key overlooked mechanism in these interventions, and also in reviews of policy responses, and it is a fundamental part of the context, which is insufficiently discussed. It is essential to understand how governance arrangements in policy have an impact on effectiveness, by understanding what factors relating to interventions, providers, populations and settings affect the implementation of such population interventions to improve diet. Aims: This study, cost-effectiveness and policy processes of population interventions to improve diet with a focus on governance, and with a view to informing the most effective responses to unhealthy diets, formulating implications for diets in England. Research questions: How are regulatory interventions, voluntary approaches and PPPs to improve diet assumed to work in theory? What regulatory interventions, voluntary approaches and PPPs to improve diet, and reduce inequalities in diet improvement, have been evaluated? What factors relating to interventions, providers, populations and settings affect implementation of such population interventions to improve diet? Have such population interventions improved process, impact (intermediate and distal) and cost outcomes? Are there any reported unanticipated effects of such population interventions? What is the cost-effectiveness of such population interventions? How can the findings of the evidence review be translated into recommendations for improved interventions? Methods: This evidence synthesis consists of six individual evidence syntheses based on a common systematic literature search [see Figure A (Figure 2 in main text)]. The evidence syntheses consisted of a systematic evidence map of primary research, an overview of reviews on the effectiveness of regulatory, voluntary and PPP approaches, two systematic reviews on the effectiveness of PPPs, and voluntary approaches by private actors to fill gaps in the overview of review, as well as another systematic review on the cost-effectiveness of regulatory, voluntary and PPP approaches, and a qualitative evidence synthesis of the policy process. FIGURE A Relationships between review outputs. We ran searches of real-world evaluations of policies (defined as evaluations conducted while the policy was adopted or implemented, or as part of a state or national public consultation) aiming to improve diets by targeting the food environments, and published between 2010 and 2020, across 14 databases in November 2020. Records were uploaded to the Evidence for Policy and Practice Information-Reviewer Web for the removal of duplicates, screening, as well as part of the data extractions for the different reviews of the series. About 12% of titles and abstracts and 33% of full texts eligible for the overarching project were screened by at least two reviewers independently. The remainder were screened by one reviewer after reaching a 90% agreement rate, except for those excluded because they were not about real-world policy (all were checked by a second reviewer). Disagreements were discussed with a third reviewer. Depending on the review, data were either extracted by one reviewer and checked by another or extracted by two independent reviewers. The specific methods and results for each review are presented in their respective chapters. All papers included in one of the four effectiveness or cost-effectiveness reviews were independently critically appraised by two reviewers. The quality of evidence syntheses in the overview of reviews was appraised using the checklist by the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. For the systematic reviews of PPP evaluations and of voluntary approaches, study quality was assessed using a modified version of the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale for cross-sectional studies. The review of voluntary approaches included 10 single cross-sectional studies and 5 repeat cross-sectional studies, all about food items, advertising material and other non-human 'participants'. The studies in the PPP review consisted of two single cross-sectional studies, nine repeat cross-sectional studies, one interrupted time series and five policy document analyses; five of which involved human participants. The quality of the cost-effectiveness analyses was assessed with Drummond's 10-criteria checklist version 2015. For the policy process review, their contributions were moderated on the basis of three criteria: relevance, rigour and richness. Data for the five reviews that used quantitative data were synthesised using narrative approaches since they were not suitable for statistical pooling techniques, such as meta-analysis. In the systematic reviews and overview of reviews about effectiveness, we also used an effect direction plot to represent the summary findings graphically. We had planned to use the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach in the three reviews about effectiveness but did not for different reasons explained in the respective chapters. Data in the qualitative review about policy process were analysed using a thematic analysis. Results: Literature search and screening for the overarching project: A total of 38,209 records were retrieved from the databases; 27,887 remained after removing duplicates and had their title and abstract screened against the eligibility criteria. Of these, 1859 met the criteria and had their full text screened, resulting in 500 records included. In parallel, 72 additional full texts were retrieved by screening websites and reference lists. Of these, 33 met the eligibility criteria, contributing to a total of 533 publications: 483 reporting on primary research evaluations and 50 on evidence syntheses. All 483 primary studies were included in the evidence map. All evidence syntheses were screened for inclusion in the overview of reviews. Of the 483 publications on primary research, all those assessing the effectiveness of PPPs (n = 18) were considered for the systematic review on the latter, and all those assessing the cost-effectiveness of policies (n = 4) were included in the systematic review on the latter. For the systematic review of the effectiveness of voluntary approaches by private actors, given the high number of potential primary studies (n = 186), only those comparing outcomes between participants and non-participants (NP) in the policies and that were published in journals in the most recent 4 years (2017–20) were considered (n = 15). Lastly, the review of policy process included both primary studies and evidence syntheses of both qualitative and mixed-methods design that assessed factors influencing policy development or implementation. Again, due to their high number (n = 87), only those published in 2019 and 2020 were considered (n = 33). Systematic evidence map: We found imbalances across the 483 included studies, suggesting that policy evaluations are conducted and published inequitably across the world both in terms of quantity and quality. Though 70 countries were represented overall, 81% of publications focused on only 12 countries (USA, UK, Australia, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Chile, France, Spain, Denmark, New Zealand and South Africa), and 30% included the USA. Few evaluations were found about Africa, Central and South Asia, and the Middle East. Inequities were also detected in the study designs, with the most quantitative robust methods mainly documenting the abovementioned 12 dominant countries. Few publications reported on PPPs (n = 31), and only one assessed the development of voluntary policies led by the public and private sectors each. Using a generous interpretation of the PROGRESS-Plus equity dimensions, we found that not only 50% of publications assessing policy effectiveness did not compare outcomes by any equity domain, but that the proportion of those doing so has decreased over time. Age was the most frequently assessed dimension, while occupation, religion and culture, social capital and disability were barely considered. Overview of reviews: An overview of reviews of 11 systematic reviews was conducted to review the effectiveness of policies by governance approach. Three additional systematic reviews were considered for addressing questions about equity. The 11 systematic reviews primarily assessed regulatory policies (especially taxation) and a few voluntary approaches by the public sector, food retailers and restaurant chains. No PPP was included, and few regulatory and voluntary initiatives could be directly compared. Overall, the results suggest that, except for salt-related taxes, most regulatory approaches designed to improve health, consumer behaviour (e.g. food intake, purchases), and food environment outcomes were effective. These mainly consisted of trans-fat bans, taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and non-essential foods (except for salt intake), and front-of-pack labelling (FOPL). Effects for voluntary approaches by public and private actors were also generally positive for salt and trans-fat reformulation (but regulatory trans-fat bans were more promising), labelling on products and supermarket shelves, and changing defaults in children's menus in restaurants, although some of them relied on single cross-sectional studies in the USA. Results for voluntary menu labelling and multicomponent commitments by large retail chains were mixed. The findings by PROGRESS-Plus categories indicate a lack of reporting of outcomes in systematic reviews for population groups that are prone to health inequalities: overall, evidence on equity is patchy, incomplete, mainly inconsistent and largely relies on single studies (although some evaluations had large samples) rather than aggregated bodies of evidence. Review of PPPs: This systematic review aimed to complement the overview of reviews by assessing the effectiveness of PPPs targeting the food environment since the overview of reviews did not include data on the latter. We reviewed 17 studies evaluating seven PPPs to improve population diets and food environments. Five involved humans or data about human behaviours (sales and purchases) using cross-sectional design (single or repeat) or intermittent time series, seven assessed food products or labelling practices (all single and repeat cross-sectional), and five examined policy content and progress using documents. Overall, studies found that partnerships with the food industry to improve diets via reformulation or other changes to the environment have limited effect at achieving this aim. Review of voluntary approaches by private actors: This systematic review aimed to complement the overview of reviews by assessing the effectiveness of voluntary approaches by private actors between participants and NPs. Sixteen studies evaluating nine voluntary approaches were included. Policies were mainly about advertising and marketing control, reformulation, and the retail and catering sectors. All were cross-sectional: nine single and seven post–post. All measured effects or associations on the food environment, such as product or advertising characteristics using cross-sectional designs. None evaluated humans. When comparing the commitment's participants to NPs, the direction of effect or of association for most outcomes was either inconclusive or worse for participants. There is no evidence to suggest that policies designed as voluntary approaches led by commercial actors are effective at reducing advertising and other promotion of unhealthy products to children, improving the nutritional composition of food and beverages, encouraging calorie menu labelling in chain restaurants, or reducing marketing targeting children on food packages. Review of cost-effectiveness: Four studies of the cost-effectiveness of real-world policies to promote healthy diets were identified. Two studies suggested positive impacts for the fiscal measure of the Mexican SSB tax, and one for the voluntary government-led Health Star Rating FOPL intervention in Australia. The fourth one showed a lack of effectiveness and cost–benefit for the PPP intervention to reduce salt consumption in England as part of the Public Health Responsibility Deal. There is a pressing need to build on the extensive literature on the effectiveness of interventions with high-quality evidence on cost-effectiveness, to support meaningful action to tackle the scourge of diet-related ill health. Review of the policy process: We included 33 papers studying the policy process (factors shaping from design to implementation) of regulatory, voluntary and PPP approaches. The studies on regulatory policy processes highlighted key enabling factors, including clear leadership; policy entrepreneurs, champions and strategists; policy supporters' coalitions; the active use of best evidence and local expertise; institutional and financial capacity; and harnessing focusing events. They also pointed to impeding factors, including practical considerations often around policy implementation and the generation of context-specific evidence; differing ideological positions; capacity constraints; the role of evidence; lack of key stakeholder engagement, and the deployment by the food and beverage industry of frames and framing strategies to ultimately oppose a policy process. This review also advanced the understanding of phenomena and mechanisms underpinning the policy process for improving diet, in particular how large food and beverage industries have become legitimate actors in policy interventions to improve diets. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first review of real-world evaluations of policies to improve food environments. From the available evidence reviewed, regulatory appears to be the most effective approach, and voluntary industry approaches and PPPs have limited effectiveness. The geographic imbalance in the evidence and inadequate representation of equity dimensions across the policy evaluations should be redressed. Food policy should be designed and driven by the evidence of greatest effectiveness to improve food environments for healthier diets. The role and interests of policy stakeholders, and the accepted legitimacy of corporate actors in food policy, should be critically interrogated with healthy diets for the population as the first priority. Implications for future work: Implications for public health policy include prioritising structural changes through regulation as they are found to be the most effective approach to improve the food environment; expanding geographical representation of the evidence, capturing dimensions of health equity as policy outcomes; taking a systems approach across policies to improve food environments. Implications for future policy evaluations include developing guidance for appraising risk of bias and quality of non-clinical studies and for reporting policy characteristics in evaluations. Implications for future research and research funding include conducting studies on the role of corporate actors in food policy, conducting evaluations of real-world policies equitably across geographic regions, capturing equity dimensions in policy evaluations, and developing guidelines for quality and risk of bias of policy evaluations. Study registration: This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42020170963. Funding: This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme (NIHR award ref: NIHR128607) and is published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 12, No. 8. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I examine recent theoretical and empirical exchanges around partnership‐based urban governance between North Atlantic and Chinese academics and policymakers. I argue that the latest wave of de jure private–public partnerships in urban China reflects an ongoing process of governance rescaling beyond conventional entrepreneurial urbanism theory. I propose an analytical framework that foregrounds successive experimental partnerships as tensions between institutional continuity and change arising from rescaling. In this study I examine variegated actually existing partnerships in Jiyuan, China, to identify generalizable ideal types of partnership‐driven governance rescaling. I conclude by suggesting to enhance the theorization of entrepreneurial urbanism by specifying a partnership‐scale nexus, and assert that variegated partnerships in China have rewritten the rule but not the law of partnership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes a novel approach to dialogue with local stakeholders to maximise the shared value that can be generated by infrastructure investments for the benefit of urban communities. The approach proposes a method for deliberately activating synergies between infrastructure and complementary initiatives through the active engagement of public and private stakeholders. In many cases today, infrastructure is designed, financed and implemented as functionally unitary engineering works that meet a specific need, leaving synergies with complementary initiatives to be activated spontaneously. Moreover, the dialogue with local stakeholders is limited and reductive, aiming mainly at the exchange of some project information and consensus building, thus missing the opportunity to identify and mobilise those ideas, capabilities and resources that are always present within a community. In the proposed approach, infrastructure is the catalyst for a long-term vision and stakeholder engagement is the tool for identifying the synergistic initiatives that can be implemented with the participation of public and private actors to maximise value creation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hybrid annuity model (HAM) is an innovative procurement mode that combines elements from build–operate–transfer and engineering procurement and construction approaches. Because of its novelty, there is a limited understanding of the challenges being faced by the contractors. Therefore, this study identified the challenges that contractors face while working on HAM projects. Variables and their measures were identified from the literature, and a survey instrument was developed. The survey was administered to contractors and professionals working with contractors, and 400 responses were received. The resulting data set was analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and second-order confirmatory factor analysis (SCFA) approaches. The SCFA results based on the effect sizes (ES) of variables showed that operational factors (ES=0.81) and contract administration factors (ES=0.78) were critical challenges faced by the contractors. Financial factors (ES=0.71) and external factors (ES=0.58) ware moderately critical challenges. The study fills the gap in body of knowledge about the challenges that contractors face in HAM projects, and provides guidelines to practitioners for managing these challenges. The findings of the study also demonstrate the importance of HAM, indicating that it is a crucial model for public–private partnership projects for infrastructure sector of developing economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The scarcity of literature related to the PPP (public-private partnership) barriers in construction projects within war areas, and hence the dearth of information to deliver viable and effective strategies to those barriers, are the primary causes for the failures of PPP schemes in such areas, particularly in Palestine. Financial and non-financial investments are more problematic in war zones than non-war nations and may escalate barrier for projects' success. The investigation purposes to discover proper answers to the barriers of PPP infrastructure schemes and highlight the execution of barrier reactions. Design/methodology/approach: Specialists were asked to deliver approaches to alleviate 21 barriers and recommend the period needed for applying them. Later, the relevance of alleviation events was examined through prioritization according to the results attained from three elements, i.e. the impact of every barrier and the strategy's viability and efficacy. Findings: While the most unfavorable barrier was finalized to be the unfeasibility of delivering physical security, the most valid answer was associated with the lack of government cohesiveness and responsibility to perform its duties. The discovered barriers are typical within warring nations, but the paper concentrated on Palestine. Originality/value: This study is an initial effort to examine PPP barriers in Palestinian infrastructure projects. The presented strategies can be applied as a novel set for barrier reaction improvement in occupied nations such as Palestine. Moreover, the results can develop the usage of PPP and enhance the barrier sharing in this scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is dedicated to exploring the theoretical foundations of public-private partnership (PPP) as one of the key instruments for post-war economic reconstruction in Ukraine. A deep analysis of the genesis and evolution of PPP both globally and domestically is conducted. The position of PPP in the system of administrative and legal regulation is determined, along with its significant potential for stimulating economic development and the restoration of war-damaged infrastructure. The war in Ukraine inflicted dreadful damage to the country's economy, requiring substantial investments for its recovery and further development. In this context, PPP is considered as one of the promising sources of investment capable of stimulating economic growth and infrastructure modernization. A retrospective analysis of the evolution of PPP from ancient times to its active implementation in the 20th century is carried out. Emphasis is placed on the experience of foreign countries where PPP is successfully utilized for project implementation in various spheres such as infrastructure, healthcare, education, energy, etc. The formation and development of PPP in Ukraine are thoroughly analyzed. Key stages, legislative steps taken for its regulation, and factors hindering its dynamic growth are identified. The system of regulatory acts defining the legal framework for the functioning of PPP in Ukraine, the main principles and mechanisms for implementing PPP projects, as well as the powers of state bodies and the private sector in this sphere are disclosed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to exploring the current issue of the lack of widespread application of public-private partnership in certain areas in Ukraine. The author points out the dependence in the legislation on public-private partnership between the decision of the public partner and the choice of the sphere that the private partner wishes to select. The article concludes on the necessity of complementing national legislation with various spheres where public-private partnership can be applied. These include the agricultural sector (agriculture), land relations, security and defense sector, housing and utility services in the context of construction and housing operation, as well as prevention, response, and minimization of the consequences of emergencies of technological, natural, and socio-political nature. Examples are provided to demonstrate the relevance of applying public-private partnership to spheres not mentioned in legislation regarding public-private partnership. In particular, an example is given of the presence of information on public-private partnership in documents of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Decrees of the President of Ukraine, etc. In addition, the author points out the problematic issues regarding the lack of proper regulation in the agricultural and land relations sectors, defense and security, as well as housing construction. The problems in these areas are caused, among other things, because of the absence of balanced state policies in the agricultural sector and land use. The lack of proper housing policy and a new Housing Code is also noted. The absence of the defense sector is also mentioned in the provisions of draft law No. 7508, adopted in the first reading in 2022. At the same time, to confirm the necessity of applying public-private partnership in the field of prevention, response, and minimization of the consequences of emergencies of technological, natural, and socio-political nature, the author cites an example from Japan, which is mentioned in the World Bank guide as the successful implementation of public-private partnership regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In developing nations such as Nigeria, the housing industry lacks appropriate and highquality housing. One of the housing development concepts and shelter delivery systems in practice in developing nations Nigeria inclusive are public, private and public–private. These three delivery strategies involves in mass housing production, although the bulk of these mass housing are not sustainable. This study examines at the conditions of mass housing delivered by the public, public–private, and private sectors in Ilorin, Nigeria. Quantitative and qualitative research approaches were employed for the study and both primary and secondary data were utilised. Multistage sampling technique was adopted to sample 27% of the 4166 households' population. A set of questionnaire was administered to 1125 household heads, from 895 houses of the Public, 203 of public–private–partnership and 27 of private developers. Data were evaluated with descriptive statistics and multiple analyses of variance (MANOVA) to get the variation in housing elements condition based on the three-delivery strategy. According to the study, private had walls with highest percentage of very good (41.0%), good conditions (51.6%), and public had walls with 33.1% very good, 36.6% good conditions. However, 13.0% of PPP wall are in poor condition, and 80.1% of walls are only fair, comparisons of the condition of housing elements in the three strategies revealed that all the parameters of houses were found to have significant differences with p values reported for the comparison were observed to be less than 0.05 confidence level (p < 0.05). The study suggests among others that public–private partnership delivery strategy should be given more attention by the government to ensure good quality delivery and sustainability of mass housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to study possible models for the development of renewable energy communities (RECs) in public private partnership (PPP), aimed at supporting the transition of energy consumption of Italian public administrations towards renewable sources and the sharing of any energy-economic benefits with the community of reference. In particular, the research work analyses the correct balance of interests of the main protagonists of the operation: public concessionary authorities, private Concessionaire and the energy community as the subject that aggregates the interests of the reference community. Moreover, the work aims to highlight the main advantages and risks for each of the actors involved and examine in depth the system of rules and incentives that enhance the actors' interest in these operations. The economic–financial balance of PPP operations has been investigated in order to quantify the residual economic benefits, after the amortization of the investments and the absorption of management costs. The results highlight that the sustainability of the investments for REC establishment is achieved only under certain conditions with rather modest returns and, in some cases, with the necessity of public capital contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: is to develop an innovative approach to risk management in public-private partnership (PPP) projects using advanced artificial intelligence technologies that allow creating the risk assessment model that takes into account non-linear relationships between various risk factors.Methods: in addition to traditional methods of scientific knowledge, interdisciplinary approaches of risk management and established practice of machine learning were used in the work. The methodological basis of the study was formed by works on the risk assessment and the application of AI algorithms in this area. The empirical basis of the study was the data of the official portal of ROSINFRA on public-private partnership projects.Results: the practice of applying AI algorithms to the task of assessing the risks of PPP-projects in Russia and abroad was studied. It is established that the most effective result is shown by the models based on Random-Forest-Classifier. However, the presented solutions do not take into account Russian economic realities. The authors have structured a database of implemented PPP-projects suitable for risk modeling. The model for assessing the risk of failure to achieve the objectives of Russian PPP-projects has been developed and its quality has been assessed. Recommendations on implementation of the model in the operational loop of PPP projects realization processes are offered.Conclusions and Relevance: the developed model allows, according to the general parameters of PPP project (region, authority, term of agreement, industry and scope of implementation, etc.) with the accuracy of 93% (according to the ROC\AUC metric), to assess the risk that the project will end incorrectly (due to a failed tender, refusal to launch, termination by court decision, cancellation/annulment of the tender). With the help of the model the executive authorities of the Russian Federation can build risk management for PPP projects management in the regions and thus contribute to their efficiency improvement. The article may also become useful for project management practitioners and appraisers.

Background: The role of private health sector in advancing universal health coverage is being recognised globally. A number of public–private partnership (PPP) strategies have been implemented across the states in India. States are primarily responsible for health service delivery in India. OBJECTIVES: To summarise various PPP schemes and projects in health sector across the states in India and to understand the ecosystem, i.e. policy, legal and institutional framework that are critical for effectively governing the partnerships. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was carried out in two stages: a comprehensive desk review, followed by field visits for in-depth interviews (IDIs) of key stakeholders in selected states. A total of 52 IDIs were conducted from various levels of stakeholders. Results: Nearly 250 PPP initiatives in health sector across all Indian states were identified and studied. Partnership with the private sector was predominantly in the areas of emergency transport and laboratory diagnosis and in the delivery of selected primary care services. PPPs in health infrastructure (hospitals and medical colleges) and purchasing arrangements are rapidly emerging across most states. However, only few Indian states have health sector-specific PPP policy or legal and/or institutional framework governing PPPs and organisational units implementing partnership schemes. The capacity to conceive, design, implement and manage PPPs in health sector was found either absent or insufficient in most states. Conclusion: There is a need for developing mechanisms for effective and functional partnerships with the PHS for achieving national health policy goals in India. There is a need for well-enunciated policy and governance framework for private sector engagement. Indian union and state governments need to do detailed assessment of the PHS market behaviour; legal, regulatory and oversight mechanisms; building organisational structures with capacities and developing platforms for stakeholder dialogue. Findings from the Indian context could offer useful insights for other low- and middle-income countries aiming to advance towards achieving universal health coverage.

Population aging has become a significant phenomenon in the 21st century due to rising life expectancy and declining fertility rates. The global elderly population, estimated at 727 million in 2020, is projected to double by 2050, with developing countries facing a greater proportion of elderly residents. This demographic shift will impact various sectors of society, including healthcare, leading to increased demand for medical services and higher costs. Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) are an effective mechanism to improve access to health services for the elderly, enhance service quality, and manage costs. It is crucial for policymakers to explore global experiences with PPP to develop strategies that address the unique economic and social conditions in Iran, ensuring an effective response to the rapid changes in healthcare needs for the aging population.

The redevelopment of brownfield sites, partic­ularly in the Eastern European contexts, presents unique challenges and opportunities, as exempli­fied by the case study of Reșița, Romania. This paper delves into the historical evolution of Reșița, a city with a rich industrial heritage dating back to the 18th century and examines the necessity of ur­ban regeneration following the decline of traditional industries. The study highlights the critical role of public administration in facilitating the transforma­tion of abandoned industrial areas into economically and socially productive urban spaces. Drawing on a comprehensive review of relevant literature and the analysis of Reșița’s redevelopment strategies, this research underscores the importance of adaptive approaches to urban planning, tailored to the spe­cific socio-economic and environmental contexts of post-industrial cities.The findings suggest that successful brownfield redevelopment not only addresses environmental contamination but also catalyzes broader urban re­vitalization, contributing to sustainable urban growth and improved quality of life. The case of Reșița of­fers valuable insights for other municipalities in Ro­mania and beyond, emphasizing the significance of strategic public-private partnerships and community engagement in the regeneration process.

Under the conditions of sanctions, the development of petrochemical production in Under the conditions of sanctions, petrochemical production development in Russia is especially important both from the point of view of high-grade products growth with increased margins and the need to increase demand for hydrocarbons within the country with a decrease in export supplies. The purpose of the study is to analyze the existing and identify the main possible incentive measures of state support to enhance investment activities in modernization and creation of new production facilities of Russian petrochemical complex. Methods such as generalization, analysis and synthesis, classification and modeling were used in the work. As a study result, main problems and challenges facing the industry have been identified. Priority areas of oil and gas companies’ activity necessary for petrochemistry accelerated development, positive examples of cooperation in the field of gas processing and gas chemistry, as well as industrial clusters creation have been presented. Project financing mechanisms of the state corporation VEB.RF have been analyzed. The need to attract competent specialized Russian EPC contractors from the register recommended by VEB.RF for implementing projects in the field of petrochemistry has been explained. Using the example of methanol production and its use as a raw material for high-grade products creation, importance of long-term contractual relations between the state and business, such as agreements on protection and promotion of capital investments and special investment contracts, has been shown. The need to ensure continuity of state support measures at all stages of creating and implementing technologies for developing and improving petrochemical products has been formulated.

Regional integration in the marketized socialist context has been regarded as a cross-boundary development led by governmental apparatuses, wherein administrative toolkits have been employed to consolidate coalitional benefits on different scales. Since 1980s, when an ideological transition from managerialism to urban entrepreneurism reshaped urban and regional governance, municipalities have become an active role in bargaining for local development opportunities. Based on this, the market economy objectively promotes social capital for participation in regional development agendas and capital circuits. Thus, municipalities no longer dominate capital flows with bureaucratic tactics but by diversifying development through a variety of approaches, including state-owned enterprise reform, the introduction of foreign capital, and encouragement of private enterprise operations. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) represent an important form of state-business cooperation, which generally refers to a type of multilink and process-based cooperation carried out by the public and private sectors. Existing literature discusses the different roles of these sectors in PPP projects from the perspectives of growth machines, fiscal decentralization, and institutional establishments. However, few studies on PPP projects reveal the operational mechanism at the regional scale compared to that at the urban scale, leading to research gaps in (1) how regional governments participate, (2) how regional and city governments interact, and (3) how the interests of multilevel governments and the private sector are coordinated. The study aimed to dialogue with the theory of regional integration and conceptualize PPP projects on a regional scale using an analytical framework. Additionally, it intended to summarize the research basis of urban PPP projects, discuss the formation mechanism of PPP models and government-enterprise cooperation against the background of regional integration, and systematically describe the path of multiregional integration under the market economy system. Sino-Singapore Jiashan Industrial Park was identified for the empirical case study. The study methods included semi-structured interviews and in-depth text analyses. As of August 2023, seven semi-structured interviews were conducted, and interviewees included officials of the industrial park, heads of relevant departments, and residents living adjacent to the park. Based on the interview materials, in-depth analyses of the policies and plans relevant to Yangtze River Delta regional integration and documents on industrial development and urban construction in Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing City, and Jiashan County were conducted for comparison with empiricism from the interview records. The main difference between PPP projects in terms of the regional and urban scales was the flow of factors in the regional space. The flow of factors included material factors, such as capital and labor, and abstract factors, such as policies, business models, and management experience. For example, the Sino-Singapore Group not only brought the industrial capital of Suzhou Industrial Park to Jiashan Industrial Park but it also introduced the existing excellent development model and government-enterprise cooperation mode of Suzhou Industrial Park into the development of Jiashan Industrial Park. Using market tools to assist in the construction of regional integration systems and mechanisms plays a core role in regional-scale PPP projects. Considering that the development of PPP projects on regional and urban scales is blocked by administrative boundaries, the relationship between cross-regional subjects is key to the success of the project and includes the complex relationships between the Suzhou Industrial Park Government and Sino-Singapore Group, the Jiashan County Government and Sino-Singapore Group, and the Jiashan State Investment Group and Sino-Singapore Group. Cooperation between the Jiashan County Government and the Sino-Singapore Group is inseparable from the support of the Suzhou Industrial Park Government. Introducing the Jiashan State Investment Group and Sino-Singapore Group as close partners is also necessary. Whether a multi-subject relationship can be properly handled determines the success or failure of regional-scale PPP projects.

The article analyzes public-private partnership as a legal institution of the Republic of Turkey. The authors examine the process of formation and development of this institution in the context of the global trend of its popularization as an instrument of economic policy. At the same time, it is emphasized that if in the era of the Ottoman Empire, public-private partnership was used as a way to pressure European countries on a weakening Port, then at the end of the last century this institution became widespread in the country as a mechanism for implementing neoliberal economic policy. The paper analyzes the current legislation regulating public-private partnership. The authors state the absence of a single normative legal act, as well as analyze the reasons for the current situation. The essence of each law is revealed in an inextricable connection with various models of public-private partnership. Special attention is paid to the sectors of the economy in which certain models are used. Special attention is paid to the peculiarities of the legal status of public-private partnership in Turkey. It is assumed that such a feature can be considered the active support of the state in the financing of the most significant projects. The paper emphasizes the focus of the country’s authorities on attracting foreign investment through public-private partnership. As the important feature the authors consider the broad powers of municipal authorities in the field of attracting business to the implementation of infrastructure projects. It is emphasized that this circumstance should not escape the attention of Russian researchers, since the participation of Russian commercial organizations in projects implemented by municipal authorities opens up new opportunities in strengthening the influence and positions of domestic business in this country. The article analyzes the ideologization of Turkey’s approach to the analysis of public-private partnership on the part of the academic community.

Objective: by reviewing the legal aspects of public-private partnership agreements, to synthesize their main provisions into a common matrix, which, when digitized, can be used to standardize and simplify the formulation of agreement parameters.Methods: the author relied on comparative-legal analysis of scientific literature, legislation and Internet sources on public-private partnership, supplemented by a review of public-private partnership agreements in various socio-political spheres, which made it possible to create a science-based and practice-oriented matrix that can serve as a tool for drafting publicprivate partnership agreements.Results: national aspects in the legal regulation of the said relations in different countries were highlighted; a number of peculiarities encountered in public-private partnership agreements were described.Scientific novelty: taking into account the most important legal peculiarities characteristic of different countries, a matrix for drafting public-private partnership agreements is presented, including eight main parameters: 1 – value received, scope, benefits and risks, 2 – route to market, 3 – restraint of competition, 4 – conflict of interest and procurement issues, 5 – powers, approvals, legal assessment, 6 – liabilities, dispute resolution, 7 – ownership structure, governance and level of autonomy, 8 – exit strategies. Depending on the priorities identified, the matrix can be modified, taking into account that priorities define and shape the specific parameters of each individual partnership.Practical significance: the matrix obtained can become a planning tool used to analyze and understand the relationships between the eight legal parameters necessary for the formation of relations in the sphere of publicprivate partnership. It may serve as a legal reference point for the formulation of public-private partnership agreements around the world, and will contribute not only to the revitalization of public-private partnerships, but also to a proper understanding of obligations, responsibilities and limitations. The recommendations provided in the study show direction for the evaluation of public-private partnerships, allowing clear conclusions to be drawn about the partnership. Digital accessibility provided, the proposed matrix will be of interest to many organizations that use public-private partnerships in their professional activities.

This study aims to discover the perceptions of the critical success factors (CSFs) of the public and private sectors’ players that influence the implementation of public-private partnership (PPP) infrastructure projects in Bangladesh. Methods: A questionnaire survey was adopted to discover public and private sector players’ perceptions of the CSFs and success subfactors (SSF) of PPP projects. Based on the literature review, CSFs and SSFs were identified, and the agreement between respondents from the public and private sectors was tested. A total of 59 responses were collected and examined to reveal the perceived gaps between sectors and rank CSFs and SSFs. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used. The results show that the top-ranking factor was “economic viability”, followed by “appropriate risk allocation”, “sound financial packages”, “favorable investment environment”, and “reliable concessionaire”. It was also found that the perceptions of the public and private sectors were mixed. The key conclusion of this study is that the identified factors must be effectively addressed in order to develop consensus and engage relevant stakeholders in Bangladesh.

The paper discusses public-private partnership as a management technology—a long-term agreement between national or local government and private company. In times of economic crisis, the role of the private sector becomes increasingly significant as it gains status as an equal partner alongside the state in achieving the country's strategic socio-economic goals. The effectiveness of crisis planning and the restoration of the national economy crucially depend on fostering cooperation between the state, private sector, and civil society institutions. The most effective form of such cooperation is establishing public-private partnerships (PPP). The formation of public-private partnerships is driven not only by the state's motivation to provide financial resources to the private sector for achieving socially significant goals of socio-economic development but is also closely linked to the adoption of complex organizational, managerial, and production technologies. The principles underlying PPP play a crucial role not only in mobilizing financing for the private sector but also in utilizing sophisticated methodologies of organizational effectiveness, strategic management, and advanced production processes. Essentially, the widespread adoption of PPP principles reflects a comprehensive approach to mitigating the crisis's effects, encompassing not only financial considerations but also innovative strategies and cooperative frameworks that extend beyond traditional sectoral boundaries. This multifaceted approach is vital for overcoming economic downturns and charting a course toward sustainable socio-economic development. Thus, integrating PPP principles into crisis management measures represents a holistic strategy that harnesses the collective forces of the state, private sector, and civil society for greater resilience and prosperity of the nation. Objective. The aim of the paper is to analyze the impact of public-private partnership (PPP) assets on economic growth and propose strategies for implementing programs aimed at restoring Ukraine's economy. Methods. Macro-economic analysis, econometric analysis, trend analysis. Results. Enhancing the information infrastructure of PPP should create an atmosphere of trust between private and government entities when establishing contacts for project implementation, as well as realizing the real benefits for each of these entities participating in PPP projects. Ukraine is gradually implementing pilot projects with the support of international organizations and business representatives, leveraging significant economic potential for this purpose. In the context of establishing a legislative and institutional framework, successful preparation and implementation of pilot PPP projects in various sectors of Ukraine's economy, including infrastructure, energy, and municipal services, open up new opportunities for potential investors, banks, and consultants in one of the largest markets in Central and Eastern Europe. Ukraine is a country with rapid development of transportation infrastructure and favorable investment conditions. The Ministry of Infrastructure, supported by the European Union, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the European Investment Bank, the World Bank, the International Finance Corporation, and other international partners, is working on modernizing the national transportation system by attracting investments, implementing PPP projects, and engaging private sector investments. Attracting private capital into infrastructure is a key and pressing issue for Ukraine. PPP is considered a social innovation that brings together government and business resources to address social issues. They serve as crisis management tools for ensuring sustainable economic development in regions.

Infrastructure projects are mostly capital-intensive, have a long payback period, and carry a social burden. The cost of services provided to society is usually regulated by the government. The participation of private investors in such projects is associated with significant risks that arise at the project level and in relation to the state as a partner. On the other hand, the implementation of PPP projects requires significant amounts of funding, which often necessitates the involvement of financial institutions. To implement such projects, it is necessary to provide state support. The article presents the forms of state support used in world practice. The essence and types of state guarantees as a form of state support for PPP projects are disclosed. The principles of their provision are systematized. The author proposes a conceptual approach to the decision-making by governments to provide state guarantees for PPP projects.

The aim of the paper is to propose a new comprehensive retirement insurance solution (CRIS) that, by offering appropriate modules, can be flexibly adapted to customers’ needs during the accumulation of funds and entitlements and during retirement. Technically, the product is life-insurance-based and includes insurance for sickness and in-capacity, long-term care (LTC), work activation expenses, hospital stays, and tontine and Luxembourg policies. Due to consumers’ changing expectations and needs, the technical dimension of this solution is based on a three-layer insurance product in which individual parts of the protection are supplemented by several additional benefits (types of assistance) that improve the quality of life of insurance participants and allow the ongoing use of the product. The basis for considering such a new insurance product is the theory of change (ToC), which makes it possible to build considerable flexibility into such a solution. A SWOT analysis was used to position the proposed solution in relation to other insurance products and social security offered by the state.

Background As of July 2021, only 57% of Ecuador’s population had received the first vaccine dose against COVID-19. The national immunization campaign faced difficulties in reaching and providing vaccines to underserved population in remote areas. Methods The RISE project, funded by USAID and implemented by Jhpiego, aimed to develop an immunization strategy, that through the collaboration of an international non-profit organization, an academic institution and the public sector, could effectively support the national vaccination campaign of the Ecuadorian Ministry of Public Health. Results The program identified gaps in vaccination access and uptake, established specific strategies for targeted communities, analyzed official geographical information on vaccination coverage, ran micro-planning exercises at the local level, and adapted to new needs identified to ensure an effective vaccination uptake. From November 2021 up to May 2023, more than 1.8 million COVID-19 vaccine doses were administered to underserved populations living in geographically dispersed areas, in 18 provinces. Conclusions Employing data-targeted approaches and microplanning to identify underserved populations, strategic planning and collaboration between local governments, private sector, academic institution, and community leaders can substantially improve COVID-19 vaccines coverage and, thus, equity to vaccine access. The lessons learned might be useful to improve overall immunization service delivery.

Regional integration in the marketized socialist context has been regarded as a cross-boundary development led by governmental apparatuses, wherein administrative toolkits have been employed to consolidate coalitional benefits on different scales. Since 1980s, when an ideological transition from managerialism to urban entrepreneurism reshaped urban and regional governance, municipalities have become an active role in bargaining for local development opportunities. Based on this, the market economy objectively promotes social capital for participation in regional development agendas and capital circuits. Thus, municipalities no longer dominate capital flows with bureaucratic tactics but by diversifying development through a variety of approaches, including state-owned enterprise reform, the introduction of foreign capital, and encouragement of private enterprise operations. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) represent an important form of state-business cooperation, which generally refers to a type of multilink and process-based cooperation carried out by the public and private sectors. Existing literature discusses the different roles of these sectors in PPP projects from the perspectives of growth machines, fiscal decentralization, and institutional establishments. However, few studies on PPP projects reveal the operational mechanism at the regional scale compared to that at the urban scale, leading to research gaps in (1) how regional governments participate, (2) how regional and city governments interact, and (3) how the interests of multilevel governments and the private sector are coordinated. The study aimed to dialogue with the theory of regional integration and conceptualize PPP projects on a regional scale using an analytical framework. Additionally, it intended to summarize the research basis of urban PPP projects, discuss the formation mechanism of PPP models and government-enterprise cooperation against the background of regional integration, and systematically describe the path of multiregional integration under the market economy system. Sino-Singapore Jiashan Industrial Park was identified for the empirical case study. The study methods included semi-structured interviews and in-depth text analyses. As of August 2023, seven semistructured interviews were conducted, and interviewees included officials of the industrial park, heads of relevant departments, and residents living adjacent to the park. Based on the interview materials, in-depth analyses of the policies and plans relevant to Yangtze River Delta regional integration and documents on industrial development and urban construction in Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing City, and Jiashan County were conducted for comparison with empiricism from the interview records. The main difference between PPP projects in terms of the regional and urban scales was the flow of factors in the regional space. The flow of factors included material factors, such as capital and labor, and abstract factors, such as policies, business models, and management experience. For example, the Sino-Singapore Group not only brought the industrial capital of Suzhou Industrial Park to Jiashan Industrial Park but it also introduced the existing excellent development model and government-enterprise cooperation mode of Suzhou Industrial Park into the development of Jiashan Industrial Park. Using market tools to assist in the construction of regional integration systems and mechanisms plays a core role in regional-scale PPP projects. Considering that the development of PPP projects on regional and urban scales is blocked by administrative boundaries, the relationship between cross-regional subjects is key to the success of the project and includes the complex relationships between the Suzhou Industrial Park Government and Sino-Singapore Group, the Jiashan County Government and Sino-Singapore Group, and the Jiashan State Investment Group and SinoSingapore Group. Cooperation between the Jiashan County Government and the Sino-Singapore Group is inseparable from the support of the Suzhou Industrial Park Government. Introducing the Jiashan State Investment Group and Sino-Singapore Group as close partners is also necessary. Whether a multi-subject relationship can be properly handled determines the success or failure of regional-scale PPP projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, owner-driven reconstruction (ODR) has become a default large-scale post-disaster housing strategy and particularly in resource-poor countries. The latest example is the 2015 Nepal earthquake reconstruction effort. Although an impressive amount of house rebuilding did occur, more and more families have rebuilt their homes as one-room or one-storey earthquake-safe abodes that barely fulfil family needs. In this paper, inspired by Lefebvre's 'production of space' concept, I discuss how ODR has changed building construction in rural Nepal. I also argue that ODR followed a 'trendy' donor-preferred housing reconstruction strategy without seriously taking into account the implementation issues, particularly the paucity of effective approaches to mobilize people to rebuild their houses. Through a critical review of previous ODR cases and my ethnographic study of the Nepal earthquake, I find that five key elements of successful ODR practices are missing. These are organizational structure of reconstruction institution, technical support, public-private partnerships, policy communication, and support for vulnerable groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In construction, risk is inherent in each project, and success involves meeting defined objectives beyond budget and schedule. Factors vary for infrastructure projects, and their correlation with performance must be studied. In the case of public–private partnership (PPP) transportation, the level of complexity is higher due to more involved parties. Risks and success factors in PPP projects affect each other, which may lead to project failure. Recognizing the critical risk factors (CRFs) and critical success factors (CSFs) is indispensable to ensure the success of PPP infrastructure project implementation. However, the existing research on the PPP risk and success relationship has not gone into sufficient detail, and more support to address the existing gaps in the body of knowledge and literature is necessary. Therefore, in response to the missing area in the public–private partnership transportation industry, this paper analyzed the correlation between PPP risks and success factors. It identified, explored, and categorized various risk and success factors by combining a literature review, expert panel interviews, and a questionnaire survey among both the public and private sectors, a win–win principle. The data collected were analyzed using the structural equation modeling (SEM) approach and relative significance. Results show the relationship between risk and success factors, their influence on PPPs, and the most important factors, known as CRFs and CSFs, with high loading factors (LF > 0.5) and high relative importance (NMS > 0.5). The top five CRFs include "Contract quality (incomplete, conflicting)", "Staff expertise and experience", "Financial market risk", "Conflicting objectives and expectations", and "Inefficient feasibility study". The top five CSFs were found as "Appropriate risk allocation and risk-sharing", "Strong financial capacity and capability of the private sector", "Government providing guarantees", "Employment of professional advisors", and "Realistic assessment of the cost and benefits". This study advances the understanding of risk and success factors in PPPs and contributes to the theoretical foundations, which will benefit not only public management, policy consultants, and investors but also academics interested in studying PPP transportation projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We undertake a case study on the SHIKSHA initiative in Uttar Pradesh in Northern India to understand how impactful the technology-integrated pedagogy through public–private partnerships (PPP) in education has been on the learning outcomes of students. A content analysis to understand the processes adopted by the SHIKSHA initiative is attempted. The digitized curriculum developed is found to be contextualized in accordance with the background of students, which can be aligned with constructivist learning theory. We also attempt a quantitative analysis to estimate the impact of these pedagogical practices on learning outcomes. The analysis finds that the average scores of schools with SHIKSHA interventions are higher by 58 percentage points. Also, under SHIKSHA, a 15-day period was given to the students for revision of the courses with the active participation of the teachers. The average scores after these revisions record an improvement as compared to the average scores before revisions. The paper suggests that the digitization of content by the government or through PPPs can help boost effective learning. JEL Classifications: C120, H520, I200, I210, I220, I280 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does the nature of business–government relations shape the capacity of local governments to accomplish their development objectives? How do different patterns of business–government interaction affect the quantity and quality of public services and the ability of citizens to hold policymakers accountable for their performance? This article attempts to answer these questions in the context of one municipality in Thailand, Khon Kaen City. We argue that the political economy of business–government relationships in Khon Kaen can be divided into three eras, each defined by a different model of business–government interaction: the government-led model, the contracting model, and the public–private partnership model. We describe how the character of business–government relationships has changed across these different models, focusing on three dimensions: (1) the degree to which ties are formalised or institutionalised, (2) the extent to which local businesses coordinate, cooperate, or collude amongst themselves, and (3) the distribution of power between the local government and businesses. We also analyse the drivers behind the shift from one model to another and consider the implications of each for local development and service provision, patterns of rent-seeking, and levels of accountability and participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unsolicited proposals (USPs) are permitted in many countries for public–private partnership (PPP) projects. Despite the importance of a competitive and transparent environment throughout the tendering process, USPs are typically known to have low competition and collusive agreements. This study reviews unsolicited road projects implemented through PPPs in South Korea, and empirically examines the relationship between transparency, tendering rules, and competition. First, it discovers that the weights of the price (or quantitative) components of tendering rules differ between the competitive USPs group with more than one bidder and the noncompetitive USPs group with only one bidder. All else being equal, regression analysis reveals that USPs with relatively higher weights for the price (or quantitative) components tend to have more bidders during the tendering process. Second, regression analysis identifies a measure that affects competition for USPs. With transparent and objective tendering rules, the level of competition is determined by the measure that captures how much the bidders' scores would increase if their toll rates were decreased. Finally, a case study demonstrates how strategic behaviors and collusive agreements arise among bidders under USPs where the tendering rules are partially transparent and the initial proponents can reorganize their consortium during the tendering process. This study's findings will contribute to expanding research on transparency and competition in tendering rules, as well as improve USPs in designing tendering rules to enhance competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Landscape Architecture Frontiers is the property of Higher Education Press Limited Company and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of the article is to determine the impact of PPP on the economic growth of Akmola region. The object of the study is PPP projects implemented in Akmola region and the process of socioeconomic development of the region. According to the results of the analysis, the impact of PPP on the economic growth of the region was assessed. In the course of the study a dynamic analysis of PPP projects implemented in Akmola region was carried out. The analysis used information on PPP projects for 2018-2022 and economic indicators characterizing the economic growth of the region. Using the Horrard-Domer model, the economic growth of the region was determined and a factor analysis of the factors affecting it was conducted. In Akmola region in the period from 2018 to 2022, a total of 66 PPP projects were implemented with the attraction of investments in the amount of 7783.26 thousand tenge, and the attracted investments for the years amounted to an average of 15.36%. The growth rate of the economy according to the model of R. Harrod and E. Domar showed the following: the ratio of investment to total income averaged 0.88 million tenge, capital intensity amounted to 2.25 million tenge, the growth rate of the economy increased by 0.38 or 38.26%. For successful implementation of PPP in Akmola region it is necessary to create a stable investment climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunoglobin light chain (AL) amyloidosis is a rare disease in which a plasma cell dyscrasia leads to deposition of insoluble amyloid fibrils in multiple organs. To facilitate development of new therapies for this heterogenous disease, a public–private partnership was formed between the nonprofit Amyloidosis Research Consortium and the US Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. In 2020, the Amyloidosis Forum launched an initiative to identify clinical trial endpoints and analytic strategies across affected organ systems and life impacts via specialized working groups. This review summarizes the proceedings of the Statistical Group and proposes a pathway for development and validation of multi-domain endpoints (MDEs) for potential use in AL amyloidosis clinical trials. Specifically, drawing on candidate domain-specific endpoints recommended by each organ-specific working group, different approaches to constructing MDEs were considered. Future studies were identified to assess the validity, meaningfulness and performance of MDEs through use of natural history and clinical trial data. Ultimately, for drug development, the context of use in a regulatory evaluation, the specific patient population, and the investigational therapeutic mechanism should drive selection of appropriate endpoints. MDEs for AL amyloidosis, once developed and validated, will provide important options for advancing patient-focused drug development in this multi-system disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Crítica de Relaciones de Trabajo, Laborum is the property of Ediciones Laborum S.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Off-balance-sheet policies are an important but understudied phenomenon that emerged from a technical subtlety in the calculation of public debt statistics. Taking the case of an exemplary European off-balance-sheet policy, public–private partnerships (PPPs), this paper analyzes the technocratic processes that allow the emergence of such debt-neutral instruments. In the aftermath of the sovereign debt crisis, off-balance-sheet policies have become an important policy tool for Member States in the European Economic and Monetary Union, enabling them to strike a balance between the perceived 'public investment gap' and the mantra of fiscal consolidation. The case study shows how the lack of political solutions to Europe's investment-consolidation conundrum leaves it to technical experts to find workable solutions within the existing rules. The off-balance-sheet status of PPPs came under threat in 2014 but was reaffirmed through a coordinated effort by two strange bedfellows: the European Investment Bank (EIB), a promoter of PPPs, and Eurostat, the European authority responsible for public debt and deficit indicators. I argue that Eurostat and the EIB have entered into strategic cooperation to increase each other's room for manoeuvre, diffuse political pressure and avoid bureaucratic overload. This paper contributes to a better understanding of the role of technocrats and their expertise, which shape the mutual relations between fiscal constraints and financialized investment policies in the European investor states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public-private partnership (PPP) policies have been on the Turkish Government's healthcare agenda for a long time. Türkiye has implemented a series of policies with various elements of neoliberal reforms over the last 20 years and the Turkish Government initiated the PPP policy in 2013 as the final step of the Health Transformation Program. This article reviews the policy process that led to extensive collaboration with the private sector in public health and also examines the effect of the policy on the principles of public service. Türkiye's policy experience has elements that reinforce the principles of continuity, variability, and equality in many ways. However, this policy was found to have weakened the long-term financial viability of healthcare and led to its fragmentation and the government eventually abandoned this policy in the construction of new hospitals. Türkiye's experience demonstrates that governments seeking to establish sustainable PPP policies for healthcare must consider the unique dynamics inherent to public service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With Ronald Reagan's ascent to power in January 1981, the conservatives were eager to promote neoliberalism to revitalize America at home and weaken the Communists and the New International Economic Order abroad. Surprisingly, the main vehicle of this ideological offensive was an agency long hated by the American conservatives, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Throughout the 1980s, the agency promoted neoliberal dogmas in developing countries, especially in Latin America which was considered as a testing ground for the neoliberal ideology. To achieve this goal, USAID promoted an important tenet of neoliberalism as a tool for economic development: privatization. At the same time, the agency established various collaborations with different types of actors in a "neoliberal nebula" in which it found an important place. At the end of the 1980s, the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Eastern Bloc provided the reaganized agency its most important test: the promotion of free-market economy in the socialist countries. This article examines how USAID became part of the ideological offensive led by the Reagan administration through its transformation into a neoliberal actor seeking to promote privatization in developing countries. In the process, Latin America became a testing ground for these new policies, but also a blueprint for those that USAID would soon implement in the Eastern Bloc after the fall of the Berlin Wall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geographies of public–private partnership (PPP) are an important but neglected topic in urban development and planning. Few existing studies have explored the spatial heterogeneity of PPP development in different regions within a country. This article aims to explore the impact of uneven regional development on PPP development and spatial governance for PPPs as a response. First, the concept of variegated PPPs is proposed to portray and analyze the impact of uneven regional development on PPPs from the dimensions of complexity, regional differences, and the spatialization of policy based on China. Second, a conceptual framework is constructed for PPP spatial governance as a response that includes the actors, driving forces, processes, patterns, and regulations. Finally, the underlying mechanism and implications of PPP spatial governance are discussed. This article concludes that spatial governance is conducive to the development of PPPs in developing countries and promotes the performance of PPPs and policymaking. When formulating and adjusting PPP-related policies, governments from developing countries should tailor the policies to their national conditions and consider regional differences inside a country. Therefore, this article might have reference value for other countries, especially developing countries with rapid urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the development of research themes in the public–private partnership (PPP) project policy strategy for broadband infrastructure from 2000 to 2021 and identify the most popular research topics. Systematic literature review (SLR) of 927 Google Scholar and Scopus publications, followed by bibliometric analysis, co-occurrence keywords, and in-depth qualitative approaches with content analysis, was performed. Articles are classified based on the source of publication, year of publication, country of origin, journal ranking, and research theme. This study finds that previous studies discussed the development of policy strategies and regulatory theory. Most articles were published in journals indexed under Q1, while only one was published under Q4. This study highlights the importance of government initiatives in developing broadband infrastructure through PPPs. The findings show that the policy strategy, legal framework, and regulations influence the success of PPP schemes. Private sector involvement can reduce costs and provide access to resources and expertise the public sector may still need to gain. This study suggests that policymakers encourage the participation of the private sector in broadband infrastructure projects and provide incentives for them, such as public funding. This study benefits governments or policymakers who intend to implement the PPP scheme to deliver public services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is devoted to the examination of models and the selection of optimal parameters for concession agreements pertaining to construction and operation projects within the pipeline infrastructure of the petrochemical sector. Pipelines are underscored as capital-intensive assets crucial for the organization of complex petrochemical production processes. These processes play a vital role in generating added value, tax revenue, employment opportunities, and fostering territorial development while upholding environmental quality standards. This study aims to ascertain the economic parameters of concession agreements, with a focus on achieving a balance of economic interests between the government and businesses. Through a comparative analysis of fundamental economic and mathematical models of concession agreements, the authors model economic parameters to determine the government's share in investments and concession fees concerning pipeline projects. Subsequently, an oil product pipeline project is discussed as a case study. The results gleaned from this analysis can be harnessed to optimize the parameters of concession agreements and enhance the economic efficiency of project implementation. Economically viable parameters not only facilitate the execution of concession agreements but also foster the generation of added value, social benefits, and environmental oversight, thus aligning with the principles of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]